Java并发(3) 终结任务

1. 终结任务

1.1 一个例子

//: concurrency/OrnamentalGarden.java
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class Count {
  private int count = 0;
  private Random rand = new Random(47);
  // Remove the synchronized keyword to see counting fail:
  public synchronized int increment() {
    int temp = count;
    if(rand.nextBoolean()) // Yield half the time
      Thread.yield();
    return (count = ++temp);
  }
  public synchronized int value() { return count; }
}

class Entrance implements Runnable {
  private static Count count = new Count();
  private static List<Entrance> entrances =
    new ArrayList<Entrance>();
  private int number = 0;
  // Doesn't need synchronization to read:
  private final int id;
  private static volatile boolean canceled = false;
  // Atomic operation on a volatile field:
  public static void cancel() { canceled = true; }
  public Entrance(int id) {
    this.id = id;
    // Keep this task in a list. Also prevents
    // garbage collection of dead tasks:
    entrances.add(this);
  }
  public void run() {
    while(!canceled) {
      synchronized(this) {
        ++number;
      }
      print(this + " Total: " + count.increment());
      try {
        TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100);
      } catch(InterruptedException e) {
        print("sleep interrupted");
      }
    }
    print("Stopping " + this);
  }
  public synchronized int getValue() { return number; }
  public String toString() {
    return "Entrance " + id + ": " + getValue();
  }
  public static int getTotalCount() {
    return count.value();
  }
  public static int sumEntrances() {
    int sum = 0;
    for(Entrance entrance : entrances)
      sum += entrance.getValue();
    return sum;
  }
}

public class OrnamentalGarden {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
    for(int i = 0; i < 5; i++)
      exec.execute(new Entrance(i));
    // Run for a while, then stop and collect the data:
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
    Entrance.cancel();
    exec.shutdown();
    if(!exec.awaitTermination(250, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS))
      print("Some tasks were not terminated!");
    print("Total: " + Entrance.getTotalCount());
    print("Sum of Entrances: " + Entrance.sumEntrances());
  }
} /* Output: (Sample)
Entrance 0: 1 Total: 1
Entrance 2: 1 Total: 3
Entrance 1: 1 Total: 2
Entrance 4: 1 Total: 5
Entrance 3: 1 Total: 4
Entrance 2: 2 Total: 6
Entrance 4: 2 Total: 7
Entrance 0: 2 Total: 8
...
Entrance 3: 29 Total: 143
Entrance 0: 29 Total: 144
Entrance 4: 29 Total: 145
Entrance 2: 30 Total: 147
Entrance 1: 30 Total: 146
Entrance 0: 30 Total: 149
Entrance 3: 30 Total: 148
Entrance 4: 30 Total: 150
Stopping Entrance 2: 30
Stopping Entrance 1: 30
Stopping Entrance 0: 30
Stopping Entrance 3: 30
Stopping Entrance 4: 30
Total: 150
Sum of Entrances: 150
*///:~

1.2 在阻塞时终结

        线程状态

        新建:线程被创建时, 只有短暂地处于这种状态. 它已经获得了必需的系统资源, 并执行了初始化, 之后调度器将把这个线程转变为运行态或阻塞态.

        就绪:只要调度器把时间片分配给线程, 他就可以运行.

        阻塞:线程能够运行, 但有某个条件阻止它的运行, 处于阻塞态时, 调度器会忽略它, 直到它重写进入就绪态.

        死亡:此时线程不可调度, 也不会得到CPU时间. 通常是因为从run()返回.

        线程进入阻塞态的原因

        1. 调用sleep(long) 使任务进入阻塞态, 在指定的时间内, 不会允许.

        2. 调用wait()使线程挂起, 直到线程得到notify() notifyAll()才会重新进入就绪态.

        3. 等待某个输入输出完成.

        4. 任务试图在某个对象上调用其同步方法, 但对象锁不可用.

1.3 中断

        下面的例子演示了,  Thread.sleep是可以中断的, 而IO阻塞和synchronized块是不可中断的(不能被Future.cancel(true)中断).

