数据库约束

1.约束的概念

• 约束是作用于表中列上的规则，用于限制加入表的数据
• 约束的存在保证了数据库中数据的正确性、有效性和完整性

2.约束的分类

3.约束案例

drop TABLE IF EXISTS emp;

-- 员工表
create table emp(
	id int primary key auto_increment,
	ename varchar(50) NOT NULL UNIQUE,
	joindate date NOT NULL,
	salary DOUBLE(7,2) NOT NULL,
	bonus DOUBLE(7,2) DEFAULT 0
); 

INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus)values
(1,'张三','1999-11-11',8800,5000);


-- 演示主键约束：非空且唯一
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus)values
(NULL,'李四','1999-11-11',8800,5000);

INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus)values
(1,'张三','1999-11-11',8800,5000);

-- 正确写法
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus)values
(2,'李四','1999-11-11',8800,5000);


-- 演示默认约束
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary)values
(3,'王五','1999-11-11',8800);

SELECT * from emp;

-- 演示自动增长：auto_increment：当列是数字类型并且 唯一约束
INSERT INTO emp(ename,joindate,salary,bonus)values
('赵六','1999-11-11',8800,5000);

INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus)values
(NULL,'赵六2','1999-11-11',8800,5000);

4.外键约束

drop TABLE IF EXISTS emp;
drop TABLE IF EXISTS dept;

-- 部门表
create table dept(
	id int primary key auto_increment,
	dep_name varchar(20),
	addr varchar(20)
); 

-- 员工表
create table emp(
	id int primary key auto_increment,
	name varchar(20),
	age int,
	dep_id int,
	CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN KEY(dep_id) REFERENCES dept(id)
);

-- 添加两个部门
INSERT INTO dept(dep_name,addr) VALUES
('研发部','广州'),('销售部','深圳');

-- 添加员工
INSERT INTO emp(name,age,dep_id) VALUES
('张三',20,1),
('李四',20,1),
('王五',20,1),
('赵六',20,2),
('孙七',22,2),
('周八',18,2);

-- 删除外键
ALTER table emp drop FOREIGN KEY fk_emp_dept;


-- 建完表后，添加外键
alter table emp add CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN key(dep_id) REFERENCES dept(id);