演练：调试并行应用程序

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-10 21:40:59 发布

lphbtm

最新推荐文章于 2023-02-10 21:40:59 发布

阅读量1.2k

点赞数 1

演练：调试并行应用程序

查看内容: 双语对照

Visual Studio Debugger

Walkthrough: Debugging a Parallel Application

This walkthrough shows how to use the Parallel Tasks and Parallel Stacks windows to debug a parallel application. These windows help you understand and verify the runtime behavior of code that uses the Task Parallel Library or the Concurrency Runtime. This walkthrough provides sample code that has built-in breakpoints. After the code breaks, the walkthrough shows how to use the Parallel Tasks and Parallel Stacks windows to examine it.

This walkthrough teaches these tasks:

How to view the call stacks of all threads in one view.
How to view the list of System.Threading.Tasks.Task instances that are created in your application.
How to view the real call stacks of tasks instead of threads.
How to navigate to code from the Parallel Tasks and Parallel Stacks windows.
How the windows cope with scale through grouping, zooming, and other related features.

Prerequisites

You must have Visual Studio 2010 installed on the computer.This walkthrough assumes that Just My Code is enabled. On the Tools menu, click Options, expand the Debugging node, select General, and then select Enable Just My Code (Managed only). If you do not set this feature, you can still use this walkthrough, but your results may differ from the illustrations.

C# Sample

If you use the C# sample, this walkthrough also assumes that External Code is hidden. To toggle whether external code is displayed, right-click the Name table header of the Call Stack window, and then select or clear Show External Code. If you do not set this feature, you can still use this walkthrough, but your results may differ from the illustrations.

C++ Sample

If you use the C++ sample, you can ignore references to External Code in this topic.External Code only applies to the C# sample.

Illustrations

The illustrations in this topic recorded on a quad core computer running the C# sample. Although you can use other configurations to complete this walkthrough, the illustrations may differ from what is displayed on your computer.

Creating the Sample Project

The sample code in this walkthrough is for an application that does nothing. The goal is just to understand how to use the tool windows to debug a parallel application.

To create the sample project

In Visual Studio, on the File menu, point to New and then click Project.
In the Installed Templates pane, select either Visual C#, Visual Basic, or Visual C++. For the managed languages, ensure that .NET Framework 4 is displayed in the framework box.
Select Console Application and then click OK. Remain in Debug configuration, which is the default.
Open the .cpp, .cs, or .vb code file in the project. Delete its contents to create an empty code file.
Paste the following code for your chosen language into the empty code file.

Visual Basic

Imports System
Imports System.Threading
Imports System.Threading.Tasks
Imports System.Diagnostics

Module S

  Sub Main()

    pcount = Environment.ProcessorCount
    Console.WriteLine("Proc count = " + pcount.ToString())
    ThreadPool.SetMinThreads(4, -1)
    ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads(4, -1)

    t1 = New Task(AddressOf A, 1)
    t2 = New Task(AddressOf A, 2)
    t3 = New Task(AddressOf A, 3)
    t4 = New Task(AddressOf A, 4)
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t1 " + t1.Id.ToString())
    t1.Start()
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t2 " + t2.Id.ToString())
    t2.Start()
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t3 " + t3.Id.ToString())
    t3.Start()
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t4 " + t4.Id.ToString())
    t4.Start()

    Console.ReadLine()
  End Sub
  Sub A(ByVal o As Object)
    B(o)
  End Sub
  Sub B(ByVal o As Object)
    C(o)
  End Sub
  Sub C(ByVal o As Object)

    Dim temp As Integer = o

    Interlocked.Increment(aa)
    While (aa < 4)
    End While

    If (temp = 1) Then
      ' BP1 - all tasks in C
      Debugger.Break()
      waitFor1 = False
    Else
      While (waitFor1)
      End While
    End If
    Select Case temp
      Case 1
        D(o)
      Case 2
        F(o)
      Case 3, 4
        I(o)
      Case Else
        Debug.Assert(False, "fool")
    End Select
  End Sub
  Sub D(ByVal o As Object)
    E(o)
  End Sub
  Sub E(ByVal o As Object)
    ' break here at the same time as H and K
    While (bb < 2)
    End While
    'BP2 - 1 in E, 2 in H, 3 in J, 4 in K
    Debugger.Break()
    Interlocked.Increment(bb)

    'after
    L(o)
  End Sub
  Sub F(ByVal o As Object)
    G(o)
  End Sub
  Sub G(ByVal o As Object)
    H(o)
  End Sub
  Sub H(ByVal o As Object)
    ' break here at the same time as E and K
    Interlocked.Increment(bb)
    Monitor.Enter(mylock)
    While (bb < 3)
    End While
    Monitor.Exit(mylock)

    'after
    L(o)
  End Sub
  Sub I(ByVal o As Object)
    J(o)
  End Sub
  Sub J(ByVal o As Object)

    Dim temp2 As Integer = o

    Select Case temp2
      Case 3
        t4.Wait()
      Case 4
        K(o)
      Case Else
        Debug.Assert(False, "fool2")
    End Select
  End Sub
  Sub K(ByVal o As Object)
    ' break here at the same time as E and H
    Interlocked.Increment(bb)
    Monitor.Enter(mylock)
    While (bb < 3)
    End While
    Monitor.Exit(mylock)

    'after
    L(o)
  End Sub
  Sub L(ByVal oo As Object)
    Dim temp3 As Integer = oo

    Select Case temp3
      Case 1
        M(oo)
      Case 2
        N(oo)
      Case 4
        O(oo)
      Case Else
        Debug.Assert(False, "fool3")
    End Select
  End Sub
  Sub M(ByVal o As Object)
    ' breaks here at the same time as N and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (cc < 3)
    End While

    'BP3 - 1 in M, 2 in N, 3 still in J, 4 in O, 5 in Q
    Debugger.Break()
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (True)
      Thread.Sleep(500) '  for ever
    End While
  End Sub
  Sub N(ByVal o As Object)
    ' breaks here at the same time as M and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (cc < 4)
    End While
    R(o)
  End Sub
  Sub O(ByVal o As Object)
    Dim t5 As Task = Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf P, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent)
    t5.Wait()
    R(o)
  End Sub
  Sub P()
    Console.WriteLine("t5 runs " + Task.CurrentId.ToString())
    Q()
  End Sub
  Sub Q()
    ' breaks here at the same time as N and M
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (cc < 4)
    End While
    ' task 5 dies here freeing task 4 (its parent)
    Console.WriteLine("t5 dies " + Task.CurrentId.ToString())
    waitFor5 = False
  End Sub
  Sub R(ByVal o As Object)
    If (o = 2) Then
      ' wait for task5 to die
      While waitFor5
      End While

      '//spin up all procs
      Dim i As Integer
      For i = 0 To pcount - 4 - 1

        Dim t As Task = Task.Factory.StartNew(Sub()
                                                While True

                                                End While
                                              End Sub)
        Console.WriteLine("Started task " + t.Id.ToString())
      Next

      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 1 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 2 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 3 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 4 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, (i + 5 + 5).ToString(), TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled

      '//BP4 - 1 in M, 2 in R, 3 in J, 4 in R, 5 died
      Debugger.Break()

    Else
      Debug.Assert(o = 4)
      t3.Wait()
    End If
  End Sub
  Sub T(ByVal o As Object)
    Console.WriteLine("Scheduled run " + Task.CurrentId.ToString())
  End Sub
  Private t1, t2, t3, t4 As Task
  Private aa As Integer = 0
  Private bb As Integer = 0
  Private cc As Integer = 0
  Private waitFor1 As Boolean = True
  Private waitFor5 As Boolean = True
  Private pcount As Integer
  Private mylock As New S2()
End Module

