linux gnu文件操作

例子1 拷贝文件

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main(){
  int fd1 = open("a.txt",O_RDONLY);
  if(fd1 == -1) perror("open a"),exit(-1);
  int fd2=open("b.txt",O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC,0666);
  if(fd2 == -1) perror("open b"),exit(-1);
  char buf[3] = { };//真正开发时，长度2k或4k
  while(1){//如果文件比较大，一次读不完
    int res = read(fd1,buf,sizeof(buf));//读a
    if(res == -1) { perror("read"); break; }
	if(res == 0) { printf("拷贝完毕\n"); break; }
	write(fd2,buf,res);//读多少，就写多少
  }//多读一次，读的是文件尾，返回0
  close(fd1); close(fd2);
}

例子2 打开文件

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main(){
  printf("O_CREAT=%d,O_RDONLY=%d,O_WRONLY=%d,"
    "O_RDWR=%d,O_APPEND=%d\n",O_CREAT,O_RDONLY,
    O_WRONLY,O_RDWR,O_APPEND);
  int fd =open("a.txt",O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC,0666);

  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  printf("fd=%d\n",fd);
  close(fd);
}//"abc""123" == "abc123"

例子3 读文件

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(){
  int fd = open("a.txt",O_RDONLY);
  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  char buf[100] = { };
  int res = read(fd,buf,sizeof(buf));
  if(res == -1) perror("read"),exit(-1);
  printf("读到了%d字节数据，内容:%s\n",res,buf);
  close(fd);
}

文件描述符复制

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main(){
  int fd = open("a.txt",O_RDWR);
  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  int fd2 = dup(fd);//只复制描述符，不复制文件表
  printf("fd=%d,fd2=%d\n",fd,fd2);
  write(fd,"1",1);
  write(fd2,"2",1);
  int fd3 = dup2(fd,100);
  printf("fd3=%d\n",fd3);//100
  int fd4 = open("b.txt",O_RDWR|O_CREAT,0666);
  printf("fd4=%d\n",fd4);//5
  int fd5 = dup2(fd,5);//关闭b.txt,打开a.txt
  printf("fd5=%d\n",fd5);//5
  write(fd5,"HEHE",4);//共用文件表,在2的后面写
  close(fd);//从文件描述符总表删除fd
}

fnctl

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main(){
  int fd=open("a.txt",O_RDONLY|O_CREAT|O_APPEND,
	0666);
  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  int flags = fcntl(fd,F_GETFL);//取不到O_CREAT
  printf("flags=%d\n",flags);
  //验证某一位二进制是0还是1,用 位与& 运算
  if(flags & O_CREAT) printf("CREATE\n");
  if(flags & O_APPEND) printf("APPEND\n");
  //权限比较用后两位，如何取后2位,与3位与
  if((flags&3)== O_RDWR) printf("RDWR\n");
  if((flags&3)== O_RDONLY) printf("RDONLY\n");
  printf("------------------\n");
  fcntl(fd,F_SETFL,O_RDWR);//设置,只有APPEND能改
  flags = fcntl(fd,F_GETFL);//取出新的状态
  if(flags & O_APPEND) printf("APPEND\n");
  if((flags&3)== O_RDWR) printf("RDWR\n");
  if((flags&3)== O_RDONLY) printf("RDONLY\n");
  close(fd);
}

读写文件锁

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main(){
  int fd = open("a.txt",O_RDWR);
  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  struct flock lock;
  lock.l_type = F_RDLCK;//读锁  写锁是F_WRLCK
  lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET;//从头开始最简单
  lock.l_start = 0;//从文件的第一个字节开始锁定
  lock.l_len = 20;//锁定20个字节
  lock.l_pid = -1;//SETLK用不到这个参数，-1即可
  int res = fcntl(fd,F_SETLK,&lock);//上锁
  if(res == -1) perror("上锁失败\n"),exit(-1);
  else printf("成功了\n");
  sleep(20);
  printf("读文件完成了，释放读锁\n");
  lock.l_type = F_UNLCK;
  fcntl(fd,F_SETLK,&lock);//释放锁的代码
  sleep(20);
  printf("其他代码也完毕，程序结束\n");
  close(fd);
}


