@C Programming Topics
:c declarations
^Complex C Declarations
int i; i as an int
int *i; i as a pointer to an int
int **i; i is a pointer to a pointer to an int
int *(*i)(); i is a pointer to a function returning a
pointer to int
int *(*i[])(); i is an array of pointers to functions
returning pointers to an int
int *i[5]; i is an array of 5 pointers to int
int (*i)[5]; i is a pointer to an array of 5 ints
int *i(); i is a function returning a pointer to an int
int (*i)(); i is a pointer to a function returning int
int *(*(*i)())[5] i is a pointer to a function returning a
pointer to an array of 5 pointers to an int
:c errors (msc):msc errors
^Microsoft C Compiler Fatal Errors
C1000 unknown fatal error; contact Microsoft
C1001 internal compiler error; contact Microsoft
C1002 compiler out of heap space in C2.EXE
C1003 error count exceeded; stopping compilation
C1004 unexpected end-of-file found; disk full or unmatched #if
C1005 string too big for buffer
C1006 compiler intermediate file create/write error
C1007 invalid option on compiler command line
C1008 no source file specified
C1009 macros nested too deeply
C1010 macro expansion exceeded available space
C1011 macro definition too large
C1012 unmatched parenthesis in preprocessor directive
C1014 nesting of #include's exceed 10-level nesting limit
C1016 #ifdef & #ifndef directives expect an identifier
C1018 unexpected #elif; #elif without #if directive
C1019 unexpected #else; #else without #if directive
C1020 unexpected #endif; #endif without #if directive
C1021 invalid preprocessor command
C1022 expected #endif; #if directive not terminated by #endif
C1023 can't open specified source file
C1024 can't open specified include file
C1026 parser stack overflow; module too complex
C1027 DGROUP default data allocation exceeds 64K
C1028 modules far data segment allocation exceeds 64K (QC)
C1031 function calls nested too deeply
C1032 can't open object listing file
C1033 can't open assembly language output file
C1035 expression too complex; must be simplified
C1036 can't open source listing file
C1037 can't open object file
C1039 unrecoverable heap overflow in Pass 3 (post-optimizer)
C1040 unexpected EOF in source file; file disappeared
C1041 can't open intermediate file; no free file handles
C1042 can't open intermediate file; invalid TMP environment var
C1043 can't open intermediate file; unknown error
C1044 no disk space available for intermediate file
C1047 compiler option was specified too many times
C1048 unknown option specified
C1049 invalid numerical argument
C1050 code segment too large; within 36 bytes of 64K
C1052 #if/#ifdef nested too deeply; max of 32 levels
C1053 struct/union nested too deeply; max of 15
C1054 initializers nested too deeply; max from 10 to 15 levels
C1055 out of keys; file has too many symbols
C1056 out of macro expansion space; macro to large/complex
C1057 unexpected EOF in macro expansion or missing ')'
C1059 compiler has run out of near heap space
C1060 compiler has run out of far heap space
C1062 error writing preprocessor output file for /P option
C1063 compiler stack overflow; module too complex
C1064 identifier too long causing token to overflow internal buffer
C1068 can't open file specified file
C1069 file write error on specified file; disk space low
C1070 mismatched #if/#endif pair; missing #endif
C1071 unexpected EOF found in comment; missing end of comment
C1072 can't read indicated file
C1090 data allocation exceeds 64K on _based allocation
C1015 can't open include file (check name, searchpath and FILES=)
C1126 automatic allocation (local variable) exceeds size
C1127 segment redefinition; overwritten by specified segment
^Microsoft C Compiler Nonfatal Errors
C2015 too many characters in constant; escape sequence too large
C2016 missing closing single quotation mark on code line
C2017 illegal escape sequence; occurred outside of string
C2018 unknown character found in source file
C2019 expected preprocessor directive; # followed by non-directive
C2021 expected exponent value but found non-numeric character
C2022 octal value following '\' is too large for a single character
C2025 given identifier redefines enum, struct or union tag
C2026 given identifier already used as enum constant
C2027 given identifier refers to undefined enum, struct or union
C2028 struct/union member needs to be inside a struct/union
C2030 identifier used more than once in struct or union tag
C2031 function can't be use as struct or union member
C2033 bit field can't be declared as a pointer or use indirection
C2034 type of host bit field is too small for number of bits
C2035 given structure or union has undefined size
C2037 undefined struct or union identifier on left of -> or .
C2038 identifier is not a struct or union member
C2055 expected formal-parameter list instead of argument-type list
C2056 illegal expression; possibly from previous unreported problem
C2057 expected constant expression
C2058 expected integral constant expression
C2059 invalid token caused a syntax error
C2060 syntax error; EOF found before expected token
C2061 identifier caused syntax error
C2062 unexpected type
C2063 identifier is not a function but used as such
C2064 term does not evaluate to a function pointer
C2065 identifier not defined
C2066 illegal cast to function type
C2067 illegal cast to array type
C2068 illegal cast type used in expression
C2069 cast of void term to non-void is invalid
C2070 illegal sizeof operand; must be expression or type name
C2071 illegal storage class for identifier
C2072 attempt to initialize a function identifier
C2092 arrays of functions illegal; use array of ptrs to function
C2093 can't use address of auto variable as static initializer
C2094 label was undefined in function
C2095 void argument cannot be passed to function; (void *) may
C2096 struct & union comparison is illegal; compare members
C2097 illegal initialization
C2098 expected address as initialization expression
C2099 non-constant initializer
C2100 illegal indirection; * applied to a non-pointer value
C2101 address of operator '&' used on constant; requires lvalue
C2102 address of operator '&' requires lvalue
C2103 address of operator '&' can't be used on a register variable
C2104 address of operator '&' used on bit field not allowed
C2105 operator needs lvalue
C2106 left side of an operation must be lvalue
C2107 subscript applied to expression didn't evaluate to pointer
C2108 non-integral expression used as array subscript
C2109 subscript used on non-array variable
C2127 allocation for function parameters exceeds 32K
C2128 array crosses 2 segments & element size not power of 2
C2129 static function referenced was never defined
C2130 #line expected string containing file name; found other
C2131 more than one memory attribute applied to and identifier
C2132 syntax error : unexpected identifier
C2133 attempt to declare an unsized array as a local variable
C2134 struct or union too large; exceeded 64k
C2136 prototype must have a valid type for each variable
C2137 use of empty character constant '' is illegal
C2139 more than one type used in a variable declaration
C2140 argument can't be a function
C2141 enum constant value out of int range
C2143 expected 'token1' before 'token2' or missing ')', '}' or ';'
C2144 expected 'token' before 'type' or missing ')', '}' or ';'
C2145 expected 'token' before identifier or declaration missing ';'
C2146 expected 'token' before identifier
C2147 increment of index or array pointer with unknown base type
C2162 token following stringizing operator # isn't formal parameter
C2163 function in pragma not available as intrinsic function
C2164 intrinsic function not declared before use wit /Oi option
C2165 _pascal, _cdecl, _???? keywords can't modify pointers to data
C2166 attempt to modify item declared as const; lvalue is constant
C2167 too many parameters in call to an intrinsic function
C2168 too few parameters in call to an intrinsic function
C2169 function definition for function already declared intrinsic
C2170 intrinsic pragma used for function without intrinsic form
C2171 unary operator used on illegal operand type
C2172 non-pointer argument passed to a function expecting pointer
C2173 non-pointer argument passed to a function expecting pointer
C2174 cant pass parameter with void type to function
C2176 static huge data not supported by /qc; use halloc()
C2177 constant too large for data type
C2178 storage class for same_seg pragma variables must be extern
C2179 same_seg pragma variable class has changed from extern
C2207 middle member of struct/union has zero-sized array
C2208 enum, struct or union defined w/o members using /Za option
C2209 type cast used in _based construct must be (_segment)
C2210 base in _based declarator must be near/far data pointer
C2211 item cast in _based declarator can't be a function
C2212 _based not available for functions or pointers to functions
C2213 symbol used as base must be type _segment, near far pointer
C2214 _based pointer based on void can't be de-referenced; use :>
C2215 :> operator only for objects based on void
C2216 given function attributes are incompatible
C2217 function attribute requires another attributes also
C2218 type in _based construct must be void
C2219 const/volatile appeared where type or qualifier not allowed
C2220 no object file generated; warning treated as error due to /WX
C2221 left operand of '.' is pointer to struct/union, must use '->'
C2222 left operand of '->' is struct or union, must use '.'