Public Class S2

End Class

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Diagnostics;

class S
{
  static void Main()
  {
    pcount = Environment.ProcessorCount;
    Console.WriteLine("Proc count = " + pcount);
    ThreadPool.SetMinThreads(4, -1);
    ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads(4, -1);

    t1 = new Task(A, 1);
    t2 = new Task(A, 2);
    t3 = new Task(A, 3);
    t4 = new Task(A, 4);
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t1 " + t1.Id.ToString());
    t1.Start();
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t2 " + t2.Id.ToString());
    t2.Start();
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t3 " + t3.Id.ToString());
    t3.Start();
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t4 " + t4.Id.ToString());
    t4.Start();

    Console.ReadLine();
  }

  static void A(object o)
  {
    B(o);
  }
  static void B(object o)
  {
    C(o);
  }
  static void C(object o)
  {
    int temp = (int)o;

    Interlocked.Increment(ref aa);
    while (aa < 4)
    {
      ;
    }

    if (temp == 1)
    {
      // BP1 - all tasks in C
      Debugger.Break();
      waitFor1 = false;
    }
    else
    {
      while (waitFor1)
      {
        ;
      }
    }
    switch (temp)
    {
      case 1:
        D(o);
        break;
      case 2:
        F(o);
        break;
      case 3:
      case 4:
        I(o);
        break;
      default:
        Debug.Assert(false, "fool");
        break;
    }
  }
  static void D(object o)
  {
    E(o);
  }
  static void E(object o)
  {
    // break here at the same time as H and K
    while (bb < 2)
    {
      ;
    }
    //BP2 - 1 in E, 2 in H, 3 in J, 4 in K
    Debugger.Break();
    Interlocked.Increment(ref bb);

    //after
    L(o);
  }
  static void F(object o)
  {
    G(o);
  }
  static void G(object o)
  {
    H(o);
  }
  static void H(object o)
  {
    // break here at the same time as E and K
    Interlocked.Increment(ref bb);
    Monitor.Enter(mylock);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
      ;
    }
    Monitor.Exit(mylock);


    //after
    L(o);
  }
  static void I(object o)
  {
    J(o);
  }
  static void J(object o)
  {
    int temp2 = (int)o;

    switch (temp2)
    {
      case 3:
        t4.Wait();
        break;
      case 4:
        K(o);
        break;
      default:
        Debug.Assert(false, "fool2");
        break;
    }
  }
  static void K(object o)
  {
    // break here at the same time as E and H
    Interlocked.Increment(ref bb);
    Monitor.Enter(mylock);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
      ;
    }
    Monitor.Exit(mylock);


    //after
    L(o);
  }
  static void L(object oo)
  {
    int temp3 = (int)oo;

    switch (temp3)
    {
      case 1:
        M(oo);
        break;
      case 2:
        N(oo);
        break;
      case 4:
        O(oo);
        break;
      default:
        Debug.Assert(false, "fool3");
        break;
    }
  }
  static void M(object o)
  {
    // breaks here at the same time as N and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (cc < 3)
    {
      ;
    }
    //BP3 - 1 in M, 2 in N, 3 still in J, 4 in O, 5 in Q
    Debugger.Break();
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (true)
      Thread.Sleep(500); // for ever
  }
  static void N(object o)
  {
    // breaks here at the same time as M and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
      ;
    }
    R(o);
  }
  static void O(object o)
  {
    Task t5 = Task.Factory.StartNew(P, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent);
    t5.Wait();
    R(o);
  }
  static void P()
  {
    Console.WriteLine("t5 runs " + Task.CurrentId.ToString());
    Q();
  }
  static void Q()
  {
    // breaks here at the same time as N and M
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
      ;
    }
    // task 5 dies here freeing task 4 (its parent)
    Console.WriteLine("t5 dies " + Task.CurrentId.ToString());
    waitFor5 = false;
  }
  static void R(object o)
  {
    if ((int)o == 2)
    {
      //wait for task5 to die
      while (waitFor5) { ;}


      int i;
      //spin up all procs
      for (i = 0; i < pcount - 4; i++)
      {
        Task t = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => { while (true);});
        Console.WriteLine("Started task " + t.Id.ToString());
      }

      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 1 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 2 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 3 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 4 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, (i + 5 + 5).ToString(), TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled

      //BP4 - 1 in M, 2 in R, 3 in J, 4 in R, 5 died
      Debugger.Break();
    }
    else
    {
      Debug.Assert((int)o == 4);
      t3.Wait();
    }
  }
  static void T(object o)
  {
    Console.WriteLine("Scheduled run " + Task.CurrentId.ToString());
  }
  static Task t1, t2, t3, t4;
  static int aa = 0;
  static int bb = 0;
  static int cc = 0;
  static bool waitFor1 = true;
  static bool waitFor5 = true;
  static int pcount;
  static S mylock = new S();
}

Visual C++

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <ppl.h>
#include <agents.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <concrtrm.h>
#include <vector>

CRITICAL_SECTION cs;

using namespace ::std;
using namespace ::std::tr1;
using namespace ::Concurrency;
task_group task4;
task_group task3;
task_group task2;

volatile long aa = 0;
volatile long bb = 0;
volatile long cc = 0;
static bool waitFor1 = true;
static bool waitFor5 = true;

#pragma optimize("", off)
void Spin()
{
    for(int i=0;i<50*50000;++i);
}
#pragma optimize("",on)

template<class Func>
class RunFunc
{
    Func& m_Func;
    int m_o;
public:
    RunFunc(Func func,int o):m_Func(func),m_o(o){

    };
    void operator()()const{
        m_Func(m_o);
    };
};

void T(int o)
{
    cout << "Scheduled run \n";

};

void R(int o)
{
    if (o == 2)
    {
        while (waitFor5) { ;}
        Spin();

        //use up all processors but 4 by scheduling 4 non-terminating tasks.
        int numProcsToBurn = GetProcessorCount() - 4;
        int i;
        vector<call<int>*> tasks;
        for (i = 0; i <  numProcsToBurn; i++)
        {
            tasks.push_back(new call<int>([](int i){while(true)Spin();}));
            asend(tasks[i],1);
            cout << "Started task  \n";
        }

        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t6(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 1 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t7(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 2 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t8(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 3 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t9(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 4 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t10(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 5 + 5));
        task2.run(t6);
        task2.run(t7);
        task2.run(t8);
        task2.run(t9);
        task2.run(t10);
    
        //BP4 - 1 in M, 2 in R, 3 in J, 4 in R, 5 died    
        DebugBreak();
    }
    else
    {
        if (o!=4)
            throw;

        task3.wait();        
    }
};

void Q()
{
    // breaks here at the same time as N and M
    InterlockedIncrement(& cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
        ;
    }
    // task 5 dies here freeing task 4 (its parent)
    cout << "t5 dies\n";
    waitFor5 = false;
};

void P()
{
    cout << "t5 runs\n";
    Q();
};

void O(int o)
{    
    task_group t5;
    t5.run(&P);
    t5.wait();
    R(o);
};

void N(int o)
{
    // breaks here at the same time as M and Q
    InterlockedIncrement(&cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
        ;
    }
    R(o);
};

void M(int o)
{
    // breaks here at the same time as N and Q
    InterlockedIncrement(&cc);
    while (cc < 3)
    {
        ;
    }
    //BP3 - 1 in M, 2 in N, 3 still in J, 4 in O, 5 in Q
    DebugBreak();
    InterlockedIncrement(&cc);
    while (true)
        Sleep(500); // for ever
};

void L(int oo)
{
    int temp3 = oo;

    switch (temp3)
    {
    case 1:
        M(oo);
        break;
    case 2:
        N(oo);
        break;
    case 4:
        O(oo);
        break;
    default:
        throw; //fool3
        break;
    }
}
void K(int o)
{
    // break here at the same time as E and H
    InterlockedIncrement(&bb);
    EnterCriticalSection(&cs);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
        ;
    }
    LeaveCriticalSection(&cs);
    Spin();