//: concurrency/Interrupting.java
// Interrupting a blocked thread.
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.io.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class SleepBlocked implements Runnable {
  public void run() {
    try {
      TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(100);
    } catch(InterruptedException e) {
      print("InterruptedException");
    }
    print("Exiting SleepBlocked.run()");
  }
}

class IOBlocked implements Runnable {
  private InputStream in;
  public IOBlocked(InputStream is) { in = is; }
  public void run() {
    try {
      print("Waiting for read():");
      in.read();
    } catch(IOException e) {
      if(Thread.currentThread().isInterrupted()) {
        print("Interrupted from blocked I/O");
      } else {
        throw new RuntimeException(e);
      }
    }
    print("Exiting IOBlocked.run()");
  }
}

class SynchronizedBlocked implements Runnable {
  public synchronized void f() {
    while(true) // Never releases lock
      Thread.yield();
  }
  public SynchronizedBlocked() {
    new Thread() {
      public void run() {
        f(); // Lock acquired by this thread
      }
    }.start();
  }
  public void run() {
    print("Trying to call f()");
    f();
    print("Exiting SynchronizedBlocked.run()");
  }
}

public class Interrupting {
  private static ExecutorService exec =
    Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
  static void test(Runnable r) throws InterruptedException{
    Future<?> f = exec.submit(r);
    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100);
    print("Interrupting " + r.getClass().getName());
    f.cancel(true); // Interrupts if running
    print("Interrupt sent to " + r.getClass().getName());
  }
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    test(new SleepBlocked());
    test(new IOBlocked(System.in));
    test(new SynchronizedBlocked());
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(3);
    print("Aborting with System.exit(0)");
    System.exit(0); // ... since last 2 interrupts failed
  }
} /* Output: (95% match)
Interrupting SleepBlocked
InterruptedException
Exiting SleepBlocked.run()
Interrupt sent to SleepBlocked
Waiting for read():
Interrupting IOBlocked
Interrupt sent to IOBlocked
Trying to call f()
Interrupting SynchronizedBlocked
Interrupt sent to SynchronizedBlocked
Aborting with System.exit(0)
*///:~

        例子中, 通过使用Executor.submit()方法提交一个任务, 可以拿到这个任务的引用(Future), 再在Future对象上用true去调用cancel()方法, 

        那么它就会给在这个线程上调用interrupt()以停止这个线程.

        虽然对于IO阻塞这种方式不能工作, 但是可以通过关闭阻塞的底层资源来实现中断.

//: concurrency/CloseResource.java
// Interrupting a blocked task by
// closing the underlying resource.
// {RunByHand}
import java.net.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.io.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

public class CloseResource {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
    ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8080);
    InputStream socketInput =
      new Socket("localhost", 8080).getInputStream();
    exec.execute(new IOBlocked(socketInput));
    exec.execute(new IOBlocked(System.in));
    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(100);
    print("Shutting down all threads");
    exec.shutdownNow();
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
    print("Closing " + socketInput.getClass().getName());
    socketInput.close(); // Releases blocked thread
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
    print("Closing " + System.in.getClass().getName());
    System.in.close(); // Releases blocked thread
  }
} /* Output: (85% match)
Waiting for read():
Waiting for read():
Shutting down all threads
Closing java.net.SocketInputStream
Interrupted from blocked I/O
Exiting IOBlocked.run()
Closing java.io.BufferedInputStream
Exiting IOBlocked.run()
*///:~

        不过NIO类提供了更人性化的中断

//: concurrency/NIOInterruption.java
// Interrupting a blocked NIO channel.
import java.net.*;
import java.nio.*;
import java.nio.channels.*;
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.io.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class NIOBlocked implements Runnable {
  private final SocketChannel sc;
  public NIOBlocked(SocketChannel sc) { this.sc = sc; }
  public void run() {
    try {
      print("Waiting for read() in " + this);
      sc.read(ByteBuffer.allocate(1));
    } catch(ClosedByInterruptException e) {
      print("ClosedByInterruptException");
    } catch(AsynchronousCloseException e) {
      print("AsynchronousCloseException");
    } catch(IOException e) {
      throw new RuntimeException(e);
    }
    print("Exiting NIOBlocked.run() " + this);
  }
}

public class NIOInterruption {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    ExecutorService exec = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
    ServerSocket server = new ServerSocket(8080);
    InetSocketAddress isa =
      new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080);
    SocketChannel sc1 = SocketChannel.open(isa);
    SocketChannel sc2 = SocketChannel.open(isa);
    Future<?> f = exec.submit(new NIOBlocked(sc1));
    exec.execute(new NIOBlocked(sc2));
    exec.shutdown();
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
    // Produce an interrupt via cancel:
    f.cancel(true);
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
    // Release the block by closing the channel:
    sc2.close();
  }
} /* Output: (Sample)
Waiting for read() in NIOBlocked@7a84e4
Waiting for read() in NIOBlocked@15c7850
ClosedByInterruptException
Exiting NIOBlocked.run() NIOBlocked@15c7850
AsynchronousCloseException
Exiting NIOBlocked.run() NIOBlocked@7a84e4
*///:~