C2223 left operand of '->' must be pointer struct or union
C2411 identifier is not a member of the specified struct or union
C2412 identifier redefined within current function
C2413 alignment size used with ALIGN directive missing or invalid
C2414 illegal number of operands in assembly code; see /G1 & /G2
C2415 improper operand type
C2416 illegal opcode for processor in assembly code; see /G1 & /G2
C2417 divisor used within the given context is zero
C2418 in-line asm identifier referenced as register and isn't
C2419 divisor argument to mod is zero in given context
C2420 given identifier is illegal in this context
C2421 PTR must not be used with register operand in this context
C2422 illegal segment override used in given context
C2424 given token used to form improper expression in this context
C2425 token used fto form non-constant expression in this context
C2426 given token is illegal operator in this context
C2427 jump referencing label is out of range
C2429 FAR PTR can't be use on jmp or call to label
^Microsoft C Command-Line Errors
D2000 unknown CL command line error; contact Microsoft
D2001 too many symbols predefined with /D; max is 30
D2002 memory-model specification conflict; only 1 allowed
D2003 missing source file name for CL command
D2008 option specified too many times
D2011 more than one /FP option specified; only 1 allowed
D2012 too many linker flags in command; max of 128 flags/files
D2013 incomplete model specification in /A:
D2018 can't open linker response file
D2019 can't overwrite source with object file; output = input
D2020 /Gc requires extended keywords be enabled via /Ze
D2021 invalid numerical argument; numeric args must be < 65534
D2022 can't open help file for /HELP
D2027 CL could not execute one of the compiler components
D2028 too many open files; can't dup/redirect specified stream
D2030 internal compiler component error; contact Microsoft
D2031 too many flags/files in command; max of 128 arguments to CL
^Microsoft C Command-Line Warning
D4000 unknown command line warning in CL; contact Microsoft
D4001 listing overrides assembly output; /Fc and /Fa used together
D4002 unknown flag ignored by CL command
D4003 multiple processors selected for code generation
D4005 CL could not locate compiler component
D4007 /C must be used in conjunction with /P or /E or /EP
D4009 threshold valid for far/huge data models only; /Gt ignored
D4011 preprocessor listing specified; source listing not generated
D4012 function prototyping specified; source listing not generated
D4013 combined listing /Fc overrides object listing /Fl
D4014 invalid value for option; default value used
D4018 .DEF files supported in OS/2 only (/Lr /Lc)
D4019 string too long for /ND, /NT, /NM, /St, /Ss option of CL
^Microsoft Link Errors (incomplete list)
L2002 fixup overflow (probably incompatible memory models .OBJs)
^Microsoft C Floating-Point Math Errors
M6101 invalid operation occurred; usually NAN or infinity problem
M6102 denormal; significance loss with very small generated number
M6103 attempt to divide by zero in floating-point operation
M6104 overflow in floating-point operation
M6105 underflow occurred in floating-point operation
M6106 inexact; loss of precision occurred in FP operation
M6107 unemulated/unsupported 8087/287/387 instruction executed
M6108 square root operand somehow became negative; C won't allow
M6110 coprocessor or emulator stack overflow
M6111 stack underflow due to unretrieved double return values
^Microsoft C Run-Time Errors
R6000 stack overflow; stack needs enlarged or problem program
R6001 null pointer assignment, NULL segment modified
R6002 floating-point support not linked into executable
R6005 not enough memory to load child process (EXEC)
R6006 target executable is not a valid executable (EXEC)
R6007 invalid environment on exec of child process (EXEC)
R6008 not enough space for argument vector after program loads
R6009 not enough space for environment after program loads
R6010 abnormal program termination
R6012 illegal null near-pointer use
R6013 illegal out of range far-pointer use
R6016 not enough space for thread data
R6017 unexpected multithread lock error
:cl:msc options
^Microsoft C Options (v6.0)
%CL [options] [filenames] [libraries link-options]
/AT Tiny Memory Model; combined code and data limited to 64K
/AS Small Memory Model; code and data limited to 64K each
/AM Medium Memory Model; data is limited to 64K
/AC Compact Memory Model; code is limited to 64K
/AL Large Memory Model; unlimited code and data but arrays
are limited to 64K
/AH Huge Memory Model; unlimited code, data and array size
/Astring where string is compose of the following:
% Code Pointer Control
s all code pointers are near
l all code pointers are far
% Data Pointer Control
n all data pointers are near
f all data pointer are far
h all data pointers are huge
% Segment Setup Control
d stack segment (SS) defaults to data segment (DS)
u stack segment (SS) is not equal to data segment (DS);
DS is loaded on function entry
w stack segment (SS) is not equal to data segment (DS);
DS is NOT loaded on function entry
/B1[path] used to invoke the large version of the compiler C1L.EXE;
normally used when the compiler runs out of heap space
/B2 invokes large compiler version pass 2
/B3 invokes large compiler version pass 3
/C preserves file comments when preprocessing a file
/c do not link, create .OBJ file only
/D<string> defines string as a preprocessor constant. If string is
of the form "ID=xxx" then "ID" represents the value "xxx"
If no equals sign is present, "ID" has the value 0. If
an equals sign is present without a value, ID has the
value 1.
/E output from preprocessor is written to stdout with
interspersed #line directives.
/EP output from preprocessor is written to stdout without,
adding #line directives.
/F<size> sets stack to <size> bytes. Size must be hexadecimal.
/Fa[file] generate assembly listing. Filename defaults to source
file with .ASM extension.
/Fb<file> creates bound executable. Should be used only with /Lp.
/Fc[file] generates combined assembly/source listing. The filename
defaults to the source file name with the .COD extension.
/Fe<file> creates the executable with specified name
/Fl[file] generates object code listing. Default file name is the
source file name with a .COD extension.
/Fm[file] generate a link MAP file. Default file name is the source
file name with the extension .MAP.
/Fo<file> generate and object file using the name <file>.
/FPa generates floating point calls and selects the alternate
math library.
/FPc generates floating point calls and selects the emulation
library.
/FPc87 generates floating point calls and selects the 80x87
library.
/FPi generates inline 80x87 instructions and selects the 80x87
library. Default floating point option.
/FPi87 generates floating point calls and selects the 80x87
library.
/Fr[file] generates a standard PWB Source Browser Database. The
default name is the source file with the .SBR extension.
/FR[file] generates a standard PWB Source Browser Database. The
default name is the source file with the .SBR extension.
/Fs generate a source file listing with .LST extension.
/Fx generate a cross reference listing with .CRF extension.
/G0 generate code using 8088/8086 instruction set
/G1 generate code using 80188/80186 instruction set
/G2 generate code using 80286 instruction set
/Gc generate code using FORTRAN/PASCAL calling and naming
conventions
/Gd generate code using standard C calling and naming
conventions (default)
/Ge generate code using stack checking routines (default)
/Gi incremental compile if used with /qc; only functions that
have changed are compiled; implies /Li option
/Gm strings are generated in the CONST segment
/Gr _fastcall functions are enabled. Parameters can be
passed via registers instead of on the stack
/Gs suppress generation of stack checking code
/Gt[num] places data items larger than "num" bytes into different
segments. The default value for "num is 256 bytes.
/Gw generate Windows functions entry/exit code
/GW generates more efficient Windows functions entry/exit
code. Use /Gw for callback routines.
/H<num> external name length restriction (default 31)
/HELP calls QuickHelp utility. /help is also valid.
/I<path> inserts <path> in front of current include search path
/J all chars should be unsigned (default is signed)
/Lc linker is to generate compatibility mode programs.
