sql server 使用group_concat进行查询

实例

查询SQL:

-- 查询 同一个 规划站点ID 下的所有 工单流水号
select a.规划站点ID,STUFF((SELECT ',' + t5.工单流水号 
FROM MTNOH_AAA_Platform.dbo.task_5 t5 WHERE a.规划站点ID = t5.规划站点ID FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 1, '') as 多条工单流水号 from MTNOH_AAA_Platform.dbo.task_5 a 
group by a.规划站点ID;

查询效果:

====================================================================================

sql 把所有行转成一个字符串?

文章从腾讯云问答看到的,但是原文应该在Stack Overflow 没有找到链接,腾讯云链接:https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/ask/57675

我知道在SQL服务器我们不能使用 group_concat 函数,但这里有一个问题,我需要 group_concat 。我谷歌它发现了一些逻辑,但无法纠正它。我的SQL查询是:

select m.maskid,m.maskname,m.schoolid,s.schoolname, md.maskdetail
from tblmask m join school s on s.id = m.schoolid join maskdetails md
on m.maskid = md.maskid order by m.maskname ;

它给了我这样的结果:

我想要我的输出成这样:

解决办法:

添加下面这段代码就可以的: 
Select A.maskid , A.maskname , A.schoolid , B.schoolname , 
STUFF(( SELECT ',' + T.maskdetail FROM dbo.maskdetails T WHERE A.maskid = T.maskid FOR XML PATH('')), 1, 1, '') as maskdetail 
FROM dbo.tblmask A JOIN dbo.school B ON B.ID = A.schoolid
Group by A.maskid , A.maskname , A.schoolid , B.schoolname

 