        上面例子说明, 被阻塞的NIO通道能够自动地响应中断, 也可以通过关闭底层资源的方式释放锁. 虽然使用shutdownNow()可以终止所有的任务, 但如果需要停止

        某个特定的任务, 使用Future还是有必要的.

        但是对于被互斥条件所引起的阻塞, 可以通过Thread.interrupt来中断.

//: concurrency/Interrupting2.java
// Interrupting a task blocked with a ReentrantLock.
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class BlockedMutex {
  private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
  public BlockedMutex() {
    // Acquire it right away, to demonstrate interruption
    // of a task blocked on a ReentrantLock:
    lock.lock();
  }
  public void f() {
    try {
      // This will never be available to a second task
      lock.lockInterruptibly(); // Special call
      print("lock acquired in f()");
    } catch(InterruptedException e) {
      print("Interrupted from lock acquisition in f()");
    }
  }
}

class Blocked2 implements Runnable {
  BlockedMutex blocked = new BlockedMutex();
  public void run() {
    print("Waiting for f() in BlockedMutex");
    blocked.f();
    print("Broken out of blocked call");
  }
}

public class Interrupting2 {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    Thread t = new Thread(new Blocked2());
    t.start();
    TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
    System.out.println("Issuing t.interrupt()");
    t.interrupt();
  }
} /* Output:
Waiting for f() in BlockedMutex
Issuing t.interrupt()
Interrupted from lock acquisition in f()
Broken out of blocked call
*///:~

1.4. 检查中断

        如果任务没有处于阻塞态, 你却调用了interrupt, 那么就有可能无法退出run里面的循环. 幸好可以通过Thread.interrupted()来检查中断状态, 

        这不仅可以告诉你interrupt是否被调用过, 还能够清除中断状态.

//: concurrency/InterruptingIdiom.java
// General idiom for interrupting a task.
// {Args: 1100}
import java.util.concurrent.*;
import static net.mindview.util.Print.*;

class NeedsCleanup {
  private final int id;
  public NeedsCleanup(int ident) {
    id = ident;
    print("NeedsCleanup " + id);
  }
  public void cleanup() {
    print("Cleaning up " + id);
  }
}

class Blocked3 implements Runnable {
  private volatile double d = 0.0;
  public void run() {
    try {
      while(!Thread.interrupted()) {
        // point1
        NeedsCleanup n1 = new NeedsCleanup(1);
        // Start try-finally immediately after definition
        // of n1, to guarantee proper cleanup of n1:
        try {
          print("Sleeping");
          TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(1);
          // point2
          NeedsCleanup n2 = new NeedsCleanup(2);
          // Guarantee proper cleanup of n2:
          try {
            print("Calculating");
            // A time-consuming, non-blocking operation:
            for(int i = 1; i < 2500000; i++)
              d = d + (Math.PI + Math.E) / d;
            print("Finished time-consuming operation");
          } finally {
            n2.cleanup();
          }
        } finally {
          n1.cleanup();
        }
      }
      print("Exiting via while() test");
    } catch(InterruptedException e) {
      print("Exiting via InterruptedException");
    }
  }
}

public class InterruptingIdiom {
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    if(args.length != 1) {
      print("usage: java InterruptingIdiom delay-in-mS");
      System.exit(1);
    }
    Thread t = new Thread(new Blocked3());
    t.start();
    TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS.sleep(new Integer(args[0]));
    t.interrupt();
  }
} /* Output: (Sample)
NeedsCleanup 1
Sleeping
NeedsCleanup 2
Calculating
Finished time-consuming operation
Cleaning up 2
Cleaning up 1
NeedsCleanup 1
Sleeping
Cleaning up 1
Exiting via InterruptedException
*///:~

        这个类告诉大家, 经由异常离开循环时, 正确清理资源的必要性. 通常意味着所有需要清理的对象在其创建后面都必须紧跟try-finally子句. 从而无论run()

        是什么原因退出的, 资源都能够正确地释放.