/Li[num] incremental link using ILINK instead of LINK. Results
in larger EXE size.
/Lp linker is to generate protected mode executable.
/Lr linker is to create real mode executable.
/link <info> passes library names in <info> to LINK
/MA<opt> passes <opt> to MASM if .ASM files found on command line
/MD creates Dynamic Link Library for OS/2; The same as:
/ALw /FPi /G2 /DDLL /DMT. No library search record is
defined
/ML links the C run-time library as part of the Dynamic Link
Library. The library search record is set to LLIBCDLL.LIB.
/MT enable multithread program support in OS/2
/ND<dseg> set data segment name to <dseg>
/NM<name> set module name to <name>
/nologo suppress sign-on banner display
/NT<name> set code segment name to <name>
/O[opts] where "opts" is a string containing the following:
a relax alias checking
c enable block level local common expressions
d disable all optimizations
e enable global register optimization
g enable global optimizations and global common
expressions
i enable generation of intrinsic functions
l enable loop optimization
n disable unsafe loop optimization (default)
p improve consistency in floating-point calculations
r disable inline returns from functions
s optimize for size
t optimize for speed (default)
w assume no aliasing except across function calls
x maximize optimization (/Ocegilt/Gs)
z enable maximum loop and global-register allocation
optimization
/P preprocess source generating .I intermediate file
/qc quick compile option. Incompatible with the following
options: /Fa /Fc /Fl /FPa /FPc /FPc87 /Fs /Gm /H /Ow /Zc
/Sl<wid> set listing file line width to <wid> (79-132, default 79)
/Sp<len> set page length (15-255, default 63)
/Ss<stitle> set source listing subtitle
/St<title> set source listing title
/Ta<file> <file> is to be treated as an assembler source file
regardless of the file extension
/Tc<file> <file> is to be treated as an C source file regardless
of the file extension
/u undefines all predefined indentifiers
/U<id> undefines <id> predefined indentifier
/V<ver> version string <ver> is copied to the .OBJ file
/w suppress compiler warnings (same as /W0)
/W0 suppress compiler warnings
/W<n> warning level (1..4) 1=fewer, 4=more warnings (default 1)
/WX all warnings should be treated as fatal
/X ignore standard places in include path search
/Za disables Microsoft language extensions insuring ANSI
code compatibility
/Zc pascal functions are to be case insensitive
/Zd generate line number information for debuggers
/Ze enable Microsoft C language extensions
/Zg generate function prototypes and display via stdout
without compiling.
/Zi generate symbolic debugging information
/Zl suppress library search record generation
/Zp1 structures are not to be packed (Turbo C default)
/Zp2 pack structure on word boundaries
/Zp4 pack structure on dword boundary
/Zr generate code to check null pointers and out of range
far pointers
/Zs<file> perform syntax check only
%Environment Variables
CL default input files and command line options
INCLUDE paths to search for include files (separated by ";")
LIB paths to search for library files (separated by ";")
LINK command line options for link
TMP path where temporary files are created
:c escape sequences
^C Escape Sequences
\a Bell
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n Line feed
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\' Single quote
\" Double quote
\\ Backslash
\0 NULL character
\7 Bell
\ddd Octal value
\xddd Hexadecimal value
:c operators:operator precedence
^C Operators
% Operation C Operator Associativity
Array [] ( 哪 )
Function () ( 哪 )
Member -> ( 哪 )
Member . ( 哪 )
Unary minus - ( 哪 )
Unary plus + ( 哪 )
Logical NOT ! ( 哪 )
Bitwise compliment ~ ( 哪 )
Address of & ( 哪 )
Indirection * ( 哪 )
Sizeof sizeof ( 哪 )
Increment ++ ( 哪 )
Decrement -- ( 哪 )
Cast (type) ( 哪 )
Multiplication * ( 哪 )
Division / ( 哪 )
Modulus % ( 哪 )
Addition + ( 哪 )
Subtraction - ( 哪 )
Shift right >> ( 哪 )
Shift left << ( 哪 )
Greater than > ( 哪 )
Greater or equal >= ( 哪 )
Less than < ( 哪 )
Less or equal <= ( 哪 )
Equal == ( 哪 )
Not equal != ( 哪 )
Bitwise AND & ( 哪 )
Bitwise XOR ^ ( 哪 )
Bitwise OR | ( 哪 )
Logical AND && ( 哪 )
Logical OR || ( 哪 )
Conditional ?: ( 哪 )
Simple assignment = ( 哪 )
Addition assignment += ( 哪 )
Subtraction assignment -= ( 哪 )
Multiplication assign *= ( 哪 )
Division assignment \= ( 哪 )
Modulus assignment %= ( 哪 )
Left shift assignment <<= ( 哪 )
Right shift assignment >>= ( 哪 )
Bitwise XOR assignment ^= ( 哪 )
Bitwise AND assignment &= ( 哪 )
Bitwise OR assignment |= ( 哪 )
Compliment assignment ~= ( 哪 )
Sequence operator , ( 哪 )
- all operations grouped together have the same precedence
:regs:byteregs:wordregs:sregs:regpack
^Register Structures for Turbo C and MS C
% Turbo C MS C
%struct WORDREGS struct WORDREGS
{ {
unsigned int ax; unsigned int ax;
unsigned int bx; unsigned int bx;
unsigned int cx; unsigned int cx;
unsigned int dx; unsigned int dx;
unsigned int si; unsigned int si;
unsigned int di; unsigned int di;
unsigned int cflag; unsigned int cflag;
unsigned int flags; };
};
%struct BYTEREGS
{
unsigned char al;
unsigned char ah;
unsigned char bl;
unsigned char bh; ? same as Turbo C
unsigned char cl;
unsigned char ch;
unsigned char dl;
unsigned char dh;
};
%union REGS
{
struct WORDREGS x; ? same as Turbo C
struct BYTEREGS h;
};
%struct SREGS
{
unsigned int es;
unsigned int cs; ? same as Turbo C
unsigned int ss;
unsigned int ds;
};
%struct REGPACK
{
unsigned r_ax;
unsigned r_bx;
unsigned r_cx;
unsigned r_dx;
unsigned r_bp; Turbo C only
unsigned r_si;
unsigned r_di;
unsigned r_ds;
unsigned r_es;
unsigned r_flags;
};
:abort
^void abort( void )
- prototype in stdlib.h & process.h
- terminates a process & calls exit(3)
:abs
^int abs( int n )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- returns the absolute value of int n
:absread
^TC: int absread( int drive, int count, int start, void *buffer )
- prototype in dos.h
- reads absolute logical disk sectors
- drive = (0=A:, 1=B:, 2=C:, ...)
- count = # of sectors to read
- start = beginning logical sector number
- buffer = address of buffer
- TC++ accounts for DOS 4.x+ long sector values while TC 2.0 and
earlier do not (see INT 25)
- returns 0 if OK; -1 on error; errno has DOS error number
- see INT 25
:abswrite
^TC: int abswrite( int drive, int sectors, int start, void *buffer )
- prototype in dos.h
- writes absolute logical disk sectors
- drive = (0=A:, 1=B:, 2=C:, ...)