    //after
    L(o);
}
void J(int o)
{
    int temp2 = o;

    switch (temp2)
    {
    case 3:
        task4.wait();
        break;
    case 4:
        K(o);
        break;
    default:
        throw; //fool2
        break;
    }
}
static void I(int o)
{
    J(o);
}
static void H(int o)
{
    // break here at the same time as E and K
    InterlockedIncrement(&bb);
    EnterCriticalSection(&cs);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
        ;
    }
    LeaveCriticalSection(&cs);
    Spin();

    //after
    L(o);
}
static void G(int o)
{
    H(o);
}
static void F(int o)
{
    G(o);
}

static void E(int o)
{
    // break here at the same time as H and K
    while (bb < 2)
    {
        ;
    }
    //BP2 - 1 in E, 2 in H, 3 in J, 4 in K    
    Spin(); // for native case only
    DebugBreak();
    InterlockedIncrement(&bb);

    //after
    L(o);

}

static void D(int o)
{
    E(o);
}

static void C(int o)
{
    int temp = o;

    InterlockedIncrement(&aa);
    while (aa < 4)
    {
        ;
    }

    if (temp == 1)
    {
        // BP1 - all tasks in C    
        DebugBreak();
        waitFor1 = false;
    }
    else
    {
        while (waitFor1)
        {
            ;
        }
    }
    switch (temp)
    {
    case 1:
        D(o);
        break;
    case 2:
        F(o);
        break;
    case 3:
    case 4:
        I(o);
        break;
    default:
        throw; //fool
        break;
    }
}
static void B(int o)
{
    C(o);
}

void A(int o)
{
    B(o);
}
int main()
{
    InitializeCriticalSection(&cs);

    task_group tasks;
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t1(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,1));
    tasks.run(t1);
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t2(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,2));
    task2.run(t2);
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t3(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,3));
    task3.run(t3);
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t4(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,4));
    task4.run(t4);
    
    getchar();
    return 1;
}

On the File menu, click Save All.
On the Build menu, click Rebuild Solution.

Notice that there are four calls to Debugger.Break (DebugBreak in the C++ sample) Therefore, you do not have to insert breakpoints; just running the application will cause it to break in the debugger up to four times.

Using the Parallel Stacks Window: Threads View

On the Debug menu, click Start Debugging. Wait for the first breakpoint to be hit.

To view the call stack of a single thread

On the Debug menu, point to Windows and then click Threads. Dock theThreads window at the bottom of Visual Studio.
On the Debug menu, point to Windows and then click Call Stack. Dock theCall Stack window at the bottom Visual Studio.
Double-click a thread in the Threads window to make it current. Current threads have a yellow arrow. When you change the current thread, its call stack is displayed in the Call Stack window.

To examine the Parallel Stacks window

On the Debug menu, point to Windows and then click Parallel Stacks. Make sure that Threads is selected in the box at the upper-left corner.

By using the Parallel Stacks window, you can view multiple call stacks at the same time in one view. The following illustration shows the Parallel Stackswindow above the Call Stack window.

The call stack of the Main thread appears in one box and the call stacks for the other four threads are grouped in another box. Four threads are grouped together because their stack frames share the same method contexts; that is, they are in the same methods:A,B, andC. To view the thread IDs and names of the threads that share the same box, hover over the header (4 Threads). The current thread is displayed in bold, as shown in the following illustration.

The yellow arrow indicates the active stack frame of the current thread. To get more information, hover over it

You can set how much detail to show for the stack frames (Module Names,Parameter Types, Parameter Names, Parameter Values, Line Numbers andByte Offsets) by right-clicking in the Call Stack window.

A blue highlight around a box indicates that the current thread is part of that box. The current thread is also indicated by the bold stack frame in the tooltip. If you double-click the Main thread in the Threads window, you can observe that the blue highlight in the Parallel Stacks window moves accordingly.

To resume execution until the second breakpoint

To resume execution until the second breakpoint is hit, on the Debug menu, click Continue. The following illustration shows the thread tree at the second breakpoint.

At the first breakpoint, four threads all went from S.A to S.B to S.C methods.That information is still visible in the Parallel Stacks window, but the four threads have progressed further. One of them continued to S.D and then S.E.Another continued to S.F, S.G, and S.H. Two others continued to S.I and S.J, and from there one of them went to S.K and the other continued to non-user External Code.

You can hover over the box header, for example, 1 Thread or 2 Threads, to see the thread IDs of the threads. You can hover over stack frames to see thread IDs plus other frame details. The blue highlight indicates the current thread and the yellow arrow indicates the active stack frame of the current thread.

The cloth-threads icon (overlapping blue and red waved lines) indicate the active stack frames of the noncurrent threads. In the Call Stack window, double-click S.B to switch frames. The Parallel Stacks window indicates the current stack frame of the current thread by using a green curved arrow icon.

In the Threads window, switch between threads and observe that the view in the Parallel Stacks window is updated.

You can switch to another thread, or to another frame of another thread, by using the shortcut menu in the Parallel Stacks window. For example, right-click S.J, point to Switch To Frame, and then click a command.

Right-click S.C and point to Switch To Frame. One of the commands has a check mark that indicates the stack frame of the current thread. You can switch to that frame of the same thread (just the green arrow will move) or you can switch to the other thread (the blue highlight will also move). The following illustration shows the submenu.

When a method context is associated with just one stack frame, the box header displays 1 Thread and you can switch to it by double-clicking. If you double-click a method context that has more than 1 frame associated with it, then the menu automatically pops up. As you hover over the method contexts, notice the black triangle at the right. Clicking that triangle also displays the shortcut menu.

For large applications that have many threads, you may want to focus on just a subset of threads. The Parallel Stacks window can display call stacks only for flagged threads. On the toolbar, click the Show Only Flagged button next to the list box.

Next, in the Threads window, flag threads one by one to see how their call stacks appear in the Parallel Stacks window. To flag threads, use the shortcut menu or the first cell of a thread. Click the Show Only Flagged toolbar button again to show all threads.

To resume execution until the third breakpoint

To resume execution until the third breakpoint is hit, on the Debug menu, click Continue.

When multiple threads are in the same method but the method was not at the beginning of the call stack, the method appears in different boxes. An example at the current breakpoint is S.L, which has three threads in it and appears in three boxes. Double-click S.L.

Notice that S.L is bold in the other two boxes so that you can see where else it appears. If you want to see which frames call into S.L and which frames it calls, click the Toggle Method View button on the toolbar. The following illustration shows the method view of The Parallel Stacks window.

Notice how the diagram pivoted on the selected method and positioned it in its own box in the middle of the view. The callees and callers appear on the top and bottom. Click the Toggle Method View button again to leave this mode.

The shortcut menu of the Parallel Stacks window also has the following other items.
- Hexadecimal Display toggles the numbers in the tooltips between decimal and hexadecimal.
- Symbol Load Information and Symbol Settings open the respective dialog boxes.
- Go To Source Code and Go To Disassembly navigate in the editor to the selected method.
- Show External Code displays all the frames even if they are not in user code. Try it to see the diagram expand to accommodate the additional frames (which may be dimmed because you do not have symbols for them).
When you have large diagrams and you step to the next breakpoint, you may want the view to auto scroll to the active stack frame of the current thread; that is, the thread that hit the breakpoint first. In the Parallel Stacks window, make sure that the Auto Scroll to Current Stack Frame button on the toolbar is on.
Before you continue, in the Parallel Stacks window, scroll all the way to the left and all the way down.