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SQL中的单记录函数 1.ASCII 返回与指定的字符对应的十进制数; SQL> select ascii('A') A,ascii('a') a,ascii('0') zero,ascii(' ') space from dual; A A ZERO SPACE --------- --------- --------- --------- 65 97 48 32 2.CHR 给出整数,返回对应的字符; SQL> select chr(54740) zhao,chr(65) chr65 from dual; ZH C -- - 赵 A 3.CONCAT 连接两个字符串; SQL> select concat('010-','88888888')||'转23' 高乾竞电话 from dual; 高乾竞电话 ---------------- 010-88888888转23 4.INITCAP 返回字符串并将字符串的第一个字母变为大写; SQL> select initcap('smith') upp from dual; UPP ----- Smith 5.INSTR(C1,C2,I,J) 在一个字符串中搜索指定的字符,返回发现指定的字符的位置; C1 被搜索的字符串 C2 希望搜索的字符串 I 搜索的开始位置,默认为1 J 出现的位置,默认为1 SQL> select instr('oracle traning','ra',1,2) instring from dual; INSTRING --------- 9 6.LENGTH 返回字符串的长度; SQL> select name,length(name),addr,length(addr),sal,length(to_char(sal)) from .nchar_tst; NAME LENGTH(NAME) ADDR LENGTH(ADDR) SAL LENGTH(TO_CHAR(SAL)) ------ ------------ ---------------- ------------ --------- -------------------- 高乾竞 3 北京市海锭区 6 9999.99 7 7.LOWER 返回字符串,并将所有的字符小写 SQL> select lower('AaBbCcDd')AaBbCcDd from dual; AABBCCDD -------- aabbccdd 8.UPPER 返回字符串,并将所有的字符大写 SQL> select upper('AaBbCcDd') upper from dual; UPPER -------- AABBCCDD 9.RPAD和LPAD(粘贴字符) RPAD 在列的右边粘贴字符 LPAD 在列的左边粘贴字符 SQL> select lpad(rpad('gao',10,'*'),17,'*')from dual; LPAD(RPAD('GAO',1 ----------------- *******gao******* 不够字符则用*来填满 10.LTRIM和RTRIM LTRIM 删除左边出现的字符串 RTRIM 删除右边出现的字符串 SQL> select ltrim(rtrim(' gao qian jing ',' '),' ') from dual; LTRIM(RTRIM(' ------------- gao qian jing 11.SUBSTR(string,start,count) 取子字符串,从start开始,取count个 SQL> select substr('13088888888',3,8) from dual; SUBSTR(' -------- 08888888 12.REPLACE('string','s1','s2') string 希望被替换的字符或变量 s1 被替换的字符串 s2 要替换的字符串 SQL> select replace('he love you','he','i') from dual; REPLACE('HELOVEYOU','HE','I') ------------------------------ i love you 13.SOUNDEX 返回一个与给定的字符串读音相同的字符串 SQL> create table table1(xm varchar(8)); SQL> insert into table1 values('weather'); SQL> insert into table1 values('wether'); SQL> insert into table1 values('gao'); SQL> select xm from table1 where soundex(xm)=soundex('weather'); XM -------- weather wether 14.TRIM('s' from 'string') LEADING 剪掉前面的字符 TRAILING 剪掉后面的字符 如果不指定,默认为空格符 15.ABS 返回指定值的绝对值 SQL> select abs(100),abs(-100) from dual; ABS(100) ABS(-100) --------- --------- 100 100 16.ACOS 给出反余弦的值 SQL> select acos(-1) from dual; ACOS(-1) --------- 3.1415927 17.ASIN 给出反正弦的值 SQL> select asin(0.5) from dual; ASIN(0.5) --------- .52359878 18.ATAN 返回一个数字的反正切值 SQL> select atan(1) from dual; ATAN(1) --------- .78539816 19.CEIL 返回大于或等于给出数字的最小整数 SQL> select ceil(3.1415927) from dual; CEIL(3.1415927) --------------- 4 20.COS 返回一个给定数字的余弦 SQL> select cos(-3.1415927) from dual; COS(-3.1415927) --------------- -1 21.COSH 返回一个数字反余弦值 SQL> select cosh(20) from dual; COSH(20) --------- 242582598 22.EXP 返回一个数字e的n次方根 SQL> select exp(2),exp(1) from dual; EXP(2) EXP(1) -------- --------- 7.3890561 2.7182818 23.FLOOR 对给定的数字取整数 SQL> select floor(2345.67) from dual; FLOOR(2345.67) -------------- 2345 24.LN 返回一个数字的对数值 SQL> select ln(1),ln(2),ln(2.7182818) from dual; LN(1) LN(2) LN(2.7182818) --------- --------- ------------- 0 .69314718 .99999999 25.LOG(n1,n2) 返回一个以n1为底n2的对数 SQL> select log(2,1),log(2,4) from dual; LOG(2,1) LOG(2,4) --------- --------- 0 2 26.MOD(n1,n2) 返回一个n1除以n2的余数 SQL> select mod(10,3),mod(3,3),mod(2,3) from dual; MOD(10,3) MOD(3,3) MOD(2,3) --------- --------- --------- 1 0 2 27.POWER 返回n1的n2次方根 SQL> select power(2,10),power(3,3) from dual; POWER(2,10) POWER(3,3) ----------- ---------- 1024 27 28.ROUND和TRUNC 按照指定的精度进行舍入 SQL> select round(55.5),round(-55.4),trunc(55.5),trunc(-55.5) from dual; ROUND(55.5) ROUND(-55.4) TRUNC(55.5) TRUNC(-55.5) ----------- ------------ ----------- ------------ 56 -55 55 -55 29.SIGN 取数字n的符号,大于0返回1,小于0返回-1,等于0返回0 SQL> select sign(123),sign(-100),sign(0) from dual; SIGN(123) SIGN(-100) SIGN(0) --------- ---------- --------- 1 -1 0 30.SIN 返回一个数字的正弦值 SQL> select sin(1.57079) from dual; SIN(1.57079) ------------ 1 31.SIGH 返回双曲正弦的值 SQL> select sin(20),sinh(20) from dual; SIN(20) SINH(20) --------- --------- .91294525 242582598 32.SQRT 返回数字n的根 SQL> select sqrt(64),sqrt(10) from dual; SQRT(64) SQRT(10) --------- --------- 8 3.1622777 33.TAN 返回数字的正切值 SQL> select tan(20),tan(10) from dual; TAN(20) TAN(10) --------- --------- 2.2371609 .64836083 34.TANH 返回数字n的双曲正切值 SQL> select tanh(20),tan(20) from dual; TANH(20) TAN(20) --------- --------- 1 2.2371609 35.TRUNC 按照指定的精度截取一个数 SQL> select trunc(124.1666,-2) trunc1,trunc(124.16666,2) from dual; TRUNC1 TRUNC(124.16666,2) --------- ------------------ 100 124.16 36.ADD_MONTHS 增加或减去月份 SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date('199912','yyyymm'),2),'yyyymm') from dual; TO_CHA ------ 200002 SQL> select to_char(add_months(to_date('199912','yyyymm'),-2),'yyyymm') from dual; TO_CHA ------ 199910 37.LAST_DAY 返回日期的最后一天 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy.mm.dd'),to_char((sysdate)+1,'yyyy.mm.dd') from dual; TO_CHAR(SY TO_CHAR((S ---------- ---------- 2004.05.09 2004.05.10 SQL> select last_day(sysdate) from dual; LAST_DAY(S ---------- 31-5月 -04 38.MONTHS_BETWEEN(date2,date1) 给出date2-date1的月份 SQL> select months_between('19-12月-1999','19-3月-1999') mon_between from dual; MON_BETWEEN ----------- 9 SQL>selectmonths_between(to_date('2000.05.20','yyyy.mm.dd'),to_date('2005.05.20','yyyy.dd')) mon_betw from dual; MON_BETW --------- -60 39.NEW_TIME(date,'this','that') 给出在this时区=other时区的日期和时间 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') bj_time,to_char(new_time 2 (sysdate,'PDT','GMT'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') los_angles from dual; BJ_TIME LOS_ANGLES ------------------- ------------------- 2004.05.09 11:05:32 2004.05.09 18:05:32 40.NEXT_DAY(date,'day') 给出日期date和星期x之后计算下一个星期的日期 SQL> select next_day('18-5月-2001','星期五') next_day from dual; NEXT_DAY ---------- 25-5月 -01 41.SYSDATE 用来得到系统的当前日期 SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'dd-mm-yyyy day') from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,' ----------------- 