- sectors = # of sectors to write
- start = beginning logical sector number
- buffer = address of buffer
- TC++ accounts for DOS 4.x+ long sector values while TC 2.0 and
earlier do not (see INT 25)
- returns 0 if OK; -1 on error; errno has DOS error number
- see INT 25
:access
^int access( const char *filename, int amode )
- prototype in io.h
- checks filename for existence & R/W access
- amode = 06 -- check for R/W permission
04 -- check for R
02 -- check for W
01 -- execute (ignored)
00 -- check if filename exists
- filename can be directory
- returns 0 if OK
-1 on error
errno = ENOENT if path or filename not found
errno = EACCES if permission denied
:acos
^double acos( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc cosine of x
- values must be in range -1 to 1
:alloca
^MSC: void *alloca( size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- allocates size bytes for the application stack
- memory is automatically freed upon exiting the calling function
- this function cannot be used as a parameter to another function
or stack corruption will occur
- the pointer returned CANNOT be passed as an argument to free()
since it isn't allocated from DOS
- see stackavail
:allocmem
^TC: int allocmem( unsigned size, unsigned *seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- allocates memory in size paragraphs, where seg is pointer to
a word containing segment address
- returns -1 if ok, else largest available memory in paragraphs
- MS C uses _dos_allocmem
- see INT 21,48
:asctime
^char *asctime( const struct tm *tm )
- prototype in time.h
- converts time in struct tm to 26-character ASCII string
- returns a pointer to the ASCII string
:asin
^double asin( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc sine of x
- values must be in range -1 to 1
:assert
^void assert( int test )
- prototype in assert.h
- if test fails, prints error message & aborts program
- test can be a condition
:atan
^double atan( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc tangent of x
:atan2
^double tan( double y, double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc tangent of x*2
- used instead of atan when the resulting angle is near
pi/2 or -pi/2
:atexit
^int atexit( void func )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- func is defined as void (*func)(void)
- calls func() before exiting to DOS
- up to 32 functions can be called (if 32 atexit calls registered)
- should be located in main & executed before anything else
- returns 0 if OK, else nonzero if no space to register function
:atof
^double atof( const char *s )
- prototype in math.h & stdlib.h
- converts ASCII string to double value
:atoi
^int atoi( const char *s )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts ASCII string to integer value
:atol
^long atol( const char *s )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts ASCII string to long value
:bdos
^int bdos( int dosfun, unsigned dosdx, unsigned dosal )
- prototype in dos.h
- make DOS system call for function dosfun, passing DX and AL
values via dosdx and dosal
- use only in small memory model
- unique to DOS
- returns value of AX set by system call
:bdosptr
^TC: int bdosptr( int dosfun, void *argument, unsigned dosal )
- prototype in dos.h
- make DOS system call for function dosfun, passing POINTER
to values via argument and passing AL via dosal
- use for small or large memory models
- returns value of AX set by system call, else -1 on failure
(where errno & _doserrno are then set)
:_bfree:_ffree:_nfree
% MSC: void _bfree( _segment seg, void _based(void) *block )
% MSC: void _ffree( void far *block )
% MSC: void _nfree( void near *block )
- prototype in malloc.h
- block = previously allocated buffer
- in large data memory models free() maps to _ffree()
- in small data memory models free() maps to _nfree()
- NULL pointer parameter is ignored
:_bios_disk
^MSC: unsigned _bios_disk(unsigned cmd,struct diskinfo_t *dskinfo)
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _DISK_RESET resets disk system (INT 13,0)
= _DISK_STATUS return disk status (INT 13,1)
= _DISK_READ read disk sectors (INT 13,2)
= _DISK_WRITE write disk sectors (INT 13,3)
= _DISK_VERIFY verify disk sectors (INT 13,4)
= _DISK_FORMAT format disk track (INT 13,5)
- dskinfo = pointer to structure containing disk information:
struct diskinfo_t
{
unsigned drive; /* physical drive number */
unsigned head; /* head number */
unsigned track; /* track number */
unsigned sector; /* sector number */
unsigned nsectors; /* sectors to deal with */
void _far *buffer; /* data buffer */
};
- returns status of operation (AX register, AH contains status)
- drive numbers represent physical drives (0 = A:, 1 = B:,
80h = drive 0, 81h = drive 1
- disk reads should be retried at least 3 times
- Turbo C uses biosdisk()
- see INT 13
:_bios_equiplist
^MSC: unsigned _bios_equiplist( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns flags found in BIOS data area at 40:10 & 40:11
- Turbo C uses biosequip()
- see INT 11
:_bios_keybrd
^MSC: int _bios_keybrd( int cmd )
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _KEYBRD_READ return next keystroke w/o echo (INT 16,0)
= _KEYBRD_READY test if key avail; 0=none (INT 16,1)
= _KEYBRD_SHIFTSTATUS return shift key status (INT 16,2)
= _NKEYBRD_READ return next keystroke w/o echo (INT 16,10)
= _NKEYBRD_READY test if key avail; 0=none (INT 16,11)
= _NKEYBRD_SHIFTSTATUS return shift key status (INT 16,12)
- AND returned value with 0x00FF to get ASCII value
- Ctrl-Break causes "while (!_bios_keybrd(_KEYBRD_READY))" to loop
infinitely since it places a zero in the keyboard queue
- _NKEYBRD_READ, _NKEYBRD_READY, _NKEYBRD_SHIFTSTATUS are available
on AT and newer machines only
- Turbo C uses bioskey()
- see INT 16
:_bios_memsize
^MSC: unsigned _bios_memsize( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns memory size in 1K blocks (16..640K)
- Turbo C uses biosmemory()
- see INT 12
:_bios_printer
%unsigned _bios_printer(unsigned cmd,unsigned port,unsigned data)
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _PRINTER_WRITE print character (INT 17,0)
= _PRINTER_INIT initialize printer port (INT 17,1)
= _PRINTER_STATUS read port status (INT 17,2)
- port = printer port; 0=LPT1, 1=LPT2
- data = value to write
- returns status of printer (INT 17, AX reg, AH contains status)
- Turbo C uses biosprint()
- see INT 17
:_bios_serialcom
^MSC: unsigned _bios_serialcom(unsigned cmd,unsigned port,unsigned fmt)
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _COM_INIT initialize port (INT 14,0)
= _COM_SEND send character (INT 14,1)
= _COM_RECEIVE read character from port (INT 14,2)
= _COM_STATUS get serial port status (INT 14,3)
- fmt = combination of the following:
_COM_CHR7 _COM_CHR8
_COM_STOP1 _COM_STOP2
_COM_NOPARITY _COM_EVENPARITY _COM_ODDPARITY
_COM_110 _COM_150 _COM_300
_COM_600 _COM_1200 _COM_2400
_COM_4800 _COM_9600
- returns status word (INT 14, AX reg, modem status in AL,
port status in AH)
- Turbo C uses bioscomm()
- see INT 14
:_bios_timeofday
^MSC: unsigned _bios_timeofday( unsigned cmd, long *timeval )
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _TIME_GETCLOCK get real time clock (INT 1A,0)
= _TIME_SETCLOCK set real time clock (INT 1A,1)
- returns current BIOS clock count
- Turbo C uses biostime()
- see INT 1A
:bioscom
^TC: int bioscom( int cmd, char byte, int port )
- prototype in bios.h
- RS232 communications
- cmd = 0 to set comm parms to value in byte
1 to send char in byte out on RS232 line
2 to receive char
3 to return current port status
- port = 0 for COM1
1 for COM2
2 for COM3
3 for COM4
- byte = bitwise OR of following bits
0x02 = 7 data bits 0x00 = 1 stop bit
0x03 = 8 data bits 0x04 = 2 stop bits
0x00 == no parity;
0x08 == odd parity;
0x18 == even parity
0x00 110 bps 0x20 150 bps
0x40 300 bps 0x60 600 bps
0x80 1200 bps 0xa0 2400 bps
0xc0 4800 bps 0xe0 9600 bps
- returns 16-bit integer, upper 8 bits are status & lower 8 bits
depending on cmd sent