To resume execution until the fourth breakpoint

To resume execution until the fourth breakpoint is hit, on the Debug menu, click Continue.

Notice how the view autoscrolled into place. Switch threads in the Threadswindow or switch stack frames in the Call Stack window and notice how the view always autoscrolls to the correct frame. Turn off Auto Scroll to Current Tool Frame option and view the difference.

The Bird's Eye View also helps with large diagrams in the Parallel Stackswindow. You can see the Bird's Eye View by clicking the button between the scroll bars on the lower-right corner of the window, as shown in the following illustration.

You can move the rectangle to quickly pan around the diagram.

Another way to move the diagram in any direction is to click a blank area of the diagram and drag it where you want it.

To zoom in and out of the diagram, press and hold CTRL while you move the mouse wheel. Alternatively, click the Zoom button on the toolbar and then use the Zoom tool.

You can also view the stacks in a top-down direction instead of bottom-up, by clicking the Tools menu, clicking Options, and then select or clear the option under the Debugging node.
Before you continue, on the Debug menu, click Stop Debugging to end execution.

Using the Parallel Tasks Window and the Tasks View of the Parallel Stacks window

We recommended that you complete the earlier procedures before you continue.

To restart the application until the first breakpoint is hit

On the Debug menu, click Start Debugging and wait for the first breakpoint to be hit.
On the Debug menu, point to Windows and then click Threads. Dock theThreads window at the bottom of Visual Studio.
On the Debug menu, point to Windows and click Call Stack. Dock the Call Stack window at the bottom Visual Studio.
Double-click a thread in the Threads window to makes it current. Current threads have the yellow arrow. When you change the current thread, the other windows are updated. Next, we will examine tasks.
On the Debug menu, point to Windows and then click Parallel Tasks. The following illustration shows the Parallel Tasks window.

For each running Task, you can read its ID, which is returned by the same-named property, the ID and name of the thread that runs it, its location (hovering over that displays a tooltip that has the whole call stack). Also, under the Task column, you can see the method that was passed into the task; in other words, the starting point.

You can sort any column. Notice the sort glyph that indicates the sort column and direction. You can also reorder the columns by dragging them left or right.

The yellow arrow indicates the current task. You can switch tasks by double-clicking a task or by using the shortcut menu. When you switch tasks, the underlying thread becomes current and the other windows are updated.

When you manually switch from one task to another, the yellow arrow moves, but a white arrow still shows the task that caused the debugger to break.

To resume execution until the second breakpoint

To resume execution until the second breakpoint is hit, on the Debug menu, click Continue.

Previously, the Status column showed all tasks as Running, but now two of the tasks are Waiting. Tasks can be blocked for many different reasons. In theStatus column, hover over a waiting task to learn why it is blocked. For example, in the following illustration, task 3 is waiting on task 4.

Task 4, in turn, is waiting on a monitor owned by the thread assigned to task 2.

You can flag a task by clicking the flag in the first column of the Parallel Tasks window.

You can use flagging to track tasks between different breakpoints in the same debugging session or to filter for tasks whose call stacks are shown in theParallel Stacks window.

When you used the Parallel Stacks window earlier, you viewed the application threads. View the Parallel Stacks window again, but this time view the application tasks. Do this by selecting Tasks in the box on the upper left. The following illustration shows the Tasks View.

Threads that are not currently executing tasks are not shown in the Tasks View of the Parallel Stacks window. Also, for threads that execute tasks, some of the stack frames that are not relevant to tasks are filtered from the top and bottom of the stack.

View the Parallel Tasks window again. Right-click any column header to see a shortcut menu for the column.

You can use the shortcut menu to add or remove columns. For example, the AppDomain column is not selected; therefore, it is not displayed in the list.Click Parent. The Parent column appears without values for any of the four tasks.

To resume execution until the third breakpoint

To resume execution until the third breakpoint is hit, on the Debug menu, click Continue.

A new task, task 5, is now running and task 4 is now waiting. You can see why by hovering over the waiting task in the Status window. In the Parent column, notice that task 4 is the parent of task 5.

To better visualize the parent-child relationship, right-click the Parent column header and then click Parent Child View. You should see the following illustration.

Notice that task 4 and task 5 are running on the same thread. This information is not displayed in the Threads window; seeing it here is another benefit of the Parallel Tasks window. To confirm this, view the Parallel Stackswindow. Make sure that you are viewing Tasks. Locate tasks 4 and 5 by double-clicking them in the Parallel Tasks window. When you do, the blue highlight in the Parallel Stacks window is updated. You can also locate tasks 4 and 5 by scanning the tooltips on the Parallel Stacks window.

In the Parallel Stacks window, right-click S.P, and then click Go To Thread.The window switches to Threads View and the corresponding frame is in view.You can see both tasks on the same thread.

This is another benefit of the Tasks View in the Parallel Stacks window, compared to the Threads window.

To resume execution until the fourth breakpoint

To resume execution until the third breakpoint is hit, on the Debug menu, click Continue. Click the ID column header to sort by ID. You should see the following illustration.

Because task 5 has completed, it is no longer displayed. If that is not the case on your computer and the deadlock is not shown, step one time by pressing F11.

Task 3 and task 4 are now waiting on each other and are deadlocked. There are also 5 new tasks that are children of task 2 and are now scheduled.Scheduled tasks are tasks that have been started in code but have not run yet.Therefore, their Location and Thread Assignment columns are empty.

View the Parallel Stacks window again. The header of each box has a tooltip that shows the thread IDs and names. Switch to Tasks View in the Parallel Stacks window. Hover over a header to see the task ID and name, and the status of the task, as shown in the following illustration.

You can group the tasks by column. In the Parallel Tasks window, right-click the Status column header and then click Group by Status. The following illustration shows the Parallel Tasks window grouped by status.

You can also group by any other column. By grouping tasks, you can focus on a subset of tasks. Each collapsible group has a count of the items that are grouped together. You can also quickly flag all items in the group by clicking the Flag button to the right of the Collapse button.

The last feature of the Parallel Tasks window to examine is the shortcut menu that is displayed when you right-click a task.

The shortcut menu displays different commands, depending on the status of the task. The commands may include Copy, Select All, Hexadecimal Display,Switch to Task, Freeze Assigned Thread, Freeze All Threads But This, andThaw Assigned Thread, and Flag.

You can freeze the underlying thread of a task, or tasks, or you can freeze all threads except the assigned one. A frozen thread is represented in theParallel Tasks window as it is in the Threads window, by a blue pause icon.

Summary

This walkthrough demonstrated the Parallel Tasks and Parallel Stacks debugger windows. Use these windows on real projects that use multithreaded code. You can examine parallel code written in C++, C#, or Visual Basic.

