笔记：C++学习之旅---引用

笔记：C++学习之旅---引用

什么是引用？

引用就是别名，引用并非对象，相反的，他只是为一个已经存在的对象所起的另外一个名字。

/*引用就是别名*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

             int num;

             int &mum = num; //mum是num的别名，这两个变量是一个变量，只不过名字不同而已。对num的操作就是对mum的操作，这里‘&’不是取地址运算符，而是引用运算符，虽然符号一样，但是功能却不一样。

            num = 999;

            cout<< "mum:" <<mum<<endl; //结果为999

            mum = 0;

            cout<< "num:" <<num<<endl; //结果为0

    return 0;

}

/*引用就是别名变量*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int main()

{

             int a;

             int &ra = a;

            a = 999;

            cout<< "&a:" <<&a<<endl;

            cout<< "&ra:" <<&ra<<endl;

             int b = 888;

            ra = b;

            cout<< "&a:" <<&a<<endl; //ra和a地址和先前一样

            cout<< "&ra:" <<&ra<<endl;

            cout<< "&b:" <<&b<<endl; //b的地址不同

            cout<< "a:" <<a<<endl; //a = 888，同样ra是a的引用，a受到了牵连，所以a也等于888；

            cout<< "ra:" <<ra<<endl; //ra = 888,b的值赋值给了ra，所以ra值发生了改变；

            cout<< "b:" <<b<<endl; //b = 888

            ra = 1;

            cout<< "a:" <<a<<endl; //a = 1,由于ra = 1了，ra是a的引用，a受到牵连，所以a = 1；

            cout<< "ra:" <<ra<<endl; //ra = 1

            cout<< "b:" <<b<<endl; //b = 888,

            a = 666;

            cout<< "a:" <<a<<endl; //a = 666

            cout<< "ra:" <<ra<<endl; //ra = 666

            cout<< "b:" <<b<<endl; //b = 888

    return 0;

}

在上面例子中，我们将ra定义为a的别名，这样ra这个别名就只属于变量a，它不会变成b的别名。变量b只能将自己的值赋给这个ra，它不能改变ra的地址，比如说它不能让ra变成自己的别名。因此这个ra又可以看作是个别名常量，它是a的别名这个身份我们无法更改，我们能改变的只是他它引用的值。

引用对象

引用就是常量，在对其引用的同时要进行初始化

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Human

{

public :

             void set( int x )

            {

                 i = x ;

            }

             int get()

            {

                return i;

            }

private :

             int i;

};

int main()

{

             Human Mike;

             Human &rMike = Mike; //定义一个对象的别名

             //Human &rHuman = Human;//不能定义一个类的别名，因为Human是一个类型，他没有具体的内存地址，所以我们不能定义它的别名；

    rMike.set(123); //通过引用来访问Human类

            cout<<rMike.get()<<endl;

             int a;

             int &ra = a;

             //int &ra;//这两行是错误的，引用就是常量，只能对其初始化，不能赋值

             //ra = a;  所以引用时一定要对该引用进行初始化

             return 0;

}

值传递、指针传递、引用传递

/*值传递*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void swap( int a , int b )

{

    int t;

            cout<< "swap函数中交换前a：" << a << ",b：" << b <<endl; //a = 3,b = 4

            t = a ;

             a = b ;

             b = t;

            cout<< "swap函数中交换后a：" << a << ",b：" << b <<endl; //a = 4,b = 3;

}

int main()

{

    int a = 3;

             int b = 4;

            cout<< "main函数中交换前a：" <<a<< ",b：" <<b<<endl; //a = 3,b = 4;

            swap(a,b);

            cout<< "main函数中交换后a：" <<a<< ",b：" <<b<<endl; //a = 3,b = 4，并没有发生改变，交换的只是a和b的副本；

             return 0;

}

a和b按值传递给swap函数，那么便一起会自动在栈中创建a和b的拷贝，然后将a和b的拷贝传递给swap函数。在swap函数中对a和b的拷贝进行交换。因此我们看到的输出语句，a和b确实进行了交换，只不过交换的是a和b的副本。所以并不是a和b的本身，所以在swap函数结束后，输出显示的main函数中的a和b并没有改变。

按址传递（指针传递）

/*按址传递（指针传递）*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void swap( int * a , int * b )

{

    int t;

            cout<< "swap函数中交换前a：" <<* a << ",b：" <<* b <<endl; //a = 3,b = 4;

            t = * a ;

            * a = * b ;

            * b = t;

            cout<< "swap函数中交换后a：" <<* a << ",b：" <<* b <<endl; //a = 4,b = 3;

}

int main()

{

             int a = 3;

             int b = 4;

            cout<< "main函数中交换前a：" <<a<< ",b：" <<b<<endl; //a = 3,b = 4;

            swap(&a,&b);

            cout<< "main函数中交换后a：" <<a<< ",b：" <<b<<endl; //a = 4,b = 3;

    return 0;

}

将a和b的地址传递给swap函数

引用传递

/*引用传递*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

void swap( int & a , int & b ) //‘&’引用运算符,传递a和b的别名

{

    int t;

            cout<< "swap函数中交换前a：" << a << ",b：" << b <<endl; //a = 3,b = 4;

            t = a ;

             a = b ;

             b = t;

            cout<< "swap函数中交换后a：" << a << ",b：" << b <<endl; //a = 4,b = 3;

}

int main()

{

             int a = 3;

             int b = 4;

            cout<< "main函数中交换前a：" <<a<< ",b：" <<b<<endl; //a = 3,b = 4;

            swap(a,b);

            cout<< "main函数中交换后a：" <<a<< ",b：" <<b<<endl; //a = 4,b = 3;

    return 0;

}

/*利用指针返回多值*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int func( int a, int *b, int *c);

int main()

{

             int a = 1;

             int b = 2;

             int c = 3;

            cout<< "main函数调用func函数前...\n" ;

            cout<< "a:" <<a<<endl<< "b:" <<b<<endl<< "c:" <<c<<endl; //a = 1,b = 2,c = 3;

            func(a,&b,&c);

            cout<< "main函数调用func函数后...\n" ;

            cout<< "a:" <<a<<endl<< "b:" <<b<<endl<< "c:" <<c<<endl; //a = 1,b = 4,c = 27;a作为局部变量已经被释放所以打印的还是原先a = 1的值；

             return 0;

}

int func( int a , int * b , int * c )

{

    cout<< "func函数中，计算前...\n" ;

            cout<< "a:" << a <<endl<< "b:" <<* b <<endl<< "c:" <<* c <<endl; //a = 1,b = 2,c = 3;

             a = a + 1;

            * b = (* b )*(* b );

            * c = (* c )*(* c )*(* c );

            cout<< "func函数中，计算后...\n" ;

            cout<< "a:" << a <<endl<< "b:" <<* b <<endl<< "c:" <<* c <<endl; //a = 2,b = 4,c = 27;

             return a ;

}

/*利用引用传递返回多值*/

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int func( int a, int &b, int &c);

int main()

{

             int a,b,c;

             int check;

            cout<< "请输入一个数字，作为园的半径和正方形的边长\n" ;

            cin>>a;

            check = func(a,b,c);

    if (check)

            {

                cout<< "您输入的数字穿过计算范围\n" ;

            }

             else

            {

                cout<< "圆的面积为：" <<b<<endl;

                        cout<< "正方形的面积为：" <<c<<endl;

            }

             return 0;

}

int func( int a , int & b , int & c )

{

    if ( a > 20000)

            {

               a = 1;

            }

             else

            {

                b = a * a *3.14;

                         c = a * a ;

                         a = 0;

            }

             return a ;

}