Merge k Sorted Lists

本此的主題主要違歸併排序的應用Merge k Sorted Lists並且透過鏈表實現,首先我們先設置各個節點的模塊:

Definition for singly-linked list.
struct ListNode 
{
    int val;
    ListNode *next;
    ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(NULL) {}
};

實現歸併排序也不同的方法,這次使用遞歸的特性實現,創建mergeList(vector<ListNode*> list)的歸併排序主函數:

ListNode* mergeList(vector<ListNode*> &list)
{
ListNode *result;
if(list.empty())
return NULL;
while(list.size() > 1)
{
result = merge(result, list[0]);
list.erase(list.begin());
}
}

由於我們要實現k個鏈表的排序,所以利用vector存儲多個鏈表並將結果存放在result內,在循環中有調用merge函數下面會簡略講解,按照vector中的順序一一透過merge做歸併,再將排頭做移除。

merge函數的作用是將兩段鏈表合併,可以看到分別有四種情況,透過比較鏈表中元素的大小,再次調用merge的函數,在參數中必須更改為l1->next或l2->next式情況而定。

ListNode *merge(ListNode* l1, ListNode *l2)
{
    if(l1 == NULL){
        return l2;
    }
    if(l2 == NULL){
        return l1;
    }
    if(l1->val <= l2->val){
        l1->next = merge(l1->next, l2);
        return l1;
    }
    else{
        l2->next = merge(l1, l2->next);
        return l2;
    }
}

To merge k sorted linked lists, one approach is to repeatedly merge two of the linked lists until all k lists have been merged into one. We can use a priority queue to keep track of the minimum element across all k linked lists at any given time. Here's the code to implement this idea: ``` struct ListNode { int val; ListNode* next; ListNode(int x) : val(x), next(NULL) {} }; // Custom comparator for the priority queue struct CompareNode { bool operator()(const ListNode* node1, const ListNode* node2) const { return node1->val > node2->val; } }; ListNode* mergeKLists(vector<ListNode*>& lists) { priority_queue<ListNode*, vector<ListNode*>, CompareNode> pq; for (ListNode* list : lists) { if (list) { pq.push(list); } } ListNode* dummy = new ListNode(-1); ListNode* curr = dummy; while (!pq.empty()) { ListNode* node = pq.top(); pq.pop(); curr->next = node; curr = curr->next; if (node->next) { pq.push(node->next); } } return dummy->next; } ``` We start by initializing a priority queue with all the head nodes of the k linked lists. We use a custom comparator that compares the values of two nodes and returns true if the first node's value is less than the second node's value. We then create a dummy node to serve as the head of the merged linked list, and a current node to keep track of the last node in the merged linked list. We repeatedly pop the minimum node from the priority queue and append it to the merged linked list. If the popped node has a next node, we push it onto the priority queue. Once the priority queue is empty, we return the head of the merged linked list. Note that this implementation has a time complexity of O(n log k), where n is the total number of nodes across all k linked lists, and a space complexity of O(k).
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