Class8：初学数据库之查询语句

 

查询会产生一张虚拟表

语法结构：

              注意：*号代表表中所有字段，这个不建议使用，会影响查询效率；

              SELECT 字段名,字段名 FROM 表名 WHERE 筛选过滤条件

 

查询表中所有数据库

SELECT * FROM student;

 

指定字段查询

SELECT 'name',address FROM student;

 

AS 起别名

SELECT name AS 姓名,address AS 地址 FROM student;

 

不用as 起别名

SELECT name 姓名,address 地址 FROM student;

 

LIMIT使用

注意：limit 0,2 逗号前面表示从哪一行开始取值，第一行是0，逗号右边值取多少行

SELECT * FROM student WHERE id=901 LIMIT 0,2

 

DISTINCT排除重复

SELECT DISTINCT department AS 院系,address FROM student;

 

单条件查询：

=   !=   <   >   >=   <=

SELECT * FROM student WHERE id>=905

 

 

多条件查询：

AND OR NOT

SELECT * FROM student WHERE id>=905 AND sex='女';

SELECT * FROM student WHERE id>=905 OR sex='男'

 

范围选择：

方式一：

SELECT * FROM student WHERE (2010-birth)>20 AND (2010-birth)<28;

方式二：BETWEEN AND

SELECT * FROM student WHERE 2010-birth BETWEEN 20 AND 28;

方式三：NOT BETWEEN AND

SELECT * FROM student WHERE 2010-birth NOT BETWEEN 20 AND 28;

 

集合操作：

1、or

SELECT * FROM student WHERE department='计算机系' OR department='英语系' OR sex='女'

2、in

SELECT * FROM student WHERE department IN ('计算机系','中文系')

3、not in

SELECT * FROM student WHERE department NOT IN ('计算机系','中文系')

 

模糊匹配

LIKE

_ 一个字符

              SELECT * FROM student WHERE name LIKE '_三'

 

%任意字符 可以是0个

              SELECT * FROM student WHERE address LIKE '辽宁%'

 

查询空号 is NULL

SELECT * FROM student WHERE name is NULL

常量列：

SELECT name as 姓名,address AS 地址,'希望小学' AS 学校 FROM student

 

排序

升序 ASC

SELECT * FROM score WHERE c_name='计算机' ORDER BY grade ASC

降序 DESC

SELECT * FROM score WHERE c_name='计算机' ORDER BY grade DESC

 

聚合函数：

count 计数：

SELECT COUNT(grade) FROM score

max

              求计算机系学生的最高分

 SELECT stu_id AS 学号, MAX(grade) AS 成绩 FROM score WHERE c_name='计算机'

min 求计算机系学生的最低分

              SELECT stu_id AS 学号, min(grade) AS 成绩 FROM score WHERE c_name='计算机'

sum 求和

SELECT stu_id AS 学号, SUM(grade) AS 成绩 FROM score WHERE c_name='计算机'

avg 平均值

SELECT stu_id AS 学号, AVG(grade) AS 成绩 FROM score WHERE c_name='计算机'

 

分组

WHERE子句：

从数据源中去掉不符合其搜索条件的数据

GROUP BY子句：

搜集数据行到各个组中，统计函数为各个组计算统计值，每个组输出一行结果

HAVING子句：

从分组计算结果中进行过滤，去掉不符合其组搜索条件的各组数据行

 

#求每个系的最高分

SELECT c_name,AVG(grade) FROM score GROUP BY c_name

多字段分组

SELECT stu_id,c_name,AVG(grade) FROM score GROUP BY c_name,stu_id

HAVING 对之前分组的结构进行过滤

SELECT c_name,AVG(grade) FROM score GROUP BY c_name HAVING AVG(grade)<=90;

 

子查询：sql里面嵌套sql

SELECT id,name FROM student

WHERE id=(

SELECT stu_id FROM score WHERE c_name='计算机' AND grade=70);

 

IN 后面可以赋多个值，用括号

中文系的学生信息

SELECT * FROM student WHERE id IN (SELECT stu_id FROM score WHERE c_name='中文')

 

NOT IN

SELECT * FROM student WHERE id NOT IN (SELECT stu_id FROM score WHERE c_name='中文')

 

EXISTS 如果子查询返回结果为真 则执行前面sql ，如果为假 则前半句sql执行结果为空

SELECT * FROM score WHERE EXISTS (SELECT stu_id FROM score WHERE c_name='中文111')

 

ALL 本质用and 取最大值

ANY OR 取最小值

 

UNION 合并表

all 数据会重复

SELECT * FROM student_copy UNION all SELECT * FROM student;

不加all会去重

SELECT * FROM student_copy UNION SELECT * FROM student;