Tasks

Walkthrough: Debugging a Parallel Application

Concepts

Parallel Programming in the .NET Framework

Concurrency Runtime

Other Resources

Debugger Roadmap

Debugging Managed Code

Using the Parallel Stacks Window

Using the Parallel Tasks Window

Visual Studio 调试器

演练：调试并行应用程序

本演练演示如何使用“并行任务”和“并行堆栈”窗口调试并行应用程序。这些窗口有助于您了解和验证使用任务并行库和并发运行时的代码的运行时行为。本演练提供了具有内置断点的代码示例。本演练演示如何在代码中断后使用“并行任务”和“并行堆栈”窗口检查代码。

本演练介绍了以下任务：

如何在一个视图中查看所有线程的调用堆栈。
如何查看在应用程序中创建的 System.Threading.Tasks.Task 实例的列表。
如何查看任务（而不是线程）的实际调用堆栈。
如何从“并行任务”和“并行堆栈”窗口定位到代码。
窗口如何通过分组、缩放和其他相关功能来处理缩放。

系统必备

计算机上必须安装有 Visual Studio 2010。本演练假定已启用 “仅我的代码”。在 “工具”菜单上，单击 “选项”，展开 “调试”节点，选择 “常规”，然后选择 “启用‘仅我的代码’(仅限托管)”。如果未设置此功能，您仍可以使用本演练，但结果可能会与以下各图不同。

C# 示例

如果使用 C# 示例，本演练还将假定外部代码处于隐藏状态。若要在是否显示外部代码之间进行切换，请右击 “调用堆栈”窗口的 “名称”表标题，然后选中或清除 “显示外部代码”。如果未设置此功能，您仍可以使用本演练，但结果可能会与以下各图不同。

C++ 示例

如果使用 C++ 示例，则可以忽略本主题中对外部代码的引用。外部代码仅适用于 C# 示例。

图示

本主题中的图示是在运行 C# 示例的四核计算机上记录的。您也可以使用其他配置完成本演练，但您的计算机上显示的内容可能与这些图示不同。

创建示例项目

本演练中的代码示例适用于不执行任何操作的应用程序。其目的仅在于理解如何使用工具窗口调试并行应用程序。

创建示例项目

在 Visual Studio 中的“文件”菜单上，指向“新建”，然后单击“项目”。
在“已安装的模板”窗格中，选择“Visual C#”、“Visual Basic”或“Visual C++”。对于托管语言，请确保 .NET Framework 4 显示在框架框中。
选择“控制台应用程序”，再单击“确定”。保留默认的调试配置。
在项目中打开 .cpp、.cs 或 .vb 代码文件。删除其内容以创建一个空代码文件。
将所选语言的以下代码粘贴到上述空代码文件中。

Visual Basic

Imports System
Imports System.Threading
Imports System.Threading.Tasks
Imports System.Diagnostics

Module S

  Sub Main()

    pcount = Environment.ProcessorCount
    Console.WriteLine("Proc count = " + pcount.ToString())
    ThreadPool.SetMinThreads(4, -1)
    ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads(4, -1)

    t1 = New Task(AddressOf A, 1)
    t2 = New Task(AddressOf A, 2)
    t3 = New Task(AddressOf A, 3)
    t4 = New Task(AddressOf A, 4)
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t1 " + t1.Id.ToString())
    t1.Start()
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t2 " + t2.Id.ToString())
    t2.Start()
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t3 " + t3.Id.ToString())
    t3.Start()
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t4 " + t4.Id.ToString())
    t4.Start()

    Console.ReadLine()
  End Sub
  Sub A(ByVal o As Object)
    B(o)
  End Sub
  Sub B(ByVal o As Object)
    C(o)
  End Sub
  Sub C(ByVal o As Object)

    Dim temp As Integer = o

    Interlocked.Increment(aa)
    While (aa < 4)
    End While

    If (temp = 1) Then
      ' BP1 - all tasks in C
      Debugger.Break()
      waitFor1 = False
    Else
      While (waitFor1)
      End While
    End If
    Select Case temp
      Case 1
        D(o)
      Case 2
        F(o)
      Case 3, 4
        I(o)
      Case Else
        Debug.Assert(False, "fool")
    End Select
  End Sub
  Sub D(ByVal o As Object)
    E(o)
  End Sub
  Sub E(ByVal o As Object)
    ' break here at the same time as H and K
    While (bb < 2)
    End While
    'BP2 - 1 in E, 2 in H, 3 in J, 4 in K
    Debugger.Break()
    Interlocked.Increment(bb)

    'after
    L(o)
  End Sub
  Sub F(ByVal o As Object)
    G(o)
  End Sub
  Sub G(ByVal o As Object)
    H(o)
  End Sub
  Sub H(ByVal o As Object)
    ' break here at the same time as E and K
    Interlocked.Increment(bb)
    Monitor.Enter(mylock)
    While (bb < 3)
    End While
    Monitor.Exit(mylock)

    'after
    L(o)
  End Sub
  Sub I(ByVal o As Object)
    J(o)
  End Sub
  Sub J(ByVal o As Object)

    Dim temp2 As Integer = o

    Select Case temp2
      Case 3
        t4.Wait()
      Case 4
        K(o)
      Case Else
        Debug.Assert(False, "fool2")
    End Select
  End Sub
  Sub K(ByVal o As Object)
    ' break here at the same time as E and H
    Interlocked.Increment(bb)
    Monitor.Enter(mylock)
    While (bb < 3)
    End While
    Monitor.Exit(mylock)

    'after
    L(o)
  End Sub
  Sub L(ByVal oo As Object)
    Dim temp3 As Integer = oo

    Select Case temp3
      Case 1
        M(oo)
      Case 2
        N(oo)
      Case 4
        O(oo)
      Case Else
        Debug.Assert(False, "fool3")
    End Select
  End Sub
  Sub M(ByVal o As Object)
    ' breaks here at the same time as N and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (cc < 3)
    End While

    'BP3 - 1 in M, 2 in N, 3 still in J, 4 in O, 5 in Q
    Debugger.Break()
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (True)
      Thread.Sleep(500) '  for ever
    End While
  End Sub
  Sub N(ByVal o As Object)
    ' breaks here at the same time as M and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (cc < 4)
    End While
    R(o)
  End Sub
  Sub O(ByVal o As Object)
    Dim t5 As Task = Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf P, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent)
    t5.Wait()
    R(o)
  End Sub
  Sub P()
    Console.WriteLine("t5 runs " + Task.CurrentId.ToString())
    Q()
  End Sub
  Sub Q()
    ' breaks here at the same time as N and M
    Interlocked.Increment(cc)
    While (cc < 4)
    End While
    ' task 5 dies here freeing task 4 (its parent)
    Console.WriteLine("t5 dies " + Task.CurrentId.ToString())
    waitFor5 = False
  End Sub
  Sub R(ByVal o As Object)
    If (o = 2) Then
      ' wait for task5 to die
      While waitFor5
      End While

      '//spin up all procs
      Dim i As Integer
      For i = 0 To pcount - 4 - 1

        Dim t As Task = Task.Factory.StartNew(Sub()
                                                While True

                                                End While
                                              End Sub)
        Console.WriteLine("Started task " + t.Id.ToString())
      Next

      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 1 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 2 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 3 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, i + 4 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(AddressOf T, (i + 5 + 5).ToString(), TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent) ' //scheduled

      '//BP4 - 1 in M, 2 in R, 3 in J, 4 in R, 5 died
      Debugger.Break()

    Else
      Debug.Assert(o = 4)
      t3.Wait()
    End If
  End Sub
  Sub T(ByVal o As Object)
    Console.WriteLine("Scheduled run " + Task.CurrentId.ToString())
  End Sub
  Private t1, t2, t3, t4 As Task
  Private aa As Integer = 0
  Private bb As Integer = 0
  Private cc As Integer = 0
  Private waitFor1 As Boolean = True
  Private waitFor5 As Boolean = True
  Private pcount As Integer
  Private mylock As New S2()
End Module

Public Class S2

End Class

using System;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Diagnostics;

class S
{
  static void Main()
  {
    pcount = Environment.ProcessorCount;
    Console.WriteLine("Proc count = " + pcount);
    ThreadPool.SetMinThreads(4, -1);
    ThreadPool.SetMaxThreads(4, -1);

    t1 = new Task(A, 1);
    t2 = new Task(A, 2);
    t3 = new Task(A, 3);
    t4 = new Task(A, 4);
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t1 " + t1.Id.ToString());
    t1.Start();
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t2 " + t2.Id.ToString());
    t2.Start();
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t3 " + t3.Id.ToString());
    t3.Start();
    Console.WriteLine("Starting t4 " + t4.Id.ToString());
    t4.Start();