09-05-2004 星期日 trunc(date,fmt)按照给出的要求将日期截断,如果fmt='mi'表示保留分,截断秒 SQL> select to_char(trunc(sysdate,'hh'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') hh, 2 to_char(trunc(sysdate,'mi'),'yyyy.mm.dd hh24:mi:ss') hhmm from dual; HH HHMM ------------------- ------------------- 2004.05.09 11:00:00 2004.05.09 11:17:00 42.CHARTOROWID 将字符数据类型转换为ROWID类型 SQL> select rowid,rowidtochar(rowid),ename from scott.emp; ROWID ROWIDTOCHAR(ROWID) ENAME ------------------ ------------------ ---------- AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAA SMITH AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAB ALLEN AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAC WARD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD AAAAfKAACAAAAEqAAD JONES 43.CONVERT(c,dset,sset) 将源字符串 sset从一个语言字符集转换到另一个目的dset字符集 SQL> select convert('strutz','we8hp','f7dec') "conversion" from dual; conver ------ strutz 44.HEXTORAW 将一个十六进制构成的字符串转换为二进制 45.RAWTOHEXT 将一个二进制构成的字符串转换为十六进制 46.ROWIDTOCHAR 将ROWID数据类型转换为字符类型 47.TO_CHAR(date,'format') SQL> select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy/mm/dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual; TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'YY ------------------- 2004/05/09 21:14:41 48.TO_DATE(string,'format') 将字符串转化为ORACLE中的一个日期 49.TO_MULTI_BYTE 将字符串中的单字节字符转化为多字节字符 SQL> select to_multi_byte('高') from dual; TO -- 高 50.TO_NUMBER 将给出的字符转换为数字 SQL> select to_number('1999') year from dual; YEAR --------- 1999 51.BFILENAME(dir,file) 指定一个外部二进制文件 SQL>insert into file_tb1 values(bfilename('lob_dir1','image1.gif')); 52.CONVERT('x','desc','source') 将x字段或变量的源source转换为desc SQL> select sid,serial#,username,decode(command, 2 0,'none', 3 2,'insert', 4 3, 5 'select', 6 6,'update', 7 7,'delete', 8 8,'drop', 9 'other') cmd from v$session where type!='background'; SID SERIAL# USERNAME CMD --------- --------- ------------------------------ ------ 1 1 none 2 1 none 3 1 none 4 1 none 5 1 none 6 1 none 7 1275 none 8 1275 none 9 20 GAO select 10 40 GAO none 53.DUMP(s,fmt,start,length) DUMP函数以fmt指定的内部数字格式返回一个VARCHAR2类型的值 SQL> col global_name for a30 SQL> col dump_string for a50 SQL> set lin 200 SQL> select global_name,dump(global_name,1017,8,5) dump_string from global_name; GLOBAL_NAME DUMP_STRING ------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------- ORACLE.WORLD Typ=1 Len=12 CharacterSet=ZHS16GBK: W,O,R,L,D 54.EMPTY_BLOB()和EMPTY_CLOB() 这两个函数都是用来对大数据类型字段进行初始化操作的函数 55.GREATEST 返回一组表达式中的最大值,即比较字符的编码大小. SQL> select greatest('AA','AB','AC') from dual; GR -- AC SQL> select greatest('啊','安','天') from dual; GR -- 天 56.LEAST 返回一组表达式中的最小值 SQL> select least('啊','安','天') from dual; LE -- 啊 57.UID 返回标识当前用户的唯一整数 SQL> show user USER 为"GAO" SQL> select username,user_id from dba_users where user_id=uid; USERNAME USER_ID ------------------------------ --------- GAO 25 58.USER 返回当前用户的名字 SQL> select user from dual; USER ------------------------------ GAO 59.USEREVN 返回当前用户环境的信息,opt可以是: ENTRYID,SESSIONID,TERMINAL,ISDBA,LABLE,LANGUAGE,CLIENT_INFO,LANG,VSIZE ISDBA 查看当前用户是否是DBA如果是则返回true SQL> select userenv('isdba') from dual; USEREN ------ FALSE SQL> select userenv('isdba') from dual; USEREN ------ TRUE SESSION 返回会话标志 SQL> select userenv('sessionid') from dual; USERENV('SESSIONID') -------------------- 152 ENTRYID 返回会话人口标志 SQL> select userenv('entryid') from dual; USERENV('ENTRYID') ------------------ 0 INSTANCE 返回当前INSTANCE的标志 SQL> select userenv('instance') from dual; USERENV('INSTANCE') ------------------- 1 LANGUAGE 返回当前环境变量 SQL> select userenv('language') from dual; USERENV('LANGUAGE') ---------------------------------------------------- SIMPLIFIED CHINESE_CHINA.ZHS16GBK LANG 返回当前环境的语言的缩写 SQL> select userenv('lang') from dual; USERENV('LANG') ---------------------------------------------------- ZHS TERMINAL 返回用户的终端或机器的标志 SQL> select userenv('terminal') from dual; USERENV('TERMINA ---------------- GAO VSIZE(X) 返回X的大小(字节)数 SQL> select vsize(user),user from dual; VSIZE(USER) USER ----------- ------------------------------ 6 SYSTEM 60.AVG(DISTINCT|ALL) all表示对所有的值求平均值,distinct只对不同的值求平均值 SQLWKS> create table table3(xm varchar(8),sal number(7,2)); 语句已处理。 SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('gao',1111.11); SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('gao',1111.11); SQLWKS> insert into table3 values('zhu',5555.55); SQLWKS> commit; SQL> select avg(distinct sal) from gao.table3; AVG(DISTINCTSAL) ---------------- 3333.33 SQL> select avg(all sal) from gao.table3; AVG(ALLSAL) ----------- 2592.59 61.MAX(DISTINCT|ALL) 求最大值,ALL表示对所有的值求最大值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最大值,相同的只取一次 SQL> select max(distinct sal) from scott.emp; MAX(DISTINCTSAL) ---------------- 5000 62.MIN(DISTINCT|ALL) 求最小值,ALL表示对所有的值求最小值,DISTINCT表示对不同的值求最小值,相同的只取一次 SQL> select min(all sal) from gao.table3; MIN(ALLSAL) ----------- 1111.11 63.STDDEV(distinct|all) 求标准差,ALL表示对所有的值求标准差,DISTINCT表示只对不同的值求标准差 SQL> select stddev(sal) from scott.emp; STDDEV(SAL) ----------- 1182.5032 SQL> select stddev(distinct sal) from scott.emp; STDDEV(DISTINCTSAL) ------------------- 1229.951 64.VARIANCE(DISTINCT|ALL) 求协方差 SQL> select variance(sal) from scott.emp; VARIANCE(SAL) ------------- 1398313.9 65.GROUP BY 主要用来对一组数进行统计 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno; DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL) --------- --------- --------- 10 3 8750 20 5 10875 30 6 9400 66.HAVING 对分组统计再加限制条件 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp group by deptno having nt(*)>=5; DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL) --------- --------- --------- 20 5 10875 30 6 9400 SQL> select deptno,count(*),sum(sal) from scott.emp having count(*)>=5 group by tno ; DEPTNO COUNT(*) SUM(SAL) --------- --------- --------- 20 5 10875 30 6 9400 67.ORDER BY 用于对查询到的结果进行排序输出 SQL> select deptno,ename,sal from scott.emp order by deptno,sal desc; DEPTNO ENAME SAL --------- ---------- --------- 10 KING 5000 10 CLARK 2450 10 MILLER 1300 20 SCOTT 3000 20 FORD 3000 20 JONES 2975 20 ADAMS 1100 20 SMITH 800 30 BLAKE 2850 30 ALLEN 1600 30 TURNER 1500 30 WARD 1250 30 MARTIN 1250 30 JAMES 950