- see INT 14 and subfunctions for more information
????????? low byte (AL) modem status
???????滥哪?delta clear to send
??????滥哪哪 delta data set ready
?????滥哪哪?trailing edge ring detector
????滥哪哪哪 delta receive line signal detect
???滥哪哪哪?clear to send
??滥哪哪哪哪 data set ready
?滥哪哪哪哪?ring indicator
滥哪哪哪哪哪 receive line signal detect
矲矱矰矯矪矨??? high byte (AH) line status
???????滥哪?data ready
??????滥哪哪 overrun error
?????滥哪哪?parity error
????滥哪哪哪 framing error
???滥哪哪哪?break detect
??滥哪哪哪哪 transmit holding register empty
?滥哪哪哪哪?transmit shift register empty
滥哪哪哪哪哪 time out
- MS C uses _bios_serialcomm()
:biosdisk
% TC: int biosdisk( int cmd, int drive, int head, int track,
% int sector, int nsects, void *buffer )
- prototype in bios.h
- issues interrupt 0x13 for BIOS disk operations
- drive = (0=A:, 1=2nd floppy, 0x80=drive 0, 0x81=drive 1
- cmd = 0 reset diskette system (hard disk drive reset)
1 return status of last disk operation, ignore parms
2 read nsects disk sectors, with starting sector
defined by head, track, & sector, reading 512 bytes
per sector into buffer
3 write nsects disk sectors, with starting sector
defined by head, track, & sector, writing 512 bytes
per sector from buffer
4 verify nsects disk sectors, with starting sector
defined by head, track, & sector
5 format a track defined by head & track, where buffer
points to a table of sector headers to be written
For XT or AT only:
6 - formats a track & sets bad sector flags
7 - formats drive beginning at specific track
8 - returns current drive parms in 1rst 4 bytes of buffer
9 - initializes drive-pair characteristics
10 - long read (4 extra bytes per sector for ECC)
11 - long write (4 extra bytes per sector for ECC)
12 - disk seek
13 - alternate disk reset
14 - reads sector buffer
15 - writes sector buffer
16 - tests if named drive is ready
17 - recalibrates drive
18 - controller ram diagnostic
19 - drive diagnostic
20 - controller internal diagnostic
- see (int 13) for more return codes and more information
- drive numbers represent physical drives (0 = A:, 1 = B:,
80h = drive 0, 81h = drive 1
- disk reads should be retried at least 3 times
- MS C uses _bios_disk()
:biosequip
^TC: int biosequip( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns integer showing equipment in system
- see (INT 11 or EQUIPMENT FLAGS) for bit meanings
- MS C uses _bios_equiplist()
:bioskey
^TC: int bioskey( int cmd )
- prototype in bios.h
- keyboard operations
- cmd = 0 return next keystroke w/o echo (INT 16,0)
= 1 test if key waiting; 0=none (INT 16,1)
= 2 return shift key status (see INT 16,2)
- AND returned value with 0x00FF to get ASCII value
- Ctrl-Break causes "while (!bioskey(1))" to loop infinitely since
it places a zero in the keyboard queue
- MS C uses _bios_keybrd()
- see also INT 16
:biosmemory
^TC: int biosmemory( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns BIOS size memory in 1K blocks
- see also INT 12
- MS C uses _bios_memsize()
:biosprint
^TC: int biosprint( int cmd, int byte, int port )
- prototype in bios.h
- outputs byte to port
- port = 0 (LPT1)
1 (LPT2), etc...
- cmd = 0 (print byte);
1 (init printer port);
2 (get LPT status)
- returns status of (values are or'd flags):
0x01 time out (cmd=0 means output error)
0x08 I/O error
0x10 selected
0x20 out of paper
0x40 acknowledge
0x80 not busy
- see INT 17h
- MS C uses _bios_printer()
:biostime
^TC: int biostime( int cmd, long newtime )
- prototype in bios.h
- reads or sets BIOS timer
- cmd = 0 returns current value of timer
1 sets timer to value of newtime
- MS C uses _bios_timeofday()
:_bmalloc:_fmalloc:_nmalloc
%MSC: void _based(void) *_bmalloc( _segment seg, size_t size )
%MSC: void far *_fmalloc( size_t size )
%MSC: void near *_nmalloc( size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- size = number of bytes to allocate
- seg = base segment value
- malloc() maps to _fmalloc or _nmalloc based on memory model
- _fmalloc allocates memory outside the default data segment if
possible
- returns pointer to allocated block or NULL on error; _bmalloc()
function returns _NULLOFF on error
- these functions will allocate a zero length block
:brk
^int brk( void *endds )
- prototype in alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- dynamically changes the amount of space allocated to the calling
programs data segment. Amount of allocated space increases as
the break value increases.
- returns 0 if OK
-1 with errno set to ENOMEM
:bsearch
%void *bsearch( void *key, void *base, int nelem, int width,
% int (*fcmp )())
- prototype in stdlib.h
- does binary search for items in a table which is
ALREADY sorted in ascending order
- base points to 0th element of table
- nelem contains number of entries in table
- width contains number of bytes in each entry
- key points to the search key
- fcmp() points to comparison routine, where key and elem are
passed to it as pointers. Function fcmp() returns:
integer < 0 if search key < elem;
integer = 0 if equal;
returns > 0 if search key > elem
- returns 0 if no match found, else address of first
entry that matches
:cabs
^double cabs( struct complex z )
- prototype in math.h
- returns absolute value of int n
:calloc
^void *calloc( unsigned count, unsigned sizeeach )
- prototype in stdlib.h & alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- allocates main memory
- see malloc
:ceil
^double ceil( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- rounds up x
:cgets
^char *cgets( char *s )
- prototype in conio.h
- reads string from console
- CR/LF combination is replaced by \0
- before calling, s[0] should be the max length of string to input
- on return, s[1] contains the actual string length
- returns pointer to s[2], the actual data input
:_chain_intr
^MSC: void _chain_intr( void (interrupt far *target)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- chains from one interrupt handler to another; sets up the
stack as if the interrupt was called directly by pushing the
flags and the original return address on the stack
- this function does not return to caller but returns to the
code where the interrupt occurred
- no corresponding function in Turbo C
:chdir
^int chdir( const char *path )
- prototype in dir.h
- changes current working directory to path.
- returns 0 if OK; else -1 with errno set to ENOENT
:_chmod
^TC: int _chmod( const char *filename, int func [,int attrib] )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- if func = 0, returns access mode of file
- if func = 1, sets access mode of file
- attrib can be one of the following:
Turbo C MSC
FA_RDONLY _A_RDONLY
FA_HIDDEN _A_HIDDEN
FA_SYSTEM _A_SYSTEM
- if func = 1,
returns 0 if OK
-1 with errno set to ENOENT or EACCES
- if func = 0, returns MSDOS attribute
:chmod
^int chmod( const char *filename, int permiss)
- prototype in io.h, also include stat.h
- changes access mode of file according to mask given by permiss,
where permiss is:
S_IWRITE
S_IREAD
S_IWRITE | S_IREAD
- returns 0 if OK
-1 with errno set to ENOENT or EACCES
:_clear87
^unsigned int _clear87( void )
- prototype in float.h
- clears 8087/80287 status word & other exceptions
- returns old status word
- see _status87
- for MSC also see _control87
:clearerr
^void clearerr( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- resets error indication
- see ferror()
:_clearscreen
^MSC: void far _clearscreen( short target )
- prototype in graph.h
- target = _GCLEARSCREEN clears screen
= _GVIEWPORT clears current viewport
= _GWINDOW clears current text window
- available in graphics mode only
- clears target area by filling with current background color
:clock
^MSC: clock_t clock( void )
- prototype in time.h
- returns elapsed processor time used by the calling process,
or -1 on error
:_close
^TC: int _close( int fd )
- prototype in io.h
- closes file fd where fd is file handle from _creat(), creat(),
creatnew(), creattemp(), dup(), dup2(), _open(), or open().
- use fdopen() to change file handle to file stream.
