代理
代理模式的定义:为其他对象提供一种代理以控制对这个对象的访问。即代理对象B控制真实对象A的访问,那为什么不直接使用真实对象?有时候真实对象不便直接使用或者不能直接使用,需要对真实对象进行增强,但又不能改变真实对象属性(开闭原则),这时就需要用到代理类。
代理类主要负责为委托了(真实对象)预处理消息、过滤消息、传递消息给委托类,代理类不现实具体服务,而是利用委托类来完成服务,并将执行结果封装处理。有两种方式的代理:
- 静态代理:程序员将代理类预先创建好。
- 动态代理:代理类在程序运行过程中动态创建。
一个典型的代理模式通常有三个角色,这里称之为代理三要素:共同接口、真实对象、代理对象。
静态代理
共同接口:
public interface Sell {
void add(String name);
void sell(String name);
}
真实对象:
public class Seller implements Sell {
@Override
public void add(String name) {
System.out.println("add product:" + name);
}
@Override
public void sell(String name) {
System.out.println("sell product:" + name);
}
}
代理对象:
public class ProxySeller implements Sell {
private Sell sell;
public ProxySeller(Sell sell){
this.sell = sell;
}
@Override
public void add(String name) {
sell.add(name);
}
@Override
public void sell(String name) {
sell.sell(name);
}
}
代理对象调用,真实对象Seller被传递给了代理对象ProxySeller,代理对象在执行具体方法时通过所持用的真实对象完成调用。
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
Sell sell = new ProxySeller(new Seller());
sell.add("Apple");
sell.sell("Apple");
}
在处理部分对象增强功能时,静态代理还是较合适,因为其直接落脚具体对象具体方法。但有时候面对不同对象、不同方法的代理场景时,这种代理模式就不是很灵活:
- 方式一:针对不同对象,分别创建一个代理类。
- 方式二:仅用一个代理类,实现n个不同的接口,最终分类调用。
在方案一中,会重复创建逻辑相同仅引用对象不同的代理类;方案二中会造成一个代理类的无线膨胀,最终难以控制及维护。接下来,引出动态代理…
动态代理
共同接口、真实对象不变,我们构建一个代理对象调用处理程序InvocationHandler。
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
public class SellerInvocationHandler implements InvocationHandler {
private Object delegate;
public SellerInvocationHandler(Object delegate){
this.delegate = delegate;
}
@Override
public Object invoke(Object proxy, Method method, Object[] args) throws Throwable {
System.out.println("Befor");
method.invoke(delegate,args);
System.out.println("After");
return null;
}
}
执行动态代理:
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
Sell delegate = new Seller();
InvocationHandler handler = new SellerInvocationHandler(delegate);
Sell proxy = (Sell)Proxy.newProxyInstance(delegate.getClass().getClassLoader(),
delegate.getClass().getInterfaces(),
handler);
proxy.add("Apple");
proxy.sell("Apple");
}
通过Proxy类的静态方法newProxyInstance返回一个接口的代理实例。针对不同的代理类,传入相应的代理程序控制器InvocationHandler。如果新来一个委托类PrimaryStudent,如:
public interface Student {
void buy(String name);
void say(String name);
}
public class PrimaryStudent implements Student {
@Override
public void buy(String name) {
System.out.println("Student Buy " + name);
}
@Override
public void say(String name) {
System.out.println("Student Say " + name);
}
}
实现对这个类的动态代理过程如下:
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
Sell delegate = new Seller();
Student student = new PrimaryStudent();
InvocationHandler handler = new SellerInvocationHandler(delegate);
InvocationHandler handler1 = new SellerInvocationHandler(student);
Sell proxy = (Sell)Proxy.newProxyInstance(delegate.getClass().getClassLoader(),
delegate.getClass().getInterfaces(),
handler);
Student proxy1 = (Student)Proxy.newProxyInstance(student.getClass().getClassLoader(),
student.getClass().getInterfaces(),
handler1);
proxy.add("Apple");
proxy.sell("Apple");
proxy1.say("Apple");
proxy1.buy("Apple");
}
其实动态代理的基本要素仍然是:1、共同接口;2、真是对象;3代理对象(只不过此时的代理类是自动生成的)。Spring AOP就是动态代理的典型实现。
道理差不多明白了,接下来继续了解动态代理底层的过程,及代理类如何生成的…
底层过程
newProxyInstance方法究竟是如何生成一个代理实例的,通过其源码展开说明:
@CallerSensitive
public static Object newProxyInstance(ClassLoader loader,
Class<?>[] interfaces,
InvocationHandler h)
throws IllegalArgumentException
{
Objects.requireNonNull(h);
final Class<?>[] intfs = interfaces.clone();
final SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager();
if (sm != null) {
checkProxyAccess(Reflection.getCallerClass(), loader, intfs);
}
/*
* Look up or generate the designated proxy class.
*/
Class<?> cl = getProxyClass0(loader, intfs);
/*
* Invoke its constructor with the designated invocation handler.