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Database, Database Server, and Database Language. . . . . . . . . 4 1.3 The Relational Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1.4 What Is SQL? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1.5 The History of SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.6 From Monolithic via Client/Server to the Internet . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.7 Standardization of SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.8 What Is Open Source Software?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.9 The History of MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.10 The Structure of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 CHAPTER 2 The Tennis Club Sample Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.2 Description of the Tennis Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.3 The Contents of the Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 2.4 Integrity Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 CHAPTER 3 Installing the Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.2 Downloading MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 3.3 Installation of MySQL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.4 Installing a Query Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.5 Downloading SQL Statements from the Web Site . . . . . . . . . . 38 3.6 Ready? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 CHAPTER 4 SQL in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.2 Logging On to the MySQL Database Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 4.3 Creating New SQL Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.4 Creating Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.5 Selecting the Current Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 4.6 Creating Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.7 Populating Tables with Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 4.8 Querying Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.9 Updating and Deleting Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 4.10 Optimizing Query Processing with Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 4.11 Views. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.12 Users and Data Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.13 Deleting Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.14 System Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.15 Grouping of SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.16 The Catalog Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.17 Retrieving Errors and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.18 Definitions of SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 PART II Querying and Updating Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 CHAPTER 5 SELECT Statement: Common Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2 Literals and Their Data Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3 Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 5.4 Assigning Names to Result Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5.5 The Column Specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 5.6 The User Variable and the SET Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.7 The System Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.8 The Case Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 5.9 The Scalar Expression Between Brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 viii Contents 5.10 The Scalar Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 5.11 Casting of Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 5.12 The Null Value as an Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 5.13 The Compound Scalar Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 5.14 The Aggregation Function and the Scalar Subquery. . . . . . . 136 5.15 The Row Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 5.16 The Table Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 5.17 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 CHAPTER 6 SELECT Statements, Table Expressions, and Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.2 The Definition of the SELECT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 6.3 Processing the Clauses in a Select Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.4 Possible Forms of a Table Expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 6.5 What Is a SELECT Statement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 6.6 What Is a Subquery?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 6.7 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 CHAPTER 7 SELECT Statement:The FROM Clause. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.2 Table Specifications in the FROM Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 7.3 Again, the Column Specification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 7.4 Multiple Table Specifications in the FROM Clause . . . . . . . . . 174 7.5 Pseudonyms for Table Names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 7.6 Various Examples of Joins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 7.7 Mandatory Use of Pseudonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 7.8 Tables of Different Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7.9 Explicit Joins in the FROM Clause. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 7.10 Outer Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 7.11 The Natural Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 7.12 Additional Conditions in the Join Condition. . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 7.13 The Cross Join. