视图
含义:虚拟表,和普通表一样使用
mysql5.1版本出现的新特性,本身是一个虚拟表,它的数据来自于表,通过执行时动态生成,只保存sql逻辑,不保存查询结果。
好处:
1、简化sql语句
2、提高了sql的重用性
3、保护基表的数据,提高了安全性
案例:查询姓张的学生名和专业名
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m
ON s.`majorId`=m.`id`
WHERE stuname LIKE "张%";
添加视图:
CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m
ON s.`majorId`=m.`id`;
SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE "张%";
一、创建视图
语法:
create view 视图名
as
查询语句;
案例1:查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息
#创建视图
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT e.last_name,d.department_name,j.*
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.department_id=d.department_id
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.job_id=j.job_id;
#使用视图
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE "%a%";
案例2:查询各部门的平均工资级别
#创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT department_id,AVG(salary) ag
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
#使用
SELECT myv2.ag,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.ag BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
案例3:查询平均工资最低的部门信息和平均工资
#嵌套视图
CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;
#使用视图
SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.department_id=d.department_id;
二、修改视图
方式一:
语法:
create or replace view 视图名
as
查询语句;
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;
方式二:
语法:
alter view 视图名
as
查询语句;
ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT *
FROM employees;
三、删除视图
语法:
drop view 视图名,视图名,…;
DROP VIEW myv1,myv2,myv3;
四、查看视图
DESC myv3;
SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3; #在命令行查看
练习:
一、创建视图emp_v1,要求查询电话号码以’011’开头的员工姓名和工资、邮箱。
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v1
AS
SELECT last_name,Salary,email
FROM employees
WHERE phone_number LIKE "011%";
二、创建视图emp_v2,要求查询部门的最高工资高于12000的部门信息
CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW emp_v2
AS
SELECT d.*,m.mx_sal
FROM departments d
JOIN(
SELECT department_id,MAX(salary) mx_sal
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MAX(salary)>12000
) m
ON d.department_id=m.department_id;
更新视图
#插入
INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');
#修改
UPDATE myv1 SET last_name='张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';
#删除
DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name='张无忌';
具备以下特点的视图不允许更新
• 包含以下关键字的sql语句:分组函数、distinct、group by 、having、union或者union all
• 常量视图
• Select中包含子查询
• join
• from一个不能更新的视图
• where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表