    Console.ReadLine();
  }

  static void A(object o)
  {
    B(o);
  }
  static void B(object o)
  {
    C(o);
  }
  static void C(object o)
  {
    int temp = (int)o;

    Interlocked.Increment(ref aa);
    while (aa < 4)
    {
      ;
    }

    if (temp == 1)
    {
      // BP1 - all tasks in C
      Debugger.Break();
      waitFor1 = false;
    }
    else
    {
      while (waitFor1)
      {
        ;
      }
    }
    switch (temp)
    {
      case 1:
        D(o);
        break;
      case 2:
        F(o);
        break;
      case 3:
      case 4:
        I(o);
        break;
      default:
        Debug.Assert(false, "fool");
        break;
    }
  }
  static void D(object o)
  {
    E(o);
  }
  static void E(object o)
  {
    // break here at the same time as H and K
    while (bb < 2)
    {
      ;
    }
    //BP2 - 1 in E, 2 in H, 3 in J, 4 in K
    Debugger.Break();
    Interlocked.Increment(ref bb);

    //after
    L(o);
  }
  static void F(object o)
  {
    G(o);
  }
  static void G(object o)
  {
    H(o);
  }
  static void H(object o)
  {
    // break here at the same time as E and K
    Interlocked.Increment(ref bb);
    Monitor.Enter(mylock);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
      ;
    }
    Monitor.Exit(mylock);


    //after
    L(o);
  }
  static void I(object o)
  {
    J(o);
  }
  static void J(object o)
  {
    int temp2 = (int)o;

    switch (temp2)
    {
      case 3:
        t4.Wait();
        break;
      case 4:
        K(o);
        break;
      default:
        Debug.Assert(false, "fool2");
        break;
    }
  }
  static void K(object o)
  {
    // break here at the same time as E and H
    Interlocked.Increment(ref bb);
    Monitor.Enter(mylock);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
      ;
    }
    Monitor.Exit(mylock);


    //after
    L(o);
  }
  static void L(object oo)
  {
    int temp3 = (int)oo;

    switch (temp3)
    {
      case 1:
        M(oo);
        break;
      case 2:
        N(oo);
        break;
      case 4:
        O(oo);
        break;
      default:
        Debug.Assert(false, "fool3");
        break;
    }
  }
  static void M(object o)
  {
    // breaks here at the same time as N and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (cc < 3)
    {
      ;
    }
    //BP3 - 1 in M, 2 in N, 3 still in J, 4 in O, 5 in Q
    Debugger.Break();
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (true)
      Thread.Sleep(500); // for ever
  }
  static void N(object o)
  {
    // breaks here at the same time as M and Q
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
      ;
    }
    R(o);
  }
  static void O(object o)
  {
    Task t5 = Task.Factory.StartNew(P, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent);
    t5.Wait();
    R(o);
  }
  static void P()
  {
    Console.WriteLine("t5 runs " + Task.CurrentId.ToString());
    Q();
  }
  static void Q()
  {
    // breaks here at the same time as N and M
    Interlocked.Increment(ref cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
      ;
    }
    // task 5 dies here freeing task 4 (its parent)
    Console.WriteLine("t5 dies " + Task.CurrentId.ToString());
    waitFor5 = false;
  }
  static void R(object o)
  {
    if ((int)o == 2)
    {
      //wait for task5 to die
      while (waitFor5) { ;}


      int i;
      //spin up all procs
      for (i = 0; i < pcount - 4; i++)
      {
        Task t = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => { while (true);});
        Console.WriteLine("Started task " + t.Id.ToString());
      }

      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 1 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 2 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 3 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, i + 4 + 5, TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled
      Task.Factory.StartNew(T, (i + 5 + 5).ToString(), TaskCreationOptions.AttachedToParent); //scheduled

      //BP4 - 1 in M, 2 in R, 3 in J, 4 in R, 5 died
      Debugger.Break();
    }
    else
    {
      Debug.Assert((int)o == 4);
      t3.Wait();
    }
  }
  static void T(object o)
  {
    Console.WriteLine("Scheduled run " + Task.CurrentId.ToString());
  }
  static Task t1, t2, t3, t4;
  static int aa = 0;
  static int bb = 0;
  static int cc = 0;
  static bool waitFor1 = true;
  static bool waitFor5 = true;
  static int pcount;
  static S mylock = new S();
}

Visual C++

#include "stdafx.h"
#include <windows.h>
#include <iostream>
#include <ppl.h>
#include <agents.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <concrtrm.h>
#include <vector>

CRITICAL_SECTION cs;

using namespace ::std;
using namespace ::std::tr1;
using namespace ::Concurrency;
task_group task4;
task_group task3;
task_group task2;

volatile long aa = 0;
volatile long bb = 0;
volatile long cc = 0;
static bool waitFor1 = true;
static bool waitFor5 = true;

#pragma optimize("", off)
void Spin()
{
    for(int i=0;i<50*50000;++i);
}
#pragma optimize("",on)

template<class Func>
class RunFunc
{
    Func& m_Func;
    int m_o;
public:
    RunFunc(Func func,int o):m_Func(func),m_o(o){

    };
    void operator()()const{
        m_Func(m_o);
    };
};

void T(int o)
{
    cout << "Scheduled run \n";

};

void R(int o)
{
    if (o == 2)
    {
        while (waitFor5) { ;}
        Spin();

        //use up all processors but 4 by scheduling 4 non-terminating tasks.
        int numProcsToBurn = GetProcessorCount() - 4;
        int i;
        vector<call<int>*> tasks;
        for (i = 0; i <  numProcsToBurn; i++)
        {
            tasks.push_back(new call<int>([](int i){while(true)Spin();}));
            asend(tasks[i],1);
            cout << "Started task  \n";
        }

        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t6(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 1 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t7(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 2 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t8(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 3 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t9(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 4 + 5));
        task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(T)>> t10(RunFunc<decltype(T)>(T,i + 5 + 5));
        task2.run(t6);
        task2.run(t7);
        task2.run(t8);
        task2.run(t9);
        task2.run(t10);
    
        //BP4 - 1 in M, 2 in R, 3 in J, 4 in R, 5 died    
        DebugBreak();
    }
    else
    {
        if (o!=4)
            throw;

        task3.wait();        
    }
};

void Q()
{
    // breaks here at the same time as N and M
    InterlockedIncrement(& cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
        ;
    }
    // task 5 dies here freeing task 4 (its parent)
    cout << "t5 dies\n";
    waitFor5 = false;
};

void P()
{
    cout << "t5 runs\n";
    Q();
};

void O(int o)
{    
    task_group t5;
    t5.run(&P);
    t5.wait();
    R(o);
};

void N(int o)
{
    // breaks here at the same time as M and Q
    InterlockedIncrement(&cc);
    while (cc < 4)
    {
        ;
    }
    R(o);
};

void M(int o)
{
    // breaks here at the same time as N and Q
    InterlockedIncrement(&cc);
    while (cc < 3)
    {
        ;
    }
    //BP3 - 1 in M, 2 in N, 3 still in J, 4 in O, 5 in Q
    DebugBreak();
    InterlockedIncrement(&cc);
    while (true)
        Sleep(500); // for ever
};

void L(int oo)
{
    int temp3 = oo;

    switch (temp3)
    {
    case 1:
        M(oo);
        break;
    case 2:
        N(oo);
        break;
    case 4:
        O(oo);
        break;
    default:
        throw; //fool3
        break;
    }
}
void K(int o)
{
    // break here at the same time as E and H
    InterlockedIncrement(&bb);
    EnterCriticalSection(&cs);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
        ;
    }
    LeaveCriticalSection(&cs);
    Spin();