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 7.14 Replacing Join Conditions with USING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 7.15 The FROM Clause with Table Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 7.16 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Contents ix CHAPTER 8 SELECT Statement: The WHERE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . 213 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 8.2 Conditions Using Comparison Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 8.3 Comparison Operators with Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 8.4 Comparison Operators with Correlated Subqueries. . . . . . . . 227 8.5 Conditions Without a Comparison Operator. . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 8.6 Conditions Coupled with AND, OR, XOR, and NOT . . . . . . . 231 8.7 The IN Operator with Expression List. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 8.8 The IN Operator with Subquery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 8.9 The BETWEEN Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 8.10 The LIKE Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 8.11 The REGEXP Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 8.12 The MATCH Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 8.13 The IS NULL Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 8.14 The EXISTS Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 8.15 The ALL and ANY Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 8.16 Scope of Columns in Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 8.17 More Examples with Correlated Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 8.18 Conditions with Negation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 8.19 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 CHAPTER 9 SELECT Statement: SELECT Clause and Aggregation Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 9.2 Selecting All Columns (*) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 9.3 Expressions in the SELECT Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317 9.4 Removing Duplicate Rows with DISTINCT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 9.5 When Are Two Rows Equal?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 9.6 More Select Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 9.7 An Introduction to Aggregation Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324 9.8 COUNT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 9.9 MAX and MIN Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 9.10 The SUM and AVG Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 9.11 The VARIANCE and STDDEV Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 9.12 The VAR_SAMP and STDDEV_SAMP Functions . . . . . . . . . 343 9.13 The BIT_AND, BIT_OR, and BIT_XOR Functions . . . . . . . . 343 9.14 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 x Contents CHAPTER 10 SELECT Statement: The GROUP BY Clause . . . . . . . . 349 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 10.2 Grouping on One Column . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 10.3 Grouping on Two or More Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 10.4 Grouping on Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356 10.5 Grouping of Null Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 10.6 Grouping with Sorting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 10.7 General Rules for the GROUP BY Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 10.8 The GROUP_CONCAT Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 10.9 Complex Examples with GROUP BY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 10.10 Grouping with WITH ROLLUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 10.11 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 CHAPTER 11 SELECT Statement: The HAVING Clause . . . . . . . . . . 375 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 11.2 Examples of the HAVING Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 11.3 A HAVING Clause but not a GROUP BY Clause . . . . . . . . . 378 11.4 General Rule for the HAVING Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 11.5 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381 CHAPTER 12 SELECT Statement: The ORDER BY Clause . . . . . . . . 383 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 12.2 Sorting on Column Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 12.3 Sorting on Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 12.4 Sorting with Sequence Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 12.5 Sorting in Ascending and Descending Order . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 12.6 Sorting Null Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 12.7 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 CHAPTER 13 SELECT Statement: The LIMIT Clause. . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 13.2 Get the Top… . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 13.3 Subqueries with a LIMIT Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 13.4 Limit with an Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404 13.5 The Select Option SQL_CALC_FOUND_ROWS . . . . . . . . . 405 13.6 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 Contents xi CHAPTER 14 Combining Table Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 14.2 Combining with UNION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 14.3 Rules for Using UNION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 14.4 Keeping Duplicate Rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 14.5 Set Operators and the Null Value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 14.6 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 CHAPTER 15 The User Variable and the SET Statement . . . . . . . . . . 421 15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 15.2 Defining Variables with the SET Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 15.3 Defining Variables with the SELECT Statement . . . . . . . . . . 