Python-元类

参考自本教程中的元类一篇 ，注释是自己的理解。

http://www.liaoxuefeng.com/wiki/0014316089557264a6b348958f449949df42a6d3a2e542c000

class Field(object):

    def __init__(self, name, column_type):
        self.name = name
        self.column_type = column_type

    def __str__(self):
        return '<%s:%s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, self.name)

class StringField(Field):

    def __init__(self, name):
        super(StringField, self).__init__(name, 'varchar(100)')

class IntegerField(Field):

    def __init__(self, name):
        super(IntegerField, self).__init__(name, 'bigint')

class ModelMetaclass(type):

    def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
        if name=='Model':
            return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)#cls代表类本身，name.bases以及attrs分别是类的名字以及，基类，和属性
        print('Found model: %s' % name)
        mappings = dict()
        print(cls)
        print(name)
        print(bases)
        print(attrs)
        for k, v in attrs.items():
            if isinstance(v, Field):
                print('Found mapping: %s ==> %s' % (k, v))
                mappings[k] = v
        for k in mappings.keys():
            attrs.pop(k) #删除改键值对
        attrs['__mappings__'] = mappings # 保存属性和列的映射关系
        attrs['__table__'] = name # 假设表名和类名一致
        return type.__new__(cls, name, bases, attrs)  #返回修改后的类

class Model(dict, metaclass=ModelMetaclass):

    def __init__(self, **kw):
        super(Model, self).__init__(**kw) #实例生成时使用元类修改类的属性

    def __getattr__(self, key):
        try:
            return self[key]
        except KeyError:
            raise AttributeError(r"'Model' object has no attribute '%s'" % key)
    
    def __setattr__(self, key, value):  #给属性赋值时会调用该方法
        self[key] = value

    def save(self):
        fields = []
        params = []
        args = []
        for k, v in self.__mappings__.items():
            fields.append(v.name)
            params.append('?')
            args.append(getattr(self, k, None))
        sql = 'insert into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (self.__table__, ','.join(fields), ','.join(params))
        print('SQL: %s' % sql)
        print('ARGS: %s' % str(args))

# testing code:

class User(Model):
    id = IntegerField('id')
    name = StringField('username')
    email = StringField('email')
    password = StringField('password')

u = User(id=12345, name='Michael', email='test@orm.org', password='my-pwd')
u.save()

OUTPUT:

Found model: User
<class '__main__.ModelMetaclass'> #cls的值
User 
(<class '__main__.Model'>,) #User的父类
{'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'User', 'id': <__main__.IntegerField object at 0x000002186BD17550>, 'name': <__main__.StringField object at 0x000002186BD17F28>, 'email': <__main__.StringField object at 0x000002186BE893C8>, 'password': <__main__.StringField object at 0x000002186BE89BA8>}
Found mapping: id ==> <IntegerField:id>  #User 的 attrs
Found mapping: name ==> <StringField:username>
Found mapping: email ==> <StringField:email>
Found mapping: password ==> <StringField:password>
SQL: insert into User (id,username,email,password) values (?,?,?,?)
ARGS: [12345, 'Michael', 'test@orm.org', 'my-pwd']