- does not write a CTL-Z to a text file on closing
- returns 0 if OK; -1 & errno=EBADF
- see INT 21,3E
- MS C uses _dos_close()
:close
^int close( int fd )
- prototype in io.h
- closes file fd where fd is file handle from _creat(), creat(),
creatnew(), creattemp(), dup(), dup2(), _open(), or open()
- use fdopen() to change file handle to file stream
- does not write a CTL-Z to a text file on closing
- returns 0 if OK; else -1 & errno may be set of EBADF
:_control87
^MSC: unsigned _control87( unsigned new, unsigned mask )
- prototype in float.h
- used to change floating point handling and exception masking
- new = contains corresponding bit values for any bit set in "mask"
to be moved into the coprocessor control word
- mask = zero; gets floating-point coprocessor control word
= non-zero; if any bit is set, the corresponding bit in
"new" is moved into the coprocessor control word
- returns floating-point coprocessor control word
- default control word is the logical OR of: IC_AFFINE, RC_NEAR,
PC_64, EM_DENORMAL, EM_UNDERFLOW, EM_INEXACT
%Control Word Mask and Bits
MCW_EM interrupt exception control
MCW_IC infinity control
MCW_RC rounding control
MCW_PC precision control
%Exception Masks
EM_INVALID invalid
EM_DENORMAL denormal
EM_ZERODIVIDE zero divide
EM_OVERFLOW overflow
EM_UNDERFLOW underflow
EM_INEXACT inexact (precision)
%Infinity Control
IC_AFFINE affine
IC_PROJECTIVE projective
%Rounding Control
RC_CHOP truncate
RC_UP round up
RC_DOWN round down
RC_NEAR near
%Precision Control
PC_24 24 bits precision
PC_53 53 bits precision
PC_64 64 bits precision
%User Status Word Bits
SW_INVALID invalid
SW_DENORMAL denormal
SW_ZERODIVIDE zero divide
SW_OVERFLOW overflow
SW_UNDERFLOW underflow
SW_INEXACT inexact precision
%Invalid Subconditions (if SW_INVALID)
SW_UNEMULATED unemulated instruction
SW_SQRTNEG square root of a neg number
SW_STACKOVERFLOW FP stack overflow
SW_STACKUNDERFLOW FP stack underflow
%Floating Point Errors
FPE_INVALID
FPE_DENORMAL
FPE_ZERODIVIDE
FPE_OVERFLOW
FPE_UNDERFLOW
FPE_INEXACT
FPE_UNEMULATED
FPE_SQRTNEG
FPE_STACKOVERFLOW
FPE_STACKUNDERFLOW
FPE_EXPLICITGEN
- see _clear87 _status87
:coreleft
% TC: unsigned coreleft( void )
% TC: unsigned long coreleft( void )
- prototype in alloc.h
- returns a measure of unused memory (see malloc())
- return value is int for models tiny, small, medium
return value is long for models compact, large, huge
- no corresponding function in MS C
:cos
^double cos( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns the cosine of angle x
- x must be in radians
:cosh
^double cosh( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns the hyperbolic cosine of angle x
- x must be in radians
:country
^TC: struct country *country(int cntrycode,struct country *cntryp)
- prototype in dos.h
- returns country-dependent information
:cprintf
^int cprintf( char *format [, argument,...] )
- prototype in conio.h
- sends formatted output to the console
- TC use either direct memory writes or BIOS calls depending on the
value of the external integer directvideo
- see PRINTF SPEC for format specifications
:cputs
^void cputs( char *s )
- prototype in conio.h
- writes string s to console
- TC: uses either direct memory writes or BIOS calls depending
on the value of the extern directvideo
:_creat
^TC: int _creat( const char *fname, int attr )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- creates new file (overwrites existing file) of filename with file
attribute attr, for both read/write
- attr can be a combination of the following
FA_RDONLY set read only attribute
FA_HIDDEN set hidden attribute
FA_SYSTEM set system attribute
- file is created in O_BINARY mode
- returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
- uses DOS function INT 21,3C
- MSC uses _dos_creat()
:creat
^int creat( const char *filename, int permis )
- prototype in io.h, also include stat.h
- creates new file (overwrites existing file) of filename
with access permission "permis" which is:
S_IWRITE
S_IREAD
S_IWRITE | S_IREAD
for permission to write, read or read/write.
- file is created set to _fmode (O_TEXT or O_BINARY)
:creatnew
%TC: int creatnew( const char *fname, int attr )
%MSC: unsigned creatnew( const char *fname, unsigned attr, int fd )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- creates new file filename with file attribute attr:
- attr consists of a combination of the following:
FA_RDONLY set read only attribute
FA_HIDDEN set hidden attribute
FA_SYSTEM set system attribute
- returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
- file is created set to _fmode (O_TEXT or O_BINARY)
- TC: returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
MSC: return 0 if ok, or DOS error code
:creattemp
^TC: int creattemp( char *filename, int attr )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- creates new file (overwrites existing file) of filename with file
attribute attrib, for both read/write
- attr consists of a combination of the following:
FA_RDONLY set read only attribute
FA_HIDDEN set hidden attribute
FA_SYSTEM set system attribute
- filename is a path name ending in a backslash (\); when file is
created, filename has a unique path name
- file is created set to _fmode (O_TEXT or O_BINARY)
- returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
:cscanf
^int cscanf( const char *format [,argument,...] )
- prototype in conio.h
- performs formatted input from console
- see SCANF and SCANF SPECS
:ctime
^char *ctime( const long *clock )
- prototype in time.h
- converts date and time to a string
- clock is a long integer (such as that returned by time())
- generates a 26-character string for date and time
- returns pointer to string
:ctrlbrk
^TC: void ctrlbrk( int (*fptr )(void) )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets a new control-break handler function pointed to by fptr
- if CNTL-C hit, then function pointed to by fptr is called
- use longjmp() to return to a given point in the program
:dieeetomsbin:dmsbintoieee:fieeetomsbin:fmsbintoieee
% MSC: int dieeetomsbin( double *srcdbl, double *dstdbl )
% MSC: int dmsbintoieee( double *srcdbl, double *dstdbl )
% MSC: int fieeetomsbin( float *srcflt, float *dstflt )
% MSC: int fmsbintoieee( float *srcflt, float *dstflt )
- prototype in math.h
dieeetomsbin() converts IEEE double to Microsoft double
dmsbintoieee() converts Microsoft double to IEEE double
fieeetomsbin() converts IEEE float to Microsoft float
fmsbintoieee() converts Microsoft float to IEEE float
- srcdbl and srcflt are pointers to source values
- dstdbl and dstflt are pointers to the destination
- returns 0 for success; 1 for failure (overflow)
:difftime
^double difftime( time_t time2, time_t time1 )
- prototype in time.h
- returns (time2-time1) difference in seconds (double)
:disable:_disable
% TC: void disable( void )
% MSC: void _disable( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- disables all interrupts except NMI via CLI instruction
:_displaycursor
^MSC: short far _displaycursor( short flag )
- prototype in graph.h
- flag = _GCURSORON turn cursor on
_GCURSOROFF turn cursor off
- cursor is normally turned off while in graphics mode; calling
this function determines whether cursor is displayed upon
exit from graphics mode
- returns previous value of cursor state flag
:div (c):ldiv
% MSC: struct _div_t div( int numer, int denom )
% MSC: struct _ldiv_t ldiv( long int numer, long int denom )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- divides numerator by denominator giving quotient and remainder
- returns div_t or ldiv_t structure of the form:
struct _div_t struct _ldiv_t
{ {
int quot; long quot;
int rem; long rem;
}; };
:_dos_allocmem
^MSC: unsigned _dos_allocmem( unsigned size, unsigned *seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- size = number of paragraphs to allocate
- seg = pointer to buffer to contain allocated segment value
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses allocmem()
- see INT 21,48
:_dos_close
^MSC: unsigned _dos_close( int handle )
- prototype in dos.h
- handle is standard DOS file handle attained through _dos_creat(),
_dos_creat(), _dos_creatnew(), _dos_open(), dup(), open()
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- does not write a CTL-Z to a text file on closing
- see INT 21,3E
:_dos_creat:_dos_creatnew
%MSC: unsigned _dos_creatnew(char *fname,unsigned attr,int *handle)
%MSC: unsigned _dos_creat(char *fname,unsigned attr,int *handle)
- prototype in dos.h
- fname = a valid DOS file name
- attr = DOS file attribute
= _A_RDONLY
= _A_HIDDEN
= _A_SYSTEM
= _A_ARCH
- handle = pointer to location to receive handle
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- if file sharing is installed, file is opened in compatibility mode
- see INT 21,3C INT 21,5B
:_dos_freemem
^MSC: unsigned _dos_freemem( unsigned seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- frees memory allocated via _dos_allocmem() or INT 21,49
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses freemem()
- see INT 21,49
:_dos_getdate
^MSC: void _dos_getdate( struct dosdate_t *date )
- prototype in dos.h
- date = pointer to structure to contain returned data of format:
struct dosdate_t
{
unsigned char day; /* 1-31 */
unsigned char month; /* 1-12 */
unsigned int year; /* 1980-2099 */
unsigned char dayofweek; /* 0-6 = Sun..Sat */
};
- Turbo C uses getdate()
- see INT 21,2A
:_dos_getdiskfree
%MSC: unsigned _dos_getdiskfree(unsigned drv,struct diskfree_t *spc)
- prototype in dos.h
- drive = 1 = A:, 2 = B:, 3 = C:, ...