423 15.4 Application Areas for User Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 15.5 Life Span of User Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 15.6 The DO Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 15.7 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428 CHAPTER 16 The HANDLER Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 16.2 A Simple Example of the HANDLER Statement . . . . . . . . . . 429 16.3 Opening a Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 16.4 Browsing the Rows of a Handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 16.5 Closing a Handler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 16.6 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 CHAPTER 17 Updating Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 17.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 17.2 Inserting New Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 17.3 Populating a Table with Rows from Another Table . . . . . . . 442 17.4 Updating Values in Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 17.5 Updating Values in Multiple Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 17.6 Substituting Existing Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452 17.7 Deleting Rows from a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 17.8 Deleting Rows from Multiple Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 17.9 The TRUNCATE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 17.10 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 xii Contents CHAPTER 18 Loading and Unloading Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 18.2 Unloading Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 461 18.3 Loading Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 CHAPTER 19 Working with XML Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 19.1 XML in a Nutshell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471 19.2 Storing XML Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 19.3 Querying XML Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 19.4 Querying Using Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 19.5 The Extended Notation of XPath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 19.6 XPath Expressions with Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 19.7 Changing XML Documents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489 PART III Creating Database Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 CHAPTER 20 Creating Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 20.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 20.2 Creating New Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 20.3 Data Types of Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 20.4 Adding Data Type Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 20.5 Creating Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 20.6 What If the Table Already Exists? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 20.7 Copying Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 20.8 Naming Tables and Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 20.9 Column Options: Default and Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 20.10 Table Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 20.11 The CSV Storage Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 20.12 Tables and the Catalog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 20.13 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 CHAPTER 21 Specifying Integrity Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 21.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 21.2 Primary Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 21.3 Alternate Keys. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544 21.4 Foreign Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546 21.5 The Referencing Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550 21.6 Check Integrity Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 Contents xiii 21.7 Naming Integrity Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556 21.8 Deleting Integrity Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 21.9 Integrity Constraints and the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 21.10 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558 CHAPTER 22 Character Sets and Collations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 22.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561 22.2 Available Character Sets and Collations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 22.3 Assigning Character Sets to Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564 22.4 Assigning Collations to Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 22.5 Expressions with Character Sets and Collations. . . . . . . . . . 568 22.6 Sorting and Grouping with Collations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 22.7 The Coercibility of Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 22.8 Related System Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 22.9 Character Sets and the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 22.10 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 CHAPTER 23 The ENUM and SET Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 23.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 23.2 The ENUM Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578 23.3 The SET Data Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 23.4 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 CHAPTER 24 Changing and Dropping Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 24.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 24.2 Deleting Entire Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591 24.3 Renaming Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 24.4 Changing the Table Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593 24.5 Changing Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 595 24.6 Changing Integrity Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 24.7 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 CHAPTER 25 Using Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 25.