    //after
    L(o);
}
void J(int o)
{
    int temp2 = o;

    switch (temp2)
    {
    case 3:
        task4.wait();
        break;
    case 4:
        K(o);
        break;
    default:
        throw; //fool2
        break;
    }
}
static void I(int o)
{
    J(o);
}
static void H(int o)
{
    // break here at the same time as E and K
    InterlockedIncrement(&bb);
    EnterCriticalSection(&cs);
    while (bb < 3)
    {
        ;
    }
    LeaveCriticalSection(&cs);
    Spin();

    //after
    L(o);
}
static void G(int o)
{
    H(o);
}
static void F(int o)
{
    G(o);
}

static void E(int o)
{
    // break here at the same time as H and K
    while (bb < 2)
    {
        ;
    }
    //BP2 - 1 in E, 2 in H, 3 in J, 4 in K    
    Spin(); // for native case only
    DebugBreak();
    InterlockedIncrement(&bb);

    //after
    L(o);

}

static void D(int o)
{
    E(o);
}

static void C(int o)
{
    int temp = o;

    InterlockedIncrement(&aa);
    while (aa < 4)
    {
        ;
    }

    if (temp == 1)
    {
        // BP1 - all tasks in C    
        DebugBreak();
        waitFor1 = false;
    }
    else
    {
        while (waitFor1)
        {
            ;
        }
    }
    switch (temp)
    {
    case 1:
        D(o);
        break;
    case 2:
        F(o);
        break;
    case 3:
    case 4:
        I(o);
        break;
    default:
        throw; //fool
        break;
    }
}
static void B(int o)
{
    C(o);
}

void A(int o)
{
    B(o);
}
int main()
{
    InitializeCriticalSection(&cs);

    task_group tasks;
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t1(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,1));
    tasks.run(t1);
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t2(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,2));
    task2.run(t2);
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t3(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,3));
    task3.run(t3);
    task_handle<RunFunc<decltype(A)>> t4(RunFunc<decltype(A)>(A,4));
    task4.run(t4);
    
    getchar();
    return 1;
}

在“文件”菜单上，单击“全部保存”。
在“生成”菜单上，单击“重新生成解决方案”。

请注意，有四个对 Debugger.Break（在 C++ 示例中为 DebugBreak）的调用。因此，您无需插入断点；您只需运行应用程序即可使其四次中断调试器。

使用“并行堆栈”窗口：“线程”视图

在 “调试”菜单上，单击 “启动调试”。等待命中第一个断点。

查看一个线程的调用堆栈

在“调试”菜单上指向“窗口”，再单击“线程”。将“线程”窗口停靠在 Visual Studio 底部。
在“调试”菜单上指向“窗口”，然后单击“调用堆栈”。将“调用堆栈”窗口停靠在 Visual Studio 底部。
在“线程”窗口中双击线程，使其作为当前线程。当前线程具有一个黄色箭头。更改当前线程时，将在“调用堆栈”窗口中显示其调用堆栈。

查看“并行堆栈”窗口

在“调试”菜单上指向“窗口”，然后单击“并行堆栈”。在左上角的框中，确保选择“线程”。

使用“并行堆栈”窗口可以在一个视图中同时查看多个调用堆栈。以下图示在“调用堆栈”窗口上方显示“并行堆栈”窗口。

主线程的调用堆栈显示在一个框中，其他四个线程的调用堆栈则划分到另一个框中。将这四个线程划分在一起是因为其堆栈帧共享相同的方法上下文；也就是说，它们处于相同的方法中：A、B和C。若要查看处于同一框中的线程的线程 ID 和名称，请将鼠标指针悬停在标题（“4 个线程”）上。当前线程显示为粗体，如下图所示。

黄色箭头指示当前线程的活动堆栈帧。若要获取更多信息，请将鼠标指针悬停在堆栈帧上。

通过右击“调用堆栈”窗口，可以设置要显示堆栈帧的多少细节（“模块名称”、“参数类型”、“参数名称”、“参数值”、“行号”和“字节偏移量”）。

方框周围的蓝色突出显示指示当前线程是该框的一部分。工具提示中的粗体堆栈帧也可指示当前线程。如果双击“线程”窗口中的主线程，您可以看到“并行堆栈”窗口中的蓝色突出显示将相应移动。

继续执行到第二个断点

若要继续执行到命中第二个断点，请在“调试”菜单上，单击“继续”。下图所示为第二个断点处的线程树。

在第一个断点处，所有四个线程均从 S.A 执行到 S.B 再到 S.C 方法。该信息仍会显示在“并行堆栈”窗口中，但是这四个线程已进一步执行。其中一个线程继续执行到 S.D 再到 S.E。另一个线程继续执行到 S.F、S.G 和 S.H。其余两个线程继续执行到 S.I 和 S.J，其中一个线程从此方法执行到 S.K，而另一个线程继续执行到非用户外部代码。

您可以将鼠标指针悬停在框标题（例如，“1 个线程”或“2 个线程”）上，以查看线程的线程 ID。将鼠标指针悬停在堆栈帧上可以查看线程 ID 和其他帧详细信息。蓝色突出显示指示当前线程，黄色箭头指示当前线程的活动堆栈帧。

细线图标（重叠的蓝色和红色波浪线）指示非当前线程的活动堆栈帧。在“调用堆栈”窗口中，双击 S.B 可以切换帧。 “并行堆栈”窗口通过使用绿色的曲线箭头图标指示当前线程的当前堆栈帧。

在“线程”窗口中进行线程切换时，“并行堆栈”窗口中的视图将相应更新。

在“并行堆栈”窗口中使用快捷菜单可以切换到其他线程或其他线程的其他帧。例如，右击 S.J，指向“切换到帧”，然后单击某一命令。

右击 S.C，指向“切换到帧”。其中一个带有选中标记的命令指示当前线程的堆栈帧。您可以切换到相同线程的上述帧（将仅移动绿色箭头），也可以切换到其他线程（将同时移动蓝色突出显示）。下图所示为子菜单。

当方法上下文只与一个堆栈帧关联时，框标题将显示“1 个线程”，双击它即可切换到该线程。如果双击关联有一个以上的帧的方法上下文，则会自动弹出该菜单。将鼠标指针悬停在方法上下文上时，请注意右侧的黑色三角形。单击该三角形也可以显示该快捷菜单。

对于具有多个线程的大型应用程序，您可能只希望关注某个线程子集。 “并行堆栈”窗口可仅显示已标记线程的调用堆栈。在工具栏上，单击列表框旁边的“仅显示已标记项”按钮。

接着，在“线程”窗口中依次标记线程，以查看其调用堆栈在“并行堆栈”窗口中的显示方式。若要标记线程，请使用快捷菜单或线程的第一个单元格。再次单击“仅显示已标记项”工具栏按钮可以显示所有线程。

继续执行到第三个断点

若要继续执行到命中第三个断点，请在“调试”菜单上，单击“继续”。

如果有多个线程位于同一方法中，但该方法不在调用堆栈开头，则会在不同框中显示该方法。当前断点处的一个示例是 S.L，它包含三个线程并在三个框中显示这三个线程。双击 S.L。

请注意，S.L 在其他两个框中为粗体，这样您可以看到 S.L 的其他显示位置。如果您希望查看对 S.L 进行调用的帧和 S.L 所调用的帧，请单击工具栏上的“切换方法视图”按钮。下图所示为“并行堆栈”窗口的方法视图。

