[ruby koan] about_iteration

[ruby koan] about_iteration

each

• each 是 array 的一个方法

• each 后跟一个 block,block有2种形式

  • { |item| ...}

  • do |item| ... end

• block 可以用 break 终止

  def test_each_is_a_method_on_arrays
    assert_equal true, [].methods.include?(as_name(:each))
  end
​
  def test_iterating_with_each
    array = [1, 2, 3]
    sum = 0
    array.each do |item|
      sum += item
    end
    assert_equal 6, sum
  end
​
  def test_each_can_use_curly_brace_blocks_too
    array = [1, 2, 3]
    sum = 0
    array.each { |item| sum += item }
    assert_equal 6, sum
  end
​
  def test_break_works_with_each_style_iterations
    array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
    sum = 0
    array.each do |item|
      break if item > 3
      sum += item
    end
    assert_equal 6, sum
  end

collect & map

collect /map 用法相同，用于将一个数组转换成另一个数组，元素一一映射

  def test_collect_transforms_elements_of_an_array
    array = [1, 2, 3]
    new_array = array.collect { |item| item + 10 }
    assert_equal [11, 12, 13], new_array
​
    # NOTE: 'map' is another name for the 'collect' operation
    another_array = array.map { |item| item + 10 }
    assert_equal [11, 12, 13], another_array
  end

select & find_all & find

• select 获取 符合条件的所有元素，find_all 同

• find 获取符合条件的第一个元素

  def test_select_selects_certain_items_from_an_array
    array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
​
    even_numbers = array.select { |item| (item % 2) == 0 }
    assert_equal [2, 4, 6], even_numbers
​
    # NOTE: 'find_all' is another name for the 'select' operation
    more_even_numbers = array.find_all { |item| (item % 2) == 0 }
    assert_equal [2, 4, 6], more_even_numbers
  end
​
  def test_find_locates_the_first_element_matching_a_criteria
    array = ["Jim", "Bill", "Clarence", "Doug", "Eli"]
​
    assert_equal "Clarence", array.find { |item| item.size > 4 }
  end

inject

[...].inject (init_value) {|accumulator, item| sum + item }

• 为 |..|中的第一个变量设置初始值 accumulator = init_value

• block 中计算的结果，存储到 accumulator 中

  def test_inject_will_blow_your_mind
    result = [2, 3, 4].inject(0) { |sum, item| sum + item }
    assert_equal 9, result
​
    result2 = [2, 3, 4].inject(1) { |product, item| product * item }
    assert_equal 24, result2

iteration 方法不只是作用于Array

• Range 相当于一个集合

• Files 相当于是 行的集合

def test_all_iteration_methods_work_on_any_collection_not_just_arrays
    # Ranges act like a collection
    result = (1..3).map { |item| item + 10 }
    assert_equal [11, 12, 13], result
​
    # Files act like a collection of lines
    File.open("example_file.txt") do |file|
      upcase_lines = file.map { |line| line.strip.upcase }
      assert_equal ["THIS", "IS", "A", "TEST"], upcase_lines
    end