Vagrant配置应知应会

Vagrant配置

初识 Vagrantfile

先来认识一下默认的 Vagrantfile 文件，使用带语法高亮的文本编辑器（例如 Notepad++） 打开:

# -*- mode: ruby -*-
# vi: set ft=ruby :

# All Vagrant configuration is done below. The "2" in Vagrant.configure
# configures the configuration version (we support older styles for
# backwards compatibility). Please don't change it unless you know what
# you're doing.
Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  # The most common configuration options are documented and commented below.
  # For a complete reference, please see the online documentation at
  # https://docs.vagrantup.com.

  # Every Vagrant development environment requires a box. You can search for
  # boxes at https://vagrantcloud.com/search.
  config.vm.box = "centos-7"

  # Disable automatic box update checking. If you disable this, then
  # boxes will only be checked for updates when the user runs
  # `vagrant box outdated`. This is not recommended.
  # config.vm.box_check_update = false

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
  # accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
  # NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
  # via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"

  # Create a private network, which allows host-only access to the machine
  # using a specific IP.
  # config.vm.network "private_network", ip: "192.168.33.10"

  # Create a public network, which generally matched to bridged network.
  # Bridged networks make the machine appear as another physical device on
  # your network.
  # config.vm.network "public_network"

  # Share an additional folder to the guest VM. The first argument is
  # the path on the host to the actual folder. The second argument is
  # the path on the guest to mount the folder. And the optional third
  # argument is a set of non-required options.
  # config.vm.synced_folder "../data", "/vagrant_data"

  # Provider-specific configuration so you can fine-tune various
  # backing providers for Vagrant. These expose provider-specific options.
  # Example for VirtualBox:
  #
  # config.vm.provider "virtualbox" do |vb|
  #   # Display the VirtualBox GUI when booting the machine
  #   vb.gui = true
  #
  #   # Customize the amount of memory on the VM:
  #   vb.memory = "1024"
  # end
  #
  # View the documentation for the provider you are using for more
  # information on available options.

  # Enable provisioning with a shell script. Additional provisioners such as
  # Ansible, Chef, Docker, Puppet and Salt are also available. Please see the
  # documentation for more information about their specific syntax and use.
  # config.vm.provision "shell", inline: <<-SHELL
  #   apt-get update
  #   apt-get install -y apache2
  # SHELL
end

这是一个 Ruby 语法的文件，因为 Vagrant 就是用 Ruby 编写的。如果编辑器没有语法高亮可以手动设置文件类型为 Ruby。

这个缺省文件内容几乎都是注释，提示有哪些配置项可以修改，我们不需要去学 Ruby 编程也可以照葫芦画瓢的完成基本的配置。

当然，如果会 Ruby 编程的可以在此实现更高级的作用，但是绝大多数人用不着。

刨除注释，这个文件的实际生效内容实际只有 3 行:

Vagrant.configure("2") do |config|
  config.vm.box = "centos-7"
end

这三行代码在镜像仓库也有写

首尾两行组成一个代码块结构，不要去动它，除非你知道自己在干什么。我们平常只需要编辑这其中的配置项。

这里的 config.vm.box 对应的就是虚机的镜像，也就是 box 文件，这是唯一必填的配置项。

特别提醒，Vagrantfile 文件名是固定的写法，大小写也要完全一样，修改了就不认识了。

自定义配置 Vagrantfile

下面针对这份默认的 Vagrantfile 内容，逐个讲解其中的配置含义和如何根据实际情况修改。

配置端口转发

端口转发（Port forward）又叫端口映射，就是把虚机的某个端口，映射到宿主机的端口上。这样就能在宿主机上访问到虚拟机中的服务。

例如启动虚机时，默认的 22 (guest) => 2222 (host) (adapter 1) 就是把虚机的 SSH 服务端口（22）映射到宿主机的 2222 端口，这样直接在宿主机通过 ssh 客户端访问 127.0.0.1:2222 端口就等价于访问虚拟机的 22 端口。

下面这两段配置就是教我们如何配置额外的端口转发规则，例如把 Web 服务也映射出来：

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine. In the example below,
  # accessing "localhost:8080" will access port 80 on the guest machine.
  # NOTE: This will enable public access to the opened port
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080

  # Create a forwarded port mapping which allows access to a specific port
  # within the machine from a port on the host machine and only allow access
  # via 127.0.0.1 to disable public access
  # config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 80, host: 8080, host_ip: "127.0.0.1"

实际上设置端口转发这个功能并不实用，一个很明显的问题就是如果启动多个虚机，很容易就出现宿主机上端口冲突的问题。即使没有端口冲突，使用起来也不方便，我个人不推荐使用的，可以把这部分配置直接删掉。直接使用下面的私有网络。

这个功能是虚拟机软件提供的，可以在虚机的网卡设置中展开高级选项，找到相关的配置：

还有个地方需要注意，默认的 SSH 端口映射在这里没法直接修改。比如这样，2222 端口出现莫名问题，如果想要把 22 端口转发到其它端口如 22222，直接添加下面这样的配置是没用的：

  config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 22, host: 22222

它会在原来的基础上新加一个端口转发规则，而不是替代原来的，必须要先强制关闭掉默认的那条规则:

config.vm.network "forwarded_port", guest: 22, host: 2222, id: "ssh", disabled: "true"
config.vm.network "forwarded_port"