就象任何有感知的生物一样,程序必须能操纵自己的世界,在执行过程中作出判断与选择。
Java的运算符
赋值运算符(=)
- //: Assignment.java
- package chapter03;
- class Number {
- int i;
- }
- public class Assignment {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Number n1 = new Number(); // Object1
- Number n2 = new Number(); // Object2
- n1.i = 9;
- n2.i = 47;
- System.out.println("1: n1.i: " + n1.i + " n2.i: " + n2.i);
- n1 = n2;
- // n1 = n2; Object1 句柄丢失
- // n1和n2同时为Object2的引用
- System.out.println("2: n1.i: " + n1.i + " n2.i: " + n2.i);
- n1.i = 27;
- // 对n1操作,就是对Object2操作
- System.out.println("3: n1.i: " + n1.i + " n2.i: " + n2.i);
- }
- }
- // 1: n1.i: 9 n2.i: 47
- // 2: n1.i: 47 n2.i: 47
- // 3: n1.i: 27 n2.i: 27
- package chapter03;
- class Letter {
- char c;
- }
- public class PassObject {
- static void f(Letter y) {
- y.c = 'z';
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- Letter x = new Letter();
- x.c = 'a';
- System.out.println("1: x.c: " + x.c);
- f(x);
- System.out.println("2: x.c: " + x.c);
- }
- }
- //1: x.c: a
- //2: x.c: z
算术运算符(+ - * / %)
- package chapter03;
- import java.util.Random;
- public class MathOps {
- // Create a short hand to save typing;
- static void prt(String s) {
- System.out.println(s);
- }
- // short hand to print a string and an int;
- static void pInt(String s, int i) {
- prt(s + " = " + i);
- }
- // short hand to print a string and a float;
- static void pFlt(String s, float f) {
- prt(s + " = " + f);
- }
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- int a = 3, b = 5;
- System.out.println("a * -b ="+ a*-b);
- // Create a random number generator,
- // seeds with current time by default;
- Random rand = new Random();
- int i, j, k;
- // '% limits maximum value to 99;
- j = rand.nextInt() % 100;
- k = rand.nextInt() % 100 +1;
- pInt("j",j);
- pInt("k",k);
- i = j + k; pInt("j + k", i);
- i = j - k; pInt("j - k", i);
- i = j / k; pInt("j / k", i);
- i = j * k; pInt("j * k", i);
- i = j % k; pInt("j % k", i);
- j %= k; pInt("j %= k", j);
- float u, v, w;
- v = rand.nextFloat();
- w = rand.nextFloat();
- pInt("j",j);
- pInt("k",k);
- u = v + w; pFlt("v + w", u);
- u = v - w; pFlt("v - w", u);
- u = v / w; pFlt("v / w", u);
- u = v * w; pFlt("v * w", u);
- }
- }
- /*
- a * -b =-15
- j = -52
- k = 82
- j + k = 30
- j - k = -134
- j / k = 0
- j * k = -4264
- j % k = -52
- j %= k = -52
- j = -52
- k = 82
- v + w = 0.4026932
- v - w = -0.09812552
- v / w = 0.6081396
- v * w = 0.0381333
- */
自动递增和递减(++ --)
注意:在输出的时候,++a 结果为a+1 a++ 为a 输出要判断先autoinc还是先进行输出。
- //: AutoInc.java
- package chapter03;
- public class AutoInc {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- int i = 1;
- prt("i : " + i);
- prt("++i: " + ++i); // Pre- i ncrem ent
- prt("i++: " + i++); // Post- i ncrem ent
- prt("i : " + i);
- prt("--i: " + --i); // Pre- decrem ent
- prt("i--: " + i--); // Post- decrem ent
- prt("i : " + i);
- }
- static void prt(String s) {
- System.out.println(s);
- }
- }
- /*
- i : 1
- ++i: 2
- i++: 2
- i : 3
- --i: 2
- i--: 2
- i : 1
- */
关系运算符:
==与equal的差别:equal比较两个类是否相同 ==比较内容是否相同
- package chapter03;
- class Value{
- int i;
- }
- public class EqualDemo {
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- test0();
- test1();
- test2();
- test3();
- }
- private static void test3() {
- Value v1 = new Value();
- Value v2 = new Value();
- v1.i = v2.i = 100;
- System.out.println("\n-test3-");
- System.out.println(v1.equals(v2));
- }
- private static void test2() {
- Integer n1 = new Integer(47);
- Integer n2 = new Integer(47);
- System.out.println("\n-test2-");
- System.out.println(n1.equals(n2));
- }
- private static void test1() {
- Integer n1 = 200;
- Integer n2 = 200;
- System.out.println("\n-test1-");
- System.out.println(n1 == n2);
- System.out.println(n1.equals(n2));
- }
- private static void test0() {
- Integer n1 = 1;
- Integer n2 = 1;
- System.out.println("-test0-");
- System.out.println(n1 == n2);
- System.out.println(n1.equals(n2));
- }
- }
- /*
- -test0-
- true
- true
- -test1-
- false
- true
- -test2-
- true
- -test3-
- false
- */
Integer装箱时的原理-128~127存放在cache数组中,如果装箱数字在这个范围内,不需要创建新的对象。否则要创建新的对象。
逻辑运算符 and && or|| not !
短路:在操作逻辑运算符时,执行一部分就可以得到运算结果,则不需要再执行后面的逻辑运算,叫做短路。
其他常用运算符:
三目(? : ) 逗号(,) 字符串连接(+) 强转(Cast)
Java没有sizeof:Java不需要sizeof()运算符来满足计算内存的需求,以为所有数据类型在所有机器上大小都是相同的。
Java的流程控制
Java中的流程控制和C语言的流程控制基本相同。
特别说明:Java中保留了goto关键字,但是在java中没有使用。