- spc = structure to contains disk status information
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
struct diskfree_t
{
unsigned total_clusters; /* count of all disk clusters */
unsigned avail_clusters; /* free unallocated clusters */
unsigned sectors_per_cluster;
unsigned bytes_per_sector;
};
- Turbo C uses getdfree()
- see INT 21,36
:_dos_getdrive
^MSC: void _dos_getdrive( unsigned *drive )
- prototype in dos.h
- drive = pointer to buffer to receive drive number;
0 = A:, 1 = B:, ...
- Turbo C uses getdisk()
- see INT 21,19
:_dos_getfileattr
^MSC: unsigned _dos_getfileattr( char *path, unsigned *attr )
- prototype in dos.h
- path = any valid DOS file name
- attr = file attribute:
_A_NORMAL
_A_RDONLY
_A_HIDDEN
_A_SYSTEM
_A_VOLID
_A_SUBDIR
_A_ARCH
- returns zero on success; nonzero on failure
- no corresponding function in Turbo C
- see INT 21,43
:_dos_getftime
^MSC: unsigned _dos_getftime(int h,unsigned *date,unsigned *time)
- prototype in dos.h
- h = open file handle
- date = pointer to memory to receive file date
- time = pointer to memory to receive file time
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses getftime()
- see INT 21,57 _dos_setftime
:_dos_gettime
^MSC: void _dos_gettime( struct dostime_t *time )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns DOS time into "time"
struct dostime_t
{
unsigned char hour; /* 0-23 */
unsigned char minute; /* 0-59 */
unsigned char second; /* 0-59 */
unsigned char hsecond; /* hundreths of a second 0-99 */
};
- Turbo C uses gettime()
- see _dos_setttime
:_dos_getvect
^MSC: void (interrupt far *_dos_getvect( unsigned intnum ))()
- prototype in dos.h
- intnum = interrupt to get address of (0..255)
- returns far pointer to interrupt handler routine
- Turbo C uses getvect()
- see INT 21,35 _dos_setvect
:_dos_keep
^MSC: void _dos_keep( unsigned rc, unsigned size )
- prototype in dos.h
- rc = return code to pass to parent process
- size = number of paragraphs to remain resident
- Turbo C uses keep()
- see INT 21,31
:_dos_open
^MSC: unsigned _dos_open( char *fname, unsigned mode, int *handle )
- prototype in dos.h, fcntl.h (also include share.h)
- fname = valid DOS file name
- mode = file access permission (a logical or of the following)
= O_NOINHERIT file can't be inherited by child process
= O_RDONLY file is read only
= O_RDWR file is read/write
= O_WRONLY file is write only
= SH_COMPAT file sharing compatibility mode
= SH_DENYNONE file sharing deny neither read nor write
= SH_DENYRD file sharing deny read
= SH_DENYRW file sharing deny read/write
= SH_DENYWR file sharing deny write
- handle = pointer to memory to contain handle
- does not creat files, they must currently exist (see _dos_creat)
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses _open()
- see INT 21,3D _dos_close _dos_read _dos_write _dos_creat
:_dos_read
% MSC: unsigned _dos_read( int handle, void far *buffer,
% unsigned count, unsigned *nread )
- prototype in dos.h
- handle = opened file handle
- buffer = receives data read from file
- count = number of bytes to read
- nread = receives the number of bytes actually read
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses _open()
- see INT 21,3F _dos_open _dos_write _dos_close
:_dos_setblock
% MSC: unsigned _dos_setblock( unsigned size, unsigned seg,
% unsigned *maxsize )
- prototype in dos.h
- size = new block size
- seg = segment of DOS memory block to change
- maxsize = size of buffer actually allocated if size not available
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses setblock()
- see INT 21,4A _dos_allocmem _dos_freemem
:_dos_setdate
^MSC: unsigned _dos_setdate( struct dosdate_t *date )
- prototype in dos.h
- date = receives date information
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- sets DOS date via INT 21,2B
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- MS C uses _dos_setdate
- see INT 21,2B _dos_getdate
:_dos_setdrive
^MSC: void _dos_setdrive( unsigned drive, unsigned *count )
- prototype in dos.h
- drive = drive to set as default; 1 = A:, 2 = B:, ...
- count = receives simple count of total drives in system
- does not return error if invalid drive is requested, use
_dos_getdrive() to see if requested drive was set
- Turbo C uses setdisk()
- see INT 21,E _dos_getdrive
:_dos_setfileattr
^MSC: unsigned _dos_setfileattr( char *path, unsigned attr )
- prototype in dos.h
- path = valid DOS file name
- attr = file attribute (logical OR of the following):
= _A_ARCH
= _A_HIDDEN
= _A_NORMAL
= _A_RDONLY
= _A_SUBDIR
= _A_SYSTEM
= _A_VOLID
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- see INT 21,43 _dos_getfileattr
:_dos_setftime
^MSC: unsigned _dos_setftime(int handle,unsigned date,unsigned time)
- prototype in dos.h
- handle = opened file handle
- date = date to set last file write (see FILE ATTRIBUTES)
- time = time to set last file write (see FILE ATTRIBUTES)
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses setftime()
- see INT 21,57 _dos_getftime FILE ATTRIBUTES
:_dos_settime
^MSC: unsigned _dos_settime( struct dostime_t *time )
- prototype in dos.h
- time = structure containing new time values
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- sets MS-DOS time via INT 21,2D
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- Turbo C uses settime()
- see INT 21,2D _dos_gettime
:_dos_setvect
%MSC: void _dos_setvect( unsigned intnum,
% void (interrupt far *handler)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- intnum = interrupt vector to set (0..255)
- handler = new interrupt routine
- Turbo C uses setvect()
- see INT 21,25 _dos_getvect()
:_dos_write
% MSC: unsigned _dos_write( int handle, void far *buffer,
% unsigned count, unsigned *nbytes )
- prototype in dos.h
- handle = opened file handle
- buffer = buffer of data to write to file
- count = number of bytes to write
- nbytes = receives the number of bytes actually written
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses _write()
- see INT 21,40 _dos_open _dos_close _dos_read
:dosexterr
% TC: int dosexterr( struct DOSERR *errinfo )
% MSC: int dosexterr( struct DOSERROR *errinfo )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns extended error information (unique to MSDOS 3.0+)
- errinfo is pointer to DOSERR/DOSERROR structure (defined in dos.h)
- if 0 returned, previous DOS call did not result in error
- see also PERROR
:dostounix
^TC: long dostounix( struct date *dateptr, struct time *timeptr )
- prototype in dos.h
- converts date (as from getdate) and time (as from gettime)
into UNIX format
:dup
^int dup( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns a new file handle that duplicates the old handle
- returns -1 on error
:dup2
^int dup2( int oldhandle, int newhandle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns a new file handle that duplicates the old handle
equal to newhandle. If newhandle exists, the corresponding
file is closed.
