python-面向对象操作

一 、定义类

# def 函数名 ( 形参 ):
#   函数执行的内容
# 类的格式
# class 类名 ( 父类 ):````
#   类的内容

# 类名后面有括号的类,称为新式类;
# 括号里面的内容是父类的名称;程序中,所有类的父类都是 object;
class Animals(object):
pass
print(Animals)

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/day_08/04_面向对象操作.py
<class '__main__.Animals'>

二、类的属性

class Animals(object):
    ## 类的数据属性
    name = "westos"
    age = 18
print(Animals)

## 访问类的数据属性
print(Animals.name)
print(Animals.age)

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/day_08/04_面向对象操作.py
<class '__main__.Animals'>
westos
18

三、类的方法

class Animals(object):
    name = "fentiao"
    age = 12
    weight = 10
# 类的方法 ==== 函数
# 在类中定义的函数叫做方法 ;
# 类的方法中, python 解释器要求第一个形参必须是 self ;与 java 中的 this 类似;
# self 实质上是类实例化后的对象本身 ;
    def eat(self):
        print("eating......")
        print(self)
# 类的实例化产生的就是对象; 把抽象的类创造出实际存在的事物;
# object: 对象
fentiao = Animals()
print(fentiao)
# 调用类的方法
fentiao.eat()

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/day_08/04_面向对象操作.py
<__main__.Animals object at 0x7f40cf1624e0>
eating......
<__main__.Animals object at 0x7f40cf1624e0>

对于每一个对象特色化设置；

class Cat(object):
     # 构造方法;当实例化对象时会自动执行;
    def __init__(self,name,age,weight):
        # self实质是一个对象;self=> westos;
        # attribute:属性； 把属性和对象绑定在一起, westos.name可以获取到姓名

        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = weight
# 类里面的函数第一个参数是self时，pyhton解释器自动将对象传给self变量；
    def eat(self):
        self.weight += 2
        print("%s is eating,now weight is %s" %(self.name,self.weight))

# 实例化对象
westos = Cat('westos',18,100)
print(westos.name)
print(westos.age)
print(westos.weight)

westos.eat()

fendai = Cat('fendai', 5, 10)
print(fendai.name)
print(fendai.age)
print(fendai.weight)

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /home/kiosk/PycharmProjects/day01/02_面向对象操作.py
westos
18
100
westos is eating,now weight is 102
fendai
5
10

四、面向对象的三大特性: 封装, 继承, 多态

1.面向对象的封装

class Cat(object):
    def __init__(self, name, age, weight):
        # 封装: 将属性均绑定在self变量上；
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = weight

    # 类里面的函数第一个参数时self， 并且pyhton解释器自动将对象传给self变量；
    def eat(self):   # java: this
        self.weight += 2
        print("%s is eating, now weight is %s" %(self.name, self.weight))

直接调用：

westos = Cat('westos',18,100)
print(westos.name)

间接调用

 # 通过self间接调用（只能在类中调用）
 self.name

2.面向对象的继承和多态

父类和子类; 基类和派生类;

继承：子类继承父类的方法
注意: 类的属性名和方法名不同相同;
建议:
属性名用名词;eg:name, age, weight;
方法名建议用动词; eg: eat, drink, get_weight;
多态：当父类和子类有同一方法时， 优先执行子类的方法;

    # Cat没有__init__函数， 则调用父类的构造函数;如果父类没有， 则找父类的父类，
    # 依次类推， 一直没有， 则不执行；

class Animals(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def eat(self):
        print("%s is eating..." %(self.name))

# Cat类的父类是Animals;
class Cat(Animals):
  # # 去执行父类的构造函数;
  # Animals.__init__(self, name, age)

    def eat(self):
        print('cat %s is eating' %(self.name))

westos = Cat('westos',18)
westos.eat()


/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/01_类的特性继承.py
cat westos is eating

执行Cat父类的构造函数， 不包含父类的任何信息;
如果Cat的父类变化， 无需进入类里面修改;

class Animals(object):
    def __init__(self,name,age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def eat(self):
        print("%s is eating..." %(self.name))

# Cat类的父类是Animals;
class Cat(Animals):
    def __init__(self,name,age,fishcount):

        # 执行Cat父类的构造函数， 不包含父类的任何信息;
        # 如果Cat的父类变化， 无需进入类里面修改;        super(Cat,self).__init__(name,age)
        self.fishcount = fishcount

 # 多态: 当父类和子类有同一方法时， 优先执行子类的方法;
    def eat(self):
        # Animals.eat(self)
        super(Cat,self).eat()
        self.fishcount -=2
        print('cat %s is eating,now have fish %s' %(self.name,self.fishcount))

westos = Cat('westos',18,100)
westos.eat()
westos.eat()
# 父类没有drink方法， 则不能执行;
westos.drink()


/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/01_类的特性继承.py
westos is eating...
cat westos is eating,now have fish 98
westos is eating...
cat westos is eating,now have fish 96
## 报错：Cat类无drink方法
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/root/PycharmProjects/day09/01_类的特性继承.py", line 34, in <module>
    westos.drink()
AttributeError: 'Cat' object has no attribute 'drink'