请注意以上关系图以所选方法为中心并将其单独放在视图中间的方框中。被调用方和调用方分别显示在顶部和底部。再次单击“切换方法视图”按钮可以退出该模式。

“并行堆栈”窗口的快捷菜单还包括以下其他项。
- “十六进制显示”，用于在十进制和十六进制之间切换工具提示中的数字。
- “符号加载信息”和“符号设置”，用于打开各自的对话框。
- “转到源代码”和“转到反汇编”，用于在编辑器中定位到选定方法。
- “显示外部代码”，用于显示所有帧（即使这些帧未处于用户代码中）。使用此项可查看展开的关系图，其中包含其他帧（这些帧可能因没有相应符号而灰显）。
如果关系图较大，当单步执行到下一断点时，您可能希望视图自动滚动到当前线程的活动堆栈帧；即第一个命中该断点的线程。在“并行堆栈”窗口中，确保已启用工具栏上的“自动滚动到当前堆栈帧”按钮。
继续之前，请在“并行堆栈”窗口中一直滚动到左侧和底部。

继续执行到第四个断点

若要继续执行到命中第四个断点，请在“调试”菜单上，单击“继续”。

请注意视图如何自动滚动到位。在“线程”窗口中切换线程或在“调用堆栈”窗口中切换堆栈帧，请注意视图如何一直自动滚动到正确的帧。禁用“自动滚动到当前工具帧”选项并查看不同之处。

“鸟瞰图”还有助于在“并行堆栈”窗口中处理大型关系图。通过单击窗口右下角滚动条之间的按钮可以查看“鸟瞰图”，如下图所示。

移动矩形可以快速移动到关系图的任何位置。

朝任意方向移动此关系图的另一种方法是：单击此关系图的空白区域并将其拖动到所需位置。

若要放大和缩小此关系图，请按住 Ctrl 并移动鼠标滚轮。或者，也可以单击工具栏上的“缩放”按钮并使用缩放工具。

通过单击“工具”菜单和“选项”，并选中或清除“调试”节点下的相应选项，您还可以按从上到下（而不是从下到上）的方向查看堆栈。
继续之前，请在“调试”菜单上，单击“停止调试”以结束执行。

使用“并行任务”窗口和“并行堆栈”窗口的任务视图

继续之前，建议您先完成前面的过程。

重新启动应用程序，直到命中第一个断点

在“调试”菜单上，单击“启动调试”并等待命中第一个断点。
在“调试”菜单上指向“窗口”，再单击“线程”。将“线程”窗口停靠在 Visual Studio 底部。
在“调试”菜单上指向“窗口”，然后单击“调用堆栈”。将“调用堆栈”窗口停靠在 Visual Studio 底部。
在“线程”窗口中双击线程，以将其作为当前线程。当前线程具有一个黄色箭头。更改当前线程时，将更新其他窗口。接着，我们将查看任务。
在“调试”菜单上指向“窗口”，然后单击“并行任务”。下图所示为“并行任务”窗口。

对于运行的每一项任务，您可以读取其 ID（由名称相同的属性返回）、运行该任务的线程的 ID 和名称以及任务位置（悬停以显示具有整个调用堆栈的工具提示）。此外，“任务”列下还会显示传递到任务中的方法，即起始点。

可以对任何列进行排序。请注意指示排序列和方向的排序标志符号。您还可以通过向左或向右拖动列来对列重新排序。

黄色箭头指示当前任务。通过双击某一任务或使用快捷菜单可以切换任务。切换任务时，基础线程即成为当前线程并更新其他窗口。

在不同任务之间进行手动切换时，黄色箭头将相应移动，而白色箭头仍显示导致调试器中断的任务。

继续执行到第二个断点

若要继续执行到命中第二个断点，请在“调试”菜单上，单击“继续”。

“状态”列以前将所有任务显示为正在运行，而现在有两个任务处于等待状态。任务可能因多种不同原因而被阻止。在“状态”列中，将鼠标指针悬停在正在等待的任务上可以确定其阻止原因。例如，在下图中，任务 3 正在等待任务 4。

任务 4 又在等待分配给任务 2 的线程所拥有的监视器。

单击“并行任务”窗口第一列中的标志可以对任务进行标记。

使用标记功能可以跟踪同一调试会话中的不同断点之间的任务或筛选“并行堆栈”窗口中显示的调用堆栈所对应的任务。

在先前使用“并行堆栈”窗口时，您已查看了应用程序线程。请再次查看“并行堆栈”窗口，但这次查看应用程序任务。请在左上方的框中选择“任务”来执行此操作。下图所示为任务视图。

当前未在执行任务的线程不会显示在“并行堆栈”窗口的任务视图中。此外，对于执行任务的线程，某些与任务无关的堆栈帧将从堆栈的顶部和底部筛选掉。

再次查看“并行任务”窗口。右击任何列标题可以查看该列的快捷菜单。

您可以使用此快捷菜单添加或移除列。例如，AppDomain 列未处于选中状态；因此，不会在列表中显示它。单击“父级”。此时将显示“父级”列，但不显示四个任务中任何任务的值。

继续执行到第三个断点

若要继续执行到命中第三个断点，请在“调试”菜单上，单击“继续”。

此时，新任务（即任务 5）正在运行，而任务 4 则处于等待状态。通过将鼠标指针悬停在“状态”窗口中正在等待的任务上，您可以查看其原因。在“父级”列中，请注意任务 4 是任务 5 的父级。

为了更直观地显示父子关系，请右击“父级”列标题，并单击“父子视图”。您应看到以下图示。

请注意，任务 4 和任务 5 正在同一线程上运行。此信息不会显示在“线程”窗口中；在此处显示此信息是“并行任务”窗口的另一优势。为确认这一点，请查看“并行堆栈”窗口。确保您正在查看“任务”。在“并行任务”窗口中双击任务 4 和任务 5，找到这两个任务。执行此操作时，将更新“并行堆栈”窗口中的蓝色突出显示。此外，您还可以通过扫描“并行堆栈”窗口上的工具提示来查找任务 4 和任务 5。

在“并行堆栈”窗口中右击 S.P，再单击“转至线程”。此时，窗口将切换到线程视图，并显示相应帧。您可以在同一线程上查看两个任务。

这是“并行堆栈”窗口中的任务视图的另一优势（相较于“线程”窗口而言）。

继续执行到第四个断点

若要继续执行到命中第三个断点，请在“调试”菜单上，单击“继续”。单击要按 ID 排序的“ID”列标题。您应看到以下图示。

由于任务 5 已完成，因此不再显示该任务。如果您的计算机上并非如此并且未显示死锁，请通过按 F11 单步执行一次。

此时，任务 3 和任务 4 正在相互等待，且处于死锁状态。此外，还存在 5 个作为任务 2 的子级的新任务，目前已计划这些任务。已计划任务是已在代码中启动但尚未运行的任务。因此，其“位置”和“线程分配”列为空。

再次查看“并行堆栈”窗口。每个框的标题都具有一个显示线程 ID 和名称的工具提示。在“并行堆栈”窗口中切换到任务视图。将鼠标指针悬停在标题上可以查看任务 ID 和名称以及任务状态，如下图所示。

可以按列对任务进行分组。在“并行任务”窗口中，右击“状态”列标题并单击“按状态分组”。下图所示为按状态分组的“并行任务”窗口。

此外，还可以按其他列进行分组。通过对任务进行分组，您可以关注某个任务子集。每个可折叠的组都包含一个分组在一起的项的计数。也可以通过单击“折叠”按钮右侧的“标志”按钮来快速标记该组中的所有项。

要查看的最后一个“并行任务”窗口功能是在右击任务时所显示的快捷菜单。

快捷菜单根据任务状态显示不同的命令。这些命令可能包括“复制”、“全选”、“十六进制显示”、“切换到任务”、“冻结指定的线程”、“冻结此线程之外的全部线程”、“解冻指定的线程”和“标志”。

您可以冻结一个或多个任务的基础线程，也可以冻结除指定线程外的所有线程。冻结的线程在“并行任务”窗口中的表示方式与在“线程”窗口中相同，由蓝色的“暂停”图标指示。