java之路:基本数据类型

内置数据类型

Java语言提供了八种基本类型。

• byte

     /**
     * A constant holding the minimum value a {@code byte} can
     * have, -2<sup>7</sup>.
     */
    public static final byte   MIN_VALUE = -128;

    /**
     * A constant holding the maximum value a {@code byte} can
     * have, 2<sup>7</sup>-1.
     */
    public static final byte   MAX_VALUE = 127;

• short

 /**
     * A constant holding the minimum value a {@code short} can
     * have, -2<sup>15</sup>.
     */
    public static final short   MIN_VALUE = -32768;

    /**
     * A constant holding the maximum value a {@code short} can
     * have, 2<sup>15</sup>-1.
     */
    public static final short   MAX_VALUE = 32767;

• int

/**
     * A constant holding the minimum value an {@code int} can
     * have, -2<sup>31</sup>.
     */
    @Native public static final int   MIN_VALUE = 0x80000000;

    /**
     * A constant holding the maximum value an {@code int} can
     * have, 2<sup>31</sup>-1.
     */
    @Native public static final int   MAX_VALUE = 0x7fffffff;

• long

/**
     * A constant holding the minimum value a {@code long} can
     * have, -2<sup>63</sup>.
     */
    @Native public static final long MIN_VALUE = 0x8000000000000000L;

    /**
     * A constant holding the maximum value a {@code long} can
     * have, 2<sup>63</sup>-1.
     */
    @Native public static final long MAX_VALUE = 0x7fffffffffffffffL;

• float

/**
   /**
     * A constant holding the positive infinity of type
     * {@code float}. It is equal to the value returned by
     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7f800000)}.
     */
    public static final float POSITIVE_INFINITY = 1.0f / 0.0f;

    /**
     * A constant holding the negative infinity of type
     * {@code float}. It is equal to the value returned by
     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0xff800000)}.
     */
    public static final float NEGATIVE_INFINITY = -1.0f / 0.0f;

    /**
     * A constant holding a Not-a-Number (NaN) value of type
     * {@code float}.  It is equivalent to the value returned by
     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7fc00000)}.
     */
    public static final float NaN = 0.0f / 0.0f;

    /**
     * A constant holding the largest positive finite value of type
     * {@code float}, (2-2<sup>-23</sup>)&middot;2<sup>127</sup>.
     * It is equal to the hexadecimal floating-point literal
     * {@code 0x1.fffffeP+127f} and also equal to
     * {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x7f7fffff)}.
     */
    public static final float MAX_VALUE = 0x1.fffffeP+127f; // 3.4028235e+38f

    /**
     * A constant holding the smallest positive normal value of type
     * {@code float}, 2<sup>-126</sup>.  It is equal to the
     * hexadecimal floating-point literal {@code 0x1.0p-126f} and also
     * equal to {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x00800000)}.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static final float MIN_NORMAL = 0x1.0p-126f; // 1.17549435E-38f

    /**
     * A constant holding the smallest positive nonzero value of type
     * {@code float}, 2<sup>-149</sup>. It is equal to the
     * hexadecimal floating-point literal {@code 0x0.000002P-126f}
     * and also equal to {@code Float.intBitsToFloat(0x1)}.
     */
    public static final float MIN_VALUE = 0x0.000002P-126f; // 1.4e-45f

    /**
     * Maximum exponent a finite {@code float} variable may have.  It
     * is equal to the value returned by {@code
     * Math.getExponent(Float.MAX_VALUE)}.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static final int MAX_EXPONENT = 127;

    /**
     * Minimum exponent a normalized {@code float} variable may have.
     * It is equal to the value returned by {@code
     * Math.getExponent(Float.MIN_NORMAL)}.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static final int MIN_EXPONENT = -126;

    /**
     * The number of bits used to represent a {@code float} value.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static final int SIZE = 32;

    /**
     * The number of bytes used to represent a {@code float} value.
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static final int BYTES = SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

• double

    /**
     * A constant holding the positive infinity of type
     * {@code double}. It is equal to the value returned by
     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x7ff0000000000000L)}.
     */
    public static final double POSITIVE_INFINITY = 1.0 / 0.0;

    /**
     * A constant holding the negative infinity of type
     * {@code double}. It is equal to the value returned by
     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0xfff0000000000000L)}.
     */
    public static final double NEGATIVE_INFINITY = -1.0 / 0.0;

    /**
     * A constant holding a Not-a-Number (NaN) value of type
     * {@code double}. It is equivalent to the value returned by
     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x7ff8000000000000L)}.
     */
    public static final double NaN = 0.0d / 0.0;