*/
try {
if (sm != null) {
checkNewProxyPermission(Reflection.getCallerClass(), cl);
}
final Constructor<?> cons = cl.getConstructor(constructorParams);
final InvocationHandler ih = h;
if (!Modifier.isPublic(cl.getModifiers())) {
AccessController.doPrivileged(new PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
public Void run() {
cons.setAccessible(true);
return null;
}
});
}
return cons.newInstance(new Object[]{h});
} catch (IllegalAccessException|InstantiationException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e);
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
Throwable t = e.getCause();
if (t instanceof RuntimeException) {
throw (RuntimeException) t;
} else {
throw new InternalError(t.toString(), t);
}
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
throw new InternalError(e.toString(), e);
}
}
整体流程:
- 1、生成代理类Proxy的Class对象。
- 2、如果Class作用域为私有,通过 setAccessible 支持访问
- 3、获取Proxy Class构造函数,创建Proxy代理实例。
其中,利用getProxyClass0(loader, intfs)生成代理类Proxy的Class对象,其源码如下,其中有说明,如果指定接口的代理类已经存在与缓存中,则不用新创建,直接从缓存中取即可;如果缓存中没有指定代理对象,则通过ProxyClassFactory来创建一个代理对象。
/**
* Generate a proxy class. Must call the checkProxyAccess method
* to perform permission checks before calling this.
*/
private static Class<?> getProxyClass0(ClassLoader loader,
Class<?>... interfaces) {
if (interfaces.length > 65535) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("interface limit exceeded");
}
// If the proxy class defined by the given loader implementing
// the given interfaces exists, this will simply return the cached copy;
// otherwise, it will create the proxy class via the ProxyClassFactory
return proxyClassCache.get(loader, interfaces);
}
ProxyClassFactory内部类创建、定义代理类,返回给定ClassLoader 和interfaces的代理类。其中核心方法就是apply,
/**
* A factory function that generates, defines and returns the proxy class given
* the ClassLoader and array of interfaces.
*/
private static final class ProxyClassFactory
implements BiFunction<ClassLoader, Class<?>[], Class<?>>
{
// prefix for all proxy class names
private static final String proxyClassNamePrefix = "$Proxy";
// next number to use for generation of unique proxy class names
private static final AtomicLong nextUniqueNumber = new AtomicLong();
@Override
public Class<?> apply(ClassLoader loader, Class<?>[] interfaces) {
Map<Class<?>, Boolean> interfaceSet = new IdentityHashMap<>(interfaces.length);
for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) {
/*
* Verify that the class loader resolves the name of this
* interface to the same Class object.
*/
Class<?> interfaceClass = null;
try {
interfaceClass = Class.forName(intf.getName(), false, loader);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
}
if (interfaceClass != intf) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
intf + " is not visible from class loader");
}
/*
* Verify that the Class object actually represents an
* interface.
*/
if (!interfaceClass.isInterface()) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
interfaceClass.getName() + " is not an interface");
}
/*
* Verify that this interface is not a duplicate.
*/
if (interfaceSet.put(interfaceClass, Boolean.TRUE) != null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"repeated interface: " + interfaceClass.getName());
}
}
String proxyPkg = null; // package to define proxy class in
int accessFlags = Modifier.PUBLIC | Modifier.FINAL;
/*
* Record the package of a non-public proxy interface so that the
* proxy class will be defined in the same package. Verify that
* all non-public proxy interfaces are in the same package.
*/
for (Class<?> intf : interfaces) {
int flags = intf.getModifiers();
if (!Modifier.isPublic(flags)) {
accessFlags = Modifier.FINAL;
String name = intf.getName();
int n = name.lastIndexOf('.');
String pkg = ((n == -1) ? "" : name.substring(0, n + 1));
if (proxyPkg == null) {
proxyPkg = pkg;
} else if (!pkg.equals(proxyPkg)) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(
"non-public interfaces from different packages");
}
}
}
if (proxyPkg == null) {
// if no non-public proxy interfaces, use com.sun.proxy package
proxyPkg = ReflectUtil.PROXY_PACKAGE + ".";
}
/*
* Choose a name for the proxy class to generate.
*/
long num = nextUniqueNumber.getAndIncrement();
String proxyName = proxyPkg + proxyClassNamePrefix + num;
/*
* Generate the specified proxy class.
*/
byte[] proxyClassFile = ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass(
proxyName, interfaces, accessFlags);
try {
return defineClass0(loader, proxyName,
proxyClassFile, 0, proxyClassFile.length);
} catch (ClassFormatError e) {
/*
* A ClassFormatError here means that (barring bugs in the
* proxy class generation code) there was some other
* invalid aspect of the arguments supplied to the proxy
* class creation (such as virtual machine limitations
* exceeded).