- returns -1 on error
:ecvt
^char *ecvt( double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts a floating pt number to a string of ndigit digits,
returning pointer to that string
- decpt is position of decimal point (negative value means
to left of returned digits) and sign is 0 if positive,
else negative
:_ellipse:_ellipse_w:_elipse_wxy
%MSC: short _ellipse(short ctl,short x1,short y1,short x2,short y2)
%MSC: short _ellipse_w( short ctl, double wx1, double wy1,
% double wx2, double wy2 )
%MSC: short far _ellipse_wxy(short ctl,struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- ctl = _GFILLINTERIOR fill ellipse with current fill mask
= _GBORDER don't fill ellipse
- returns nonzero value if ellipse is drawn ok, zero otherwise
- center of ellipse is center of bounding rectangle specified by
supplied coordinates
- see _setfillmask
:enable:_enable
% TC: void enable( void )
% MSC: void _enable( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- enables all interrupts via STI instruction
:eof
^int eof( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns 1 if end of file for file associated with handle,
0 if not end of file
-1 if bad file number
:exec...:exec
^Exec Function Call
int execl(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,...,argN,NULL )
int execle(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,...,argN,NULL,envp )
int execlp(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,...,argN,NULL )
int execlpe(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,....,argN,NULL,envp )
char *pathname,*arg0,*arg1,*arg2,....,*argN,*envp[];
int execv(pathname,arg,NULL )
int execve(pathname,arg,NULL,envp )
int execvp(pathname,arg,NULL )
int execvpe(pathname,arg,NULL,envp )
char *pathname,*arg[],*envp[];
- prototype in process.h
- loads and runs child processes
- pathname search based on MS-DOS search algorithm
o if no extension or period - search for exact file name -
if not found, add .exe and search again
o if extension given, search only for exact file name
o if period given, search for file name with no extension
- arg0 can be the same as the pathname
- at least one argument must be passed
- combined argument list cannot exceed 128 bytes
- execl..: arg0, arg1,...,argN passed as SEPARATE arguments
- execv..: arg[0], arg[1],...,arg[N] passed as argument ARRAY
- execlp, execlpe, execvp, execvpe: search for child in PATH
- returns no value if OK,
returns -1, with errno set to:
E2BIG (too many args)
EACCES (permission denied)
EMFILE (too many open files)
ENOENT (path or file not found)
ENOEXEC (exec format error)
ENOMEM (not enough memory).
- if successful, there is no return to the caller; the
caller is killed off
:exit
^void exit( int completioncode )
- prototype in process.h
- terminates program, closes all files, buffered output is written,
and any registered exit functions (via atexit()) are called
:_exit
^void _exit( int completioncode )
- prototype in process.h
- terminates program, BUT doesn't close files or write the buffered
output and NO registered exit functions (via atexit()) are called
:exp
^double exp( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns y = e**x or HUGE_VAL on error
:_expand:_based:_fexpand:_nexpand
% MSC: void *_expand( void *block, size_t size )
% MSC: void far *_fexpand( void far *block, size_t size )
% MSC: void near *_nexpand( void near *block, size_t size )
% MSC: void _based(void) *_bexpand( _segment seg,
% void _based(void) *block, size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- block = pointer to previously allocated memory block
- size = new size in bytes
- seg = based segment value
- returns pointer to reallocated memory block on success or NULL
if not; (_bexpand returns -1 on failure)
:fabs
^double fabs( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns absolute value of x
:farcalloc
^TC: void far *farcalloc( unsigned long nunits, unsigned long units )
- prototype in alloc.h
- allocates memory from the far heap for an array of nunits
elements, each units bytes long
- returns pointer to allocated block or NULL if not enough memory
- can allocate all of memory & chunks bigger than 64K
- must use far pointers
:farcoreleft
^TC: unsigned long farcoreleft( void )
- prototype in alloc.h
- returns unused memory in bytes beyond highest allocated block
:farfree
^TC: void farfree( void far *block )
- prototype in alloc.h
- frees block of previously allocated far memory (block must be
allocated by farcalloc)
:farrealloc
^TC: void far *farrealloc( void far *block, unsigned long newsize )
- prototype in alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- adjusts size of allocated block to newsize, copying contents
to a new location if necessary
- returns pointer to reallocated block or NULL on error
:fcvt
^char *fcvt( double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts a floating pt number to a string of ndigit digits,
returning pointer to that string
- correct digit is rounded for Fortran-F format output of the
number of digits equal to ndigit
- decpt is position of decimal point (negative value means to left
of returned digits) and sign is 0 if positive, else negative
:fclose
^int fclose( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- closes a file stream (see fdopen() to convert handle to stream)
- generally flushes buffers, too
- returns 0 on success or EOF on error
:fcloseall
^int fcloseall( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- closes all file streams except stdin & stdout
- returns 0 on success or EOF on error
:fdopen
^FILE *fdopen( int handle, char *type )
- prototype in dos.h
- associates a file STREAM with a file HANDLE
- handle is returned by creat(), dup(), dup2() or open()
- type must match mode of the handle
- see fopen() for type descriptions
- returns file stream or NULL on error
:feof
^int feof( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- detects end of file on a file stream
- returns zero if NOT eof, else nonzero
:ferror
^int ferror( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- tests stream for read/write error, return nonzero if error
- error remains set until clearerr() or rewind() is called
:fflush
^int fflush( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- writes contents of output buffers associated with fd to stream
and clears input buffer contents; fd is NOT closed
- returns 0 on success or EOF on error
:fgetc
^int fgetc( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- function (not a macro) which gets character from stream
- see getc()
- returns char (converted to an int) or EOF
:fgetchar
^int fgetchar( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets character from stream
- same as fgetc(stdin)
- see getc()
- returns char (converted to an int) or EOF
:fgets
^char *fgets( char *s, int size, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets a string from a stream, reading until size - 1 characters
have been read or a newline is detected
- newline character is retained
- returns s argument if OK, else NULL on eof or error
:filelength
^long filelength( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- gets file size in bytes for file associated with handle
- value returned includes ^Z in ASCII files; value is the same as
displayed in the DOS DIR command
- returns -1L on error
:fileno
^int fileno( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets file handle for the given stream
- error return undefined
:findfirst:_dos_findfirst
%TC: int findfirst( const char *path, struct ffblk *ffblk, int attr)
%MSC unsigned _dos_findfirst( char *path, unsigned attr,
% struct find_t *fileinfo )
- prototype in dir.h, also include dos.h (MS C: dos.h only)
- gets disk directory via DOS 0x4E, where attr is:
% Turbo C Microsoft C
FA_RDONLY _A_RDONLY
FA_HIDDEN _A_HIDDEN
FA_SYSTEM _A_SYSTEM
FA_LABEL _A_VOLID
FA_DIREC _A_SUBDIR
FA_ARCH _A_ARCH
% struct ffblk /* Turbo C */ struct find_t /* MSC */
{ {
char ff_reserved[21]; char reserved[21];
char ff_attrib; char attrib;
unsigned ff_ftime; unsigned wr_time;
unsigned ff_fdate; unsigned wr_date;
long ff_fsize; long size;
char ff_name[13]; char name[13];
}; };
- attributes can be logically OR'ed
- struct ffblk is defined in Turbo C's dir.h
- struct find_t is defined in MS C's dos.h
- updates DTA, provisions for saving/setting DTA should be made
- normal files are always included along with files that match
the requested attributes except when the LABEL attribute is
requested. It's up to the programmer to determine which
actually match the requested attributes.
- returns 0 if OK, -1 if no matching files found or on error
- see FILE ATTRIBUTES, FINDNEXT, GETDTA and SETDTA
:findnext:_dos_findnext
% TC: int findnext( struct ffblk *ffblk )
% MSC: unsigned _dos_findnext( struct find_t *fileinfo )
- prototype in dir.h, also include (MSC: dos.h only)
- findnext updates DTA
- returns 0 if OK, -1 if no matching files found or on error
- gets next disk directory via DOS 0x4F, after calling findfirst()
- struct ffblk is defined in dir.h for Turbo C and dos.h for MSC
% struct ffblk /* Turbo C */ struct find_t /* MSC */
{ {
char ff_reserved[21]; char reserved[21];
char ff_attrib; char attrib;
unsigned ff_ftime; unsigned wr_time;
unsigned