    /**
     * A constant holding the largest positive finite value of type
     * {@code double},
     * (2-2<sup>-52</sup>)&middot;2<sup>1023</sup>.  It is equal to
     * the hexadecimal floating-point literal
     * {@code 0x1.fffffffffffffP+1023} and also equal to
     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x7fefffffffffffffL)}.
     */
    public static final double MAX_VALUE = 0x1.fffffffffffffP+1023; // 1.7976931348623157e+308

    /**
     * A constant holding the smallest positive normal value of type
     * {@code double}, 2<sup>-1022</sup>.  It is equal to the
     * hexadecimal floating-point literal {@code 0x1.0p-1022} and also
     * equal to {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x0010000000000000L)}.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static final double MIN_NORMAL = 0x1.0p-1022; // 2.2250738585072014E-308

    /**
     * A constant holding the smallest positive nonzero value of type
     * {@code double}, 2<sup>-1074</sup>. It is equal to the
     * hexadecimal floating-point literal
     * {@code 0x0.0000000000001P-1022} and also equal to
     * {@code Double.longBitsToDouble(0x1L)}.
     */
    public static final double MIN_VALUE = 0x0.0000000000001P-1022; // 4.9e-324

    /**
     * Maximum exponent a finite {@code double} variable may have.
     * It is equal to the value returned by
     * {@code Math.getExponent(Double.MAX_VALUE)}.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static final int MAX_EXPONENT = 1023;

    /**
     * Minimum exponent a normalized {@code double} variable may
     * have.  It is equal to the value returned by
     * {@code Math.getExponent(Double.MIN_NORMAL)}.
     *
     * @since 1.6
     */
    public static final int MIN_EXPONENT = -1022;

    /**
     * The number of bits used to represent a {@code double} value.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    public static final int SIZE = 64;

    /**
     * The number of bytes used to represent a {@code double} value.
     *
     * @since 1.8
     */
    public static final int BYTES = SIZE / Byte.SIZE;

• char

    /**
     * The minimum radix available for conversion to and from strings.
     * The constant value of this field is the smallest value permitted
     * for the radix argument in radix-conversion methods such as the
     * {@code digit} method, the {@code forDigit} method, and the
     * {@code toString} method of class {@code Integer}.
     *
     * @see     Character#digit(char, int)
     * @see     Character#forDigit(int, int)
     * @see     Integer#toString(int, int)
     * @see     Integer#valueOf(String)
     */
    public static final int MIN_RADIX = 2;

    /**
     * The maximum radix available for conversion to and from strings.
     * The constant value of this field is the largest value permitted
     * for the radix argument in radix-conversion methods such as the
     * {@code digit} method, the {@code forDigit} method, and the
     * {@code toString} method of class {@code Integer}.
     *
     * @see     Character#digit(char, int)
     * @see     Character#forDigit(int, int)
     * @see     Integer#toString(int, int)
     * @see     Integer#valueOf(String)
     */
    public static final int MAX_RADIX = 36;

    /**
     * The constant value of this field is the smallest value of type
     * {@code char}, {@code '\u005Cu0000'}.
     *
     * @since   1.0.2
     */
    public static final char MIN_VALUE = '\u0000';

    /**
     * The constant value of this field is the largest value of type
     * {@code char}, {@code '\u005CuFFFF'}.
     *
     * @since   1.0.2
     */
    public static final char MAX_VALUE = '\uFFFF';

• boolean

/**
     * The {@code Boolean} object corresponding to the primitive
     * value {@code true}.
     */
    public static final Boolean TRUE = new Boolean(true);

    /**
     * The {@code Boolean} object corresponding to the primitive
     * value {@code false}.
     */
    public static final Boolean FALSE = new Boolean(false);

• 上面就是java的八种基本类型，从源码copy而来,下面通过简单的例子输出八种基本类型的常用值

// byte  
        System.out.println("基本类型：byte 二进制位数：" + Byte.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Byte");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Byte.MIN_VALUE=" + Byte.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Byte.MAX_VALUE=" + Byte.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
  
        // short  
        System.out.println("基本类型：short 二进制位数：" + Short.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Short");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Short.MIN_VALUE=" + Short.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Short.MAX_VALUE=" + Short.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
  
        // int  
        System.out.println("基本类型：int 二进制位数：" + Integer.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Integer");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Integer.MIN_VALUE=" + Integer.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Integer.MAX_VALUE=" + Integer.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
  
        // long  
        System.out.println("基本类型：long 二进制位数：" + Long.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Long");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Long.MIN_VALUE=" + Long.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Long.MAX_VALUE=" + Long.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
  