多重继承

对于新式类来说, 多重继承的算法是广度优先 ;

深度优先：继承父类，直到没有父类

class D(object):
    def test(self):
        print("D test")

class C(D):
    pass
    # def test(self):
    #     print("C test")

class B(D):
    pass
    # def test(self):
    #     print("B test")

# A 继承 B 和 C ;
class A(B,C):
    pass
    # def test(self):
    #     print("A test")

# 继承顺序(广度优先：就近原则)
A -> B -> D
  -> C -> D

a = A()

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/03_多重继承.py
D test

class D(object):
    def test(self):
        print("D test")

class C(D):
    # pass
    def test(self):
        print("C test")

class B(D):
    pass
    # def test(self):
    #     print("B test")

class A(B,C):
    pass
    # def test(self):
    #     print("A test")

a = A()
a.test()

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/03_多重继承.py
C test

class D(object):
    def test(self):
        print("D test")

class C(D):
    pass
    # def test(self):
    #     print("C test")

class B(D):
    pass
    # def test(self):
    #     print("B test")

class A(B,C):
    # pass
    def test(self):
        print("A test")

a = A()
a.test()

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/03_多重继承.py
A test

五 、新式类和经典类

python2.x里面支持经典类和新式类;
python3.x里面仅支持新式类;
新式类：广度优先 A -> B,C -> （B->D）|（C->D）
经典类：深度优先 A -> B -> D -> C -> D

# - 经典类
class Book1:
    pass

# - 新式类
class Book2(object):
    pass

六、类操作

1.特殊的类属性

class Base(object):
    pass
class Animals(object):
    """
    父类Animals:
    Attritube:
        name:
        age:
        weight:
    """
    def __init__(self, name, age, weight):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age
        self.weight = weight

    def eat(self):
        print("%s eating......" % (self.name))
        self.weight += 2

class Cat(Animals):
    def eat(self):
        print("%s eating......" % (self.name))
        self.weight += 1

class Dog(Animals, Base):
    def eat(self):
        print("%s eating......" % (self.name))
        self.weight += 3

print(Animals.__name__)
print(Animals.__doc__)
# 打印类的所有父类 , 以元组类型返回 ;
print(Animals.__bases__)
print(Dog.__bases__)
# 以字典的方式返回类的方法和属性 ;
print(Animals.__dict__)
# 如果类不是被导入的, 显示为 __main__;
# 如果类是被 import 导入的, 则显示类所在的模块名
print(Animals.__module__)


/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py
Animals

    父类Animals:
    Attritube:
        name:
        age:
        weight:

(<class 'object'>,)
(<class '__main__.Animals'>, <class '__main__.Base'>)
{'__module__': '__main__', '__doc__': '\n    父类Animals:\n    Attritube:\n        name:\n        age:\n        weight:\n    ', '__init__': <function Animals.__init__ at 0x7f4791a7e0d0>, 'eat': <function Animals.eat at 0x7f4791a7e158>, '__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Animals' objects>, '__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Animals' objects>}
__main__

2.类属性
私有属性: 只能在类中使用的属性(双下划线__)
self.__state = state
私有方法: 只能在类中使用的方法(双下划线__)
def get__state(self):

class Book(object):
    # 构造函数,在实例化对象时自动执行;
    def __init__(self,name,author,state,BookIndex):
        # oop的特性:封装
        self.name = name
        self.author = state
        # 0： 未借出， 1代表借出
        self._state = state
        self.BookIndex = BookIndex

    def __str__(self):
        # 实质是对象的字符串显示;
        # 当str(对象名)会自动调用;
        # print(对象名)也会自动调用

        if self.state == 0:
            state = "未借出"
        if self.state == 1:
            state = "借出"
        return "Book(%s, %s, %s)" %(self.name, self.author, state, self.BookIndex)

b1 = Book('python','guido',0,'IN45')
b1._state = 1
print(b1._state)

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py
1

class Book(object):
    # 构造函数,在实例化对象时自动执行;
    def __init__(self,name,author,state,BookIndex):
        # oop的特性:封装
        self.name = name
        self.author = state
        # 0： 未借出， 1代表借出
        self.__state = state    ##私有属性，类外部不能调用
        self.BookIndex = BookIndex

    def get__state(self):     ##私有方法，类外部不能调用
        # 实质是对象的字符串显示;
        # 当str(对象名)会自动调用;
        # print(对象名)也会自动调用

        if self.__state == 0:
            return "未借出"
        if self.__state == 1:
            return "借出"

    def set__state(self,value):      ##私有方法，类外部不能调用
        if value in [0,1]:
            self.__state = value
            return True
        else:       ##raise：抛出异常
            raise Exception("状态值只能为0或1")


b1 = Book('python','guido',0,'IN45')     ##实例化
print(b1.get_state())     ##查看结果 ##调用函数繁琐
b1.set_state(1)       ## 修改状态值 
print(b1.get_state())