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 25.2 Rows, Tables, and Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 25.3 How Does an Index Work?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 25.4 Processing a SELECT Statement: The Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 25.5 Creating Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 xiv Contents 25.6 Defining Indexes Together with the Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617 25.7 Dropping Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 25.8 Indexes and Primary Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 25.9 The Big PLAYERS_XXL Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 620 25.10 Choosing Columns for Indexes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622 25.11 Indexes and the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627 25.12 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630 CHAPTER 26 Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 26.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 26.2 Creating Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631 26.3 The Column Names of Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 26.4 Updating Views: WITH CHECK OPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636 26.5 Options of Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 26.6 Deleting Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639 26.7 Views and the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 26.8 Restrictions on Updating Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 26.9 Processing View Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 642 26.10 Application Areas for Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645 26.11 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 CHAPTER 27 Creating Databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 27.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 27.2 Databases and the Catalog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653 27.3 Creating Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 654 27.4 Changing Databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 27.5 Dropping Databases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656 CHAPTER 28 Users and Data Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 28.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659 28.2 Adding and Removing Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 660 28.3 Changing the Names of Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662 28.4 Changing Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 28.5 Granting Table and Column Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664 28.6 Granting Database Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 28.7 Granting User Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 28.8 Passing on Privileges: WITH GRANT OPTION . . . . . . . . . . 673 28.9 Restricting Privileges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 674 Contents xv 28.10 Recording Privileges in the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675 28.11 Revoking Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 28.12 Security of and Through Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680 28.13 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 CHAPTER 29 Statements for Table Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 29.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 29.2 The ANALYZE TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684 29.3 The CHECKSUM TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 29.4 The OPTIMIZE TABLE Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 29.5 The CHECK TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 29.6 The REPAIR TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 689 29.7 The BACKUP TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 29.8 The RESTORE TABLE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 CHAPTER 30 The SHOW, DESCRIBE, and HELP Statements. . . . . . 693 30.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 30.2 Overview of SHOW Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693 30.3 Additional SHOW Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698 30.4 The DESCRIBE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 30.5 The HELP Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 PART IV Procedural Database Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 CHAPTER 31 Stored Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 31.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 31.2 An Example of a Stored Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 31.3 The Parameters of a Stored Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706 31.4 The Body of a Stored Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707 31.5 Local Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 31.6 The SET Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 31.7 Flow-Control Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712 31.8 Calling Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719 31.9 Querying Data with SELECT INTO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 31.10 Error Messages, Handlers, and Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 726 31.11 Retrieving Data with a Cursor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 31.12 Including SELECT Statements Without Cursors . . . . . . . . . 736 31.13 Stored Procedures and User Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 31.14 Characteristics of Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737 xvi Contents 31.15 Stored Procedures and the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 740 31.16 Removing Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741 31.17 Security with Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 31.18 Advantages of Stored Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 CHAPTER 32 Stored Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 32.