        // float  
        System.out.println("基本类型：float 二进制位数：" + Float.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Float");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Float.MIN_VALUE=" + Float.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Float.MAX_VALUE=" + Float.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
  
        // double  
        System.out.println("基本类型：double 二进制位数：" + Double.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Double");  
        System.out.println("最小值：Double.MIN_VALUE=" + Double.MIN_VALUE);  
        System.out.println("最大值：Double.MAX_VALUE=" + Double.MAX_VALUE);  
        System.out.println();  
  
        // char  
        System.out.println("基本类型：char 二进制位数：" + Character.SIZE);  
        System.out.println("包装类：java.lang.Character");  
        // 以数值形式而不是字符形式将Character.MIN_VALUE输出到控制台  
        System.out.println("最小值：Character.MIN_VALUE="  
                + (int) Character.MIN_VALUE);  
        // 以数值形式而不是字符形式将Character.MAX_VALUE输出到控制台  
        System.out.println("最大值：Character.MAX_VALUE="  
                + (int) Character.MAX_VALUE);  

详细说说这八种类型的用法

Java语言提供了八种基本类型。六种数字类型（四个整数型，两个浮点型），一种字符类型，还有一种布尔型。

• byte：

byte 数据类型是8位、有符号的，以二进制补码表示的整数；
最小值是 -128（-2^7）；
最大值是 127（2^7-1）；
默认值是 0；
byte 类型用在大型数组中节约空间，主要代替整数，因为 byte 变量占用的空间只有 int 类型的四分之一；
例子：byte a = 100，byte b = -50。

• short：

short 数据类型是 16 位、有符号的以二进制补码表示的整数
最小值是 -32768（-2^15）；
最大值是 32767（2^15 - 1）；
Short 数据类型也可以像 byte 那样节省空间。一个short变量是int型变量所占空间的二分之一；
默认值是 0；
例子：short s = 1000，short r = -20000。

• int：

int 数据类型是32位、有符号的以二进制补码表示的整数；
最小值是 -2,147,483,648（-2^31）；
最大值是 2,147,483,647（2^31 - 1）；
一般地整型变量默认为 int 类型；
默认值是 0 ；
例子：int a = 100000, int b = -200000。

• long：

long 数据类型是 64 位、有符号的以二进制补码表示的整数；
最小值是 -9,223,372,036,854,775,808（-2^63）；
最大值是 9,223,372,036,854,775,807（2^63 -1）；
这种类型主要使用在需要比较大整数的系统上；
默认值是 0L；
例子： long a = 100000L，Long b = -200000L。
"L"理论上不分大小写，但是若写成"l"容易与数字"1"混淆，不容易分辩。所以最好大写。

• float：

float 数据类型是单精度、32位、符合IEEE 754标准的浮点数；
float 在储存大型浮点数组的时候可节省内存空间；
默认值是 0.0f；
浮点数不能用来表示精确的值，如货币；
例子：float f1 = 234.5f。

• double：

double 数据类型是双精度、64 位、符合IEEE 754标准的浮点数；
浮点数的默认类型为double类型；
double类型同样不能表示精确的值，如货币；
默认值是 0.0d；
例子：double d1 = 123.4。

• boolean：

boolean数据类型表示一位的信息；
只有两个取值：true 和 false；
这种类型只作为一种标志来记录 true/false 情况；
默认值是 false；
例子：boolean one = true。

• char：

char类型是一个单一的 16 位 Unicode 字符；
最小值是 \u0000（即为0）；
最大值是 \uffff（即为65,535）；
char 数据类型可以储存任何字符；
例子：char letter = ‘A’;。

下面介绍一些java基本类型常用的方法

• java基本类型的转换规则:从存储范围小的类型到存储范围大的类型
  byte→short(char)→int→long→float→double

        byte num1 =10;
        System.out.println(num1); 
        short num2 =num1;
        System.out.println(num2);
        int num3 =num2;
        System.out.println(num3);
        long num4=num3;
        System.out.println(num4);
        float num5=num4;
        System.out.println(num5);
        double num6=num5;
        System.out.println(num6);
        //结果:10/10/10/10/10.0/10.0

• 强制类型转换:会损失精度
  double→float→long→int→short(char)→byte

        double val=12.33;
        System.out.println(val);
        float val1= (float) val;
        System.out.println(val1);
        long val2=(long)val1;
        System.out.println(val2);
        int val3=(int)val2;
        System.out.println(val3);
        short val4=(short)val3;
        System.out.println(val4);
        byte val5 =(byte)val4;
        System.out.println(val5);
        //输出结果 12.33/12.33/12/12/12/12

        //char
        char c=65;
        System.out.println(c); //print: A
        char h='A';
        System.out.println(3+h); //print: 68