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py
未借出
借出

print(b1.get_state())
b1.set_state(2)      ##2不符合state要求，会抛出异常

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py
未借出
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py", line 85, in <module>
    b1.set_state(2)
  File "/root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py", line 77, in set_state
    raise Exception("状态值只能为0或1")
Exception: 状态值只能为0或1

3.类属性装饰器 @property

# 类属性:   @property

class Book(object):
    # 构造函数,在实例化对象时自动执行;
    def __init__(self, name, author, state, BookIndex):
        # oop的特性:封装
        self.name = name
        self.author = author
        # 0： 未借出， 1代表借出
        # 私有属性: 只能在这个类里面使用的属性;
        self.__state = state
        self.BookIndex = BookIndex

    @property     # 代表state不是方法， 而是一个属性值，  b1.state
    def state(self):
        if self.__state == 0:
            return "未借出"
        if self.__state == 1:
            return "借出"

    @state.setter     # ##book.state = value 赋值或修改
    def state(self, value):
        # if value == 0 or value == 1:
        if value in [0,1]:
            self.__state = value
            return True
        else:
            # 抛出异常:
            raise Exception("状态值只能为0或1")

b1 = Book('python', 'guido', 0, 'IN45')
print(b1.state)
b1.state = 1
print(b1.state)

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py
未借出
借出

4.类方法和静态方法

class Date(object):
    def __init__(self, year, month, day):
        self.year = year
        self.month = month
        self.day = day

    def date_show(self):  ##self是对象
        print("""
        Year:%s
        Month:%s
        Day:%s""" % (self.year, self.month, self.day))


    @classmethod  ##默认第一个参数是类名
    def date_str(cls, str):  ##类方法，传入cls，实质是Date类;str 为 object
        if '-' in str:
            year, month, day = str.split('-')
        if '/' in str:
            month, day, year = str.split('/')
        return cls(year, month, day)

    @staticmethod ##静态方法，pyhton解释器不会传入任何参数
    def date_is_vaild(str):
        if '-' in str:
            year, month, day = map(int, str.split('-'))
        if '/' in str:
            month, day, year = map(int, str.split('/'))
        return year > 0 and 0 < month <= 12 and 0 < day <= 31

##针对不同类型的输入方式实例化
date1 = Date(2018,6,9)  ##以int型数字实例化
date1.date_show()

date2 = Date.date_str('2018-6-9')  ##以str型实例化
date2.date_show()

date3 = Date.date_is_vaild('6/88/2018')  ##简易判断日期是否合法
print(date3)

/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py

        Year:2018
        Month:6
        Day:9

        Year:2018
        Month:6
        Day:8
False

5.类的自省

type(d1)  ##查看d1的类型
isinstance(d1,Date)   ##查看d1是否为Date类
dir(d1)   ##查看d1的用法
 d1.__class__  ##查看d1的类名
 d1.__doc__    ##查看d1的解释说明
 d1.__dict__   ##查看d1的属性，字典形式列出
 hasattr(d1,'year')     ##d1是否具有year属性
 getattr(d1,'year')     ##查看d1的year属性的值
 getattr(d1,'year'，'YEAR')  ##若没有year属性，则输出YEAR
 setattr(d1,'year',2000)     ##将d1的year属性值改为2000

from collections import Iterable


class Date(object):
    """this is Date class"""
    def __init__(self, year, month, day):
        self.year = year
        self.month = month
        self.day = day

    def get_date(self):
        return self.day

d1 = Date(2018, 6, 8)

isinstance(5,int)    ## int类 ——> 对象 5
print(isinstance(d1,Date))    ## Date类 ——> 对象 d1
print(isinstance("hello",(Date,str,Iterable)))   ##类Date,str,Iterable --> 对象"hello"

# type  判断类型

print(type(d1))


# dir  查询对象的魔术方法

print(dir(d1))
print(d1.__class__)  ## d1的类
print(d1.__doc__)  ## d1的函数说明
print(d1.__dict__) ## 对象属性及其对应的值，类型为字典


# hasattr  判断对象的属性是否存在   存在：True  不存在：False

print(hasattr(d1,'year'))
print(hasattr(d1,'yea'))

# getattr 获取对象属性的值,属性不存在时，报错
print(getattr(d1,'year'))
# print(getattr(d1,'yre'))
# 当对象的hello属性不存在时，自动返回westos
print(getattr(d1,'hello','westos'))


# setattr 修改对象属性的值
setattr(d1,'year',2019)
print(getattr(d1,'year'))

## 判断两对象是否相等
# d1.__eq__(d2)


/usr/local/python3/bin/python3.6 /root/PycharmProjects/day09/04_类属性.py
True
True
<class '__main__.Date'>
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', 'day', 'get_date', 'month', 'year']
<class '__main__.Date'>
this is Date class
{'year': 2018, 'month': 6, 'day': 8}
True
False
2018
westos
2019