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 32.2 Examples of Stored Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 32.3 More on Stored Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752 32.4 Removing Stored Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753 CHAPTER 33 Triggers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 33.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755 33.2 An Example of a Trigger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756 33.3 More Complex Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759 33.4 Triggers as Integrity Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 33.5 Removing Triggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 33.6 Triggers and the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 33.7 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 CHAPTER 34 Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 34.1 What Is an Event?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 34.2 Creating Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768 34.3 Properties of Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 34.4 Changing Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 34.5 Removing Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 34.6 Events and Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 34.7 Events and the Catalog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780 PART V Programming with SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 CHAPTER 35 MySQL and PHP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 35.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 35.2 Logging On to MySQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 35.3 Selecting a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 35.4 Creating an Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 35.5 Retrieving Error Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 35.6 Multiple Connections Within One Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 35.7 SQL Statements with Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 35.8 SELECT Statement with One Row . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 Contents xvii 35.9 SELECT Statement with Multiple Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 35.10 SELECT Statement with Null Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 35.11 Querying Data About Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 35.12 Querying the Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 35.13 Remaining MYSQL Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 CHAPTER 36 Dynamic SQL with Prepared Statement. . . . . . . . . . . . 807 36.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 36.2 Working with Prepared SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 36.3 Prepared Statements with User Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 36.4 Prepared Statements with Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 36.5 Prepared Statements in Stored Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 CHAPTER 37 Transactions and Multiuser Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 37.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 37.2 What Is a Transaction? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 37.3 Starting Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 37.4 Savepoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822 37.5 Stored Procedures and Transactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 824 37.6 Problems with Multiuser Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825 37.7 Locking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 37.8 Deadlocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 37.9 The LOCK TABLE and UNLOCK TABLE Statements . . . . . . 830 37.10 The Isolation Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832 37.11 Waiting for a Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 37.12 Moment of Processing Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 834 37.13 Working with Application Locks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835 37.14 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837 APPENDIX A Syntax of SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 A.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 A.2 The BNF Notation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 A.3 Reserved Words in SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 A.4 Syntax Definitions of SQL Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845 APPENDIX B Scalar Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 APPENDIX C System Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 APPENDIX D Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967
SQL Server中,没有内置的group_concat函数。但是,你可以使用FOR XML PATH('')语句来实现类似的功能。下面是一个示例: SELECT t.name, STUFF(( SELECT ',' + t2.column_name FROM table_name t2 WHERE t2.group_column = t.group_column FOR XML PATH('') ), 1, 1, '') AS concatenated_values FROM table_name t GROUP BY t.name 在上面的查询中,我们使用了FOR XML PATH('')语句来将同一组中的值连接起来,并使用STUFF函数来去除第一个逗号。请将"table_name"替换为你的表名,"column_name"替换为需要拼接的列名,"group_column"替换为用于分组的列名。<span class="em">1</span><span class="em">2</span><span class="em">3</span> #### 引用[.reference_title] - *1* [SQL Server实现group_concat功能](https://blog.csdn.net/qq_39207963/article/details/130563914)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v93^chatsearchT3_2"}}] [.reference_item style="max-width: 50%"] - *2* *3* [SQL Server实现group_concat函数](https://blog.csdn.net/qq_51534884/article/details/129086548)[target="_blank" data-report-click={"spm":"1018.2226.3001.9630","extra":{"utm_source":"vip_chatgpt_common_search_pc_result","utm_medium":"distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-cask-2~all~insert_cask~default-1-null.142^v93^chatsearchT3_2"}}] [.reference_item style="max-width: 50%"] [ .reference_list ]

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