消息中间件-RabbitMQ

消息队列应用场景

消息中间件概述

RabbitMQ 概念

一个客户端只与消息中间件建立一条链接（长连接），一条链接里面有多个channel（虚拟链接，复用一条TCP连接）

虚拟主机是rabbitmq为了隔离不同类型客户端出现的概念。我们在开发过程中可以一个客户端一个虚拟主机。即一个rabbitmq里面可以有多个虚拟主机

虚拟主机：多个交换机构成虚拟主机，主要目的是隔离客户端的消息。比如当前消息队列的生产者有java端和php端，为了隔离开我们可以划分出两个虚拟主机。虚拟主机互相隔离，一台虚拟主机出现问题，不会影响到别的虚拟主机

虚拟主机是按照路径来划分的。

流程：无论是生产者往mq发送消息，还是消费者接受mq的消息，都会建立一条连接，所有的数据都会在连接里面开辟信道来进行收发。收发的消息分成两部分，消息头和消息体。消息头就是消息的属性信息，消息体就是消息的真正内容，消息里面还需要定义发给那个交换机，那个虚拟主机，消息头里面最重要就是route-key。发消息时，消息会来到rabbitmq里面指定的虚拟主机中，然后到达指定的交换机。交换机通过消息里面的route-key和绑定的队列的路由键，决定将消息发送给与交换机绑定的哪些队列中。如果队列放入的消息，监听队列的消费者就会得到队列里面的数据。一个客户端建立一条长连接的好处有，mq能实时的知道那个消费端断线了，从而及时的将队列里面的数据保存起来（停止出队），防止消息丢失。

docker 安装rabbitmq

docker run -d \
-p 5671:5671 \
-p 5672:5672 \
-p 4369:4369 \
-p 25672:25672 \
-p 15671:15671 \
-p 15672:15672 \
--restart=always --name rabbitmq rabbitmq:3-management

默认账户密码是guest
4369， 25672 （Erlang发现&集群端口）
5672， 5671 （AMQP端口）
15672 （web管理后台端口）
61613， 61614 （STOMP协议端口）
1883， 8883 （MQTT协议端口）
https://www.rabbitmq.com/networking.html

RabbitMQ的运行机制

一个交换机可以绑定多个队列，一个队列可以绑定多个交换机。交换机决定要按照什么绑定关系路由给哪个消息队列。

交换机的类型：direct、fanout（扇出）、topic、headers。direct和headers 是点对点的实现、fanout和topic是发布订阅模式的实现。而header性能低下，现在都只用direct、fanout、topic这三种不同类型的交换机。

发消息是将消息发送给虚拟主机里面的交换机，消费消息是监听队列。

direct：直接类型交换机。按照路由键精确匹配到一个队列。

fanout：广播类型交换机。消息会发送给交换机下面绑定的所有队列，不管路由键。

topic：发布订阅模式交换机。可根据路由键进行模糊匹配。#匹配0个或多个单词，* 匹配一个单词。

注意：路由键是有单词组成的，单词之间使用 . 分割，这一点是理解topic模糊匹配的关键。

测试一下三种不同类型的exchange

导出的配置（是json文件，xxx.json 导入即可）

{
   "rabbit_version":"3.8.5","rabbitmq_version":"3.8.5","product_name":"RabbitMQ","product_version":"3.8.5","users":[{
   "name":"guest","password_hash":"VLq+EgZQzd1z32LOZ83Onxc/MFCJcoMPf4jynGCdC9Aqvc6B","hashing_algorithm":"rabbit_password_hashing_sha256","tags":"administrator"}],"vhosts":[{
   "name":"/"}],"permissions":[{
   "user":"guest","vhost":"/","configure":".*","write":".*","read":".*"}],"topic_permissions":[],"parameters":[],"global_parameters":[{
   "name":"cluster_name","value":"rabbit@7072bb66c978"},{
   "name":"internal_cluster_id","value":"rabbitmq-cluster-id-9wl1WHjPlMGESsZsgSTH_g"}],"policies":[],"queues":[{
   "name":"atguigu.news","vhost":"/","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"arguments":{
   "x-queue-type":"classic"}},{
   "name":"atguigu","vhost":"/","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"arguments":{
   "x-queue-type":"classic"}},{
   "name":"gulixueyuan.news","vhost":"/","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"arguments":{
   "x-queue-type":"classic"}},{
   "name":"atguigu.emps","vhost":"/","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"arguments":{
   "x-queue-type":"classic"}}],"exchanges":[{
   "name":"exchange.fanout","vhost":"/","type":"fanout","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"internal":false,"arguments":{
   }},{
   "name":"exchange.topic","vhost":"/","type":"topic","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"internal":false,"arguments":{
   }},{
   "name":"my.exchange.direct","vhost":"/","type":"direct","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"internal":false,"arguments":{
   }},{
   "name":"exchange.direct","vhost":"/","type":"direct","durable":true,"auto_delete":false,"internal":false,"arguments":{
   }}],"bindings":[{
   "source":"exchange.direct","vhost":"/","destination":"atguigu","destination_type":"queue","routing_key":"atguigu","arguments":{
   }},{
   "source":"exchange.direct","vhost":"/","destination":"atguigu.emps","destination_type":"queue","routing_key":"atguigu.emps","arguments":{
   }},{
   "source":"exchange.direct","vhost":"/","destination":"atguigu.news","destination_type":"queue","routing_key":"atguigu.news","arguments":{
   }},{
   "source":"exchange.direct","vhost":"/","destination":"gulixueyuan.news","destination_type":"queue","routing_key":"gulixueyuan.news","arguments":{
   }},{
   "source":"exchange.fanout","vhost":"/","destination":"atguigu","destination_type":"queue","routing_key":"atguigu","arguments":{
   }},{
   "source":"exchange.fanout","vhost":"/","destination":"atguigu.emps","destination_type":"queue","routing_key":"atguigu.emps","arguments":{
   }},{
   "source":"exchange.fanout","vhost":"/","destination":"atguigu.news","destination_type":"queue","routing_key":"atguigu.news","arguments":{
   }},{
   "source":"exchange.fanout","vhost":