视图

视图

/*
含义：虚拟表，和普通表一样使用

MySQL 5.0.1版本出现的新特性，是通过表动态生成的数据

比如：舞蹈班和普通班级的对比，
      领导检查想看舞蹈班，各班临时紧急抽调，领导走了临时组的舞蹈班就散了

	   创建语法的关键字	是否实际占用物理空间	使用

视图	create view		只是保存了sql逻辑	增删改查，只是一般不能增删改

表	    create table		保存了数据		增删改查

特点：
	•重用sql语句
	•简化复杂的sql操作，不必知道它的查询细节
	•保护数据，提高安全性
*/

#案例：查询姓张的学生名和专业名

#没用视图
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`
WHERE s.`stuname` LIKE '张%';

#用了视图
CREATE VIEW v1
AS
SELECT stuname,majorname
FROM stuinfo s
INNER JOIN major m ON s.`majorid`= m.`id`;

SELECT * FROM v1 WHERE stuname LIKE '张%';

一、创建视图

/*
语法：
	create view 视图名
	as
	查询语句;
*/

USE myemployees;

1.查询姓名中包含a字符的员工名、部门名和工种信息

#①创建
CREATE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d ON e.department_id  = d.department_id
JOIN jobs j ON j.job_id  = e.job_id;

#②使用
SELECT * FROM myv1 WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';

2.查询各部门的平均工资级别

#①创建视图查看每个部门的平均工资
CREATE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

#②使用
SELECT * FROM myv2;

SELECT myv2.`ag`,g.grade_level
FROM myv2
JOIN job_grades g
ON myv2.`ag` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;

3.查询平均工资最低的部门信息

SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

4.查询平均工资最低的部门名和工资

CREATE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM myv2 ORDER BY ag LIMIT 1;

SELECT d.*,m.ag
FROM myv3 m
JOIN departments d
ON m.`department_id`=d.`department_id`;

二、视图的修改

方式一：

/*
语法：
	create or replace view  视图名
	as
	查询语句;
*/

SELECT * FROM myv3;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT AVG(salary),job_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY job_id;

方式二：

/*
语法：
	alter view 视图名
	as 
	查询语句;
*/

ALTER VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT * FROM employees;

三、删除视图

/*
语法：
	drop view 视图名,视图名,...;
*/

DROP VIEW myv1,myv2,myv3;

四、查看视图

DESC myv3;

SHOW CREATE VIEW myv3;

五、视图的更新

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪 #如果是annual salary要加 " "
FROM employees;

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT last_name,email
FROM employees;

SELECT * FROM myv1;
SELECT * FROM employees;  #对试图进行INSERT、UPDATE、DELETE 原始表也跟着插入、修改、删除

1.插入

INSERT INTO myv1 VALUES('张飞','zf@qq.com');

2.修改

UPDATE myv1 SET last_name = '张无忌' WHERE last_name='张飞';

3.删除

DELETE FROM myv1 WHERE last_name = '张无忌';

具备以下特点的视图不允许更新

①包含以下关键字的sql语句：分组函数、distinct、group by、having、union或者union all

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv1
AS
SELECT MAX(salary) m,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv1;

#更新
UPDATE myv1 SET m=9000 WHERE department_id=10; #失败

②常量视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv2
AS
SELECT 'john' NAME;

SELECT * FROM myv2;

#更新
UPDATE myv2 SET NAME='lucy'; #失败

③Select中包含子查询

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv3
AS
SELECT department_id,(SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees) 最高工资
FROM departments;

SELECT * FROM myv3;

#更新
UPDATE myv3 SET 最高工资=100000; #失败

④join

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv4
AS
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees e
JOIN departments d
ON e.department_id  = d.department_id;

SELECT * FROM myv4;

#更新
UPDATE myv4 SET last_name  = '张飞' WHERE last_name='Whalen'; #成功
INSERT INTO myv4 VALUES('陈真','xxxx'); #失败

⑤from一个不能更新的视图

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv5
AS
SELECT * FROM myv3;

SELECT * FROM myv5;

#更新
UPDATE myv5 SET 最高工资=10000 WHERE department_id=60; #失败

⑥where子句的子查询引用了from子句中的表

CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW myv6
AS
SELECT last_name,email,salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id IN(
	SELECT  manager_id
	FROM employees
	WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
);

SELECT * FROM myv6;

#更新
UPDATE myv6 SET salary=10000 WHERE last_name = 'k_ing'; #失败