*/
throw new IllegalArgumentException(e.toString());
}
}
}
proxyClassFile是生产的代理类字节码,generateProxyClass是真正生成代理类class字节码的函数,进去ProxyGenerator类的静态方法generateProxyClass。
public static byte[] generateProxyClass(final String name,
Class[] interfaces)
{
ProxyGenerator gen = new ProxyGenerator(name, interfaces);
// 这里动态生成代理类的字节码,由于比较复杂就不进去看了
final byte[] classFile = gen.generateClassFile();
// 如果saveGeneratedFiles的值为true,则会把所生成的代理类的字节码保存到硬盘上
if (saveGeneratedFiles) {
java.security.AccessController.doPrivileged(
new java.security.PrivilegedAction<Void>() {
public Void run() {
try {
FileOutputStream file =
new FileOutputStream(dotToSlash(name) + ".class");
file.write(classFile);
file.close();
return null;
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new InternalError(
"I/O exception saving generated file: " + e);
}
}
});
}
// 返回代理类的字节码
return classFile;
}
字节码生成后,调用defineClass0来解析字节码,生成了Proxy的Class对象。在了解完代理类动态生成过程后,生产的代理类是怎样的,谁来执行这个代理类。
ProxyGenerator.generateProxyClass函数中注意下面一点:
if(saveGeneratedFiles) {
...
FileOutputStream file = new FileOutputStream(dotToSlash(name) + ".class");
file.write(classFile);
...
}
saveGeneratedFiles定义如下,其指代是否保存生成的代理类class文件,默认false不保存。
private static final boolean saveGeneratedFiles = ((Boolean)AccessController.doPrivileged(new GetBooleanAction("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles"))).booleanValue();
但是为了加深理解,我们可以在main函数中修改此系统变量,main中定义了2个真实对象Sell及Student,接下来看看其生成的代理对象。
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.getProperties().setProperty("sun.misc.ProxyGenerator.saveGeneratedFiles", "true");
Sell delegate = new Seller();
Student student = new PrimaryStudent();
InvocationHandler handler = new SellerInvocationHandler(delegate);
InvocationHandler handler1 = new SellerInvocationHandler(student);
Sell proxy = (Sell)Proxy.newProxyInstance(delegate.getClass().getClassLoader(),
delegate.getClass().getInterfaces(),
handler);
Student proxy1 = (Student)Proxy.newProxyInstance(student.getClass().getClassLoader(),
student.getClass().getInterfaces(),
handler1);
proxy.add("Apple");
proxy.sell("Apple");
proxy1.say("Apple");
proxy1.buy("Apple");
}
如图,生成了两个名为 $Proxy0.class、$Proxy1.class的class文件,利用idea的反编译能力,打开两文件,其内容如下:
package com.sun.proxy;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationHandler;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import java.lang.reflect.Proxy;
import java.lang.reflect.UndeclaredThrowableException;
public final class $Proxy0 extends Proxy implements Sell {
private static Method m1;
private static Method m2;
private static Method m4;
private static Method m3;
private static Method m0;
//这个是$Proxy0继承Proxy并调用了父类的构造方法
public $Proxy0(InvocationHandler var1) throws {
super(var1);
}
public final boolean equals(Object var1) throws {
try {
return ((Boolean)super.h.invoke(this, m1, new Object[]{var1})).booleanValue();
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var3) {
throw var3;
} catch (Throwable var4) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var4);
}
}
public final String toString() throws {
try {
return (String)super.h.invoke(this, m2, (Object[])null);
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
//实现接口Sell的代理方法sell
public final void sell(String var1) throws {
try {
super.h.invoke(this, m4, new Object[]{var1});
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var3) {
throw var3;
} catch (Throwable var4) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var4);
}
}
//实现接口Sell的代理方法add
public final void add(String var1) throws {
try {
super.h.invoke(this, m3, new Object[]{var1});
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var3) {
throw var3;
} catch (Throwable var4) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var4);
}
}
public final int hashCode() throws {
try {
return ((Integer)super.h.invoke(this, m0, (Object[])null)).intValue();
} catch (RuntimeException | Error var2) {
throw var2;
} catch (Throwable var3) {
throw new UndeclaredThrowableException(var3);
}
}
static {
try {
m1 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("equals", Class.forName("java.lang.Object"));
m2 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("toString");
m4 = Class.forName("Sell").getMethod("sell", Class.forName("java.lang.String"));
m3 = Class.forName("Sell").getMethod("add", Class.forName("java.lang.String"));
m0 = Class.forName("java.lang.Object").getMethod("hashCode");
} catch (NoSuchMethodException var2) {
throw new NoSuchMethodError(var2.getMessage());
} catch (ClassNotFoundException var3) {
throw new NoClassDefFoundError(var3.getMessage());
}
}
}
$Proxy0继承了Proxy类,实现了Sell接口,是Sell对象的代理类。生成的代理类调用委托类方法时,调用InvocationHandler的invoke方法。
总结
其实,动态代理实现思路与静态代理一样,也是“共同接口、真实对象、代理对象”,只不过静态代理的代理对象是程序员预先写好的,而动态代理的代理对象是利用字节码手段动态生成代理对象的,减少了重复劳动,所以优秀的程序员可能也是一个“懒惰”的程序员。