#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>

int main(){
  int fd = open("a.txt",O_RDWR|O_TRUNC);
  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  struct flock lock;
  lock.l_type = F_WRLCK;
  lock.l_whence = SEEK_SET; lock.l_start = 0;
  lock.l_len = 10; lock.l_pid = -1;
  int res = fcntl(fd,F_SETLKW,&lock);
  if(res == -1){
    printf("有进程在使用，无法写文件\n");
  }else{
    res = write(fd,"hello",5);//写文件前先加写锁
    if(res == -1) perror("write"),exit(-1);
    else printf("写入成功\n");
  }
  close(fd);
}

lseek

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>

int main(){
  int fd = open("a.txt",O_RDWR);
  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  char ch;
  read(fd,&ch,1); printf("%c\n",ch);//a
  read(fd,&ch,1); printf("%c\n",ch);//b
  lseek(fd,3,SEEK_CUR);
  read(fd,&ch,1); printf("%c\n",ch);//f 
  lseek(fd,0,SEEK_SET);//回到开始
  write(fd,"1",1);//a
  lseek(fd,3,SEEK_SET); write(fd,"2",1);//d  
  lseek(fd,2,SEEK_CUR); write(fd,"3",1);//g
  lseek(fd,-2,SEEK_CUR); write(fd,"4",1);//f 
  lseek(fd,-3,SEEK_END); write(fd,"5",1);//s
  close(fd);
}

mmap

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/mman.h>
struct Emp{
  int id;
  char name[20];
  double sal;
};
int main(){
  int fd=open("em.dat",O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC,0666);
  if(fd == -1) perror("open"),exit(-1);
  void* p = mmap(0,sizeof(struct Emp)*3,
	PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE,
	//MAP_SHARED,//数据存入文件
	MAP_PRIVATE,//数据不存入文件
	fd,0);
  if(p == MAP_FAILED) perror("mmap"),exit(-1);
  ftruncate(fd,sizeof(struct Emp)*3);//指定大小
  struct Emp* pe = p;//数据在文件中
  pe[0].id = 100; strcpy(pe[0].name,"zhangfei");
  pe[0].sal = 12000.0;
  pe[1].id = 200; strcpy(pe[1].name,"guanyu");
  pe[1].sal = 20000.0;
  pe[2].id = 300; strcpy(pe[2].name,"liubei");
  pe[2].sal = 24000.0;
  int i;
  for(i=0;i<3;i++)
    printf("%d,%s,%lf\n",pe[i].id,pe[i].name,
	  pe[i].sal);
  close(fd);
}

打印目录

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dirent.h>
#include <string.h>

void print(char* path){//把代码写一下
  DIR* dir = opendir(path);
  if(dir == NULL) return;//结束递归但不结束进程
  struct dirent* ent;
  while(ent=readdir(dir)){//先read,后赋值,再判断
	if((strcmp(ent->d_name,".")==0) || 
	  (strcmp(ent->d_name,"..")==0)) continue;
	if(ent->d_type == 4){//子项是目录
      printf("[%s]\n",ent->d_name);//dname不包括路径
	  char buf[100] = {};
	  sprintf(buf,"%s/%s",path,ent->d_name);
	  print(buf);//递归调用打印子目录
	}else{//子项是 文件
	  printf("%s\n",ent->d_name);
	}
  }
}
int main(){
  print("../"); 
  //显示UC目录下的所有子项，子目录的内容也要显示出来
  //思路：先读UC目录的子项，如果子项是目录，打印出来
  //然后递归调用print()，如果子项是文件，直接打印
}

umask

#include <stdio.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
int main(){//了解即可
  int fd1 = open("aa",O_RDWR|O_CREAT,0666);//664
  mode_t old = umask(0022);//属主不屏蔽，其他屏蔽2
  int fd2 = open("bb",O_RDWR|O_CREAT,0666);//644
  umask(old);//还原成系统默认屏蔽
  int fd3 = open("cc",O_RDWR|O_CREAT,0666);//664
  close(fd1); close(fd2); close(fd3);
}

stat

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <unistd.h>
//取文件大小必须会
int main(){
  struct stat s = {};
  int res = stat("a.txt",&s);
  if(res == -1) perror("stat"),exit(-1);
  printf("获取硬盘文件的属性成功\n");
  printf("inode=%d\n",s.st_ino);
  printf("size=%d\n",s.st_size);
  printf("nlink=%d\n",s.st_nlink);
  printf("tm=%s\n",ctime(&s.st_mtime));//转英文日期
  printf("mode=%o\n",s.st_mode);
  printf("权限:%o\n",s.st_mode & 07777);//取后4位
  if(S_ISREG(s.st_mode)) //系统提供宏函数判断类型
	printf("普通文件\n");
  if(S_ISDIR(s.st_mode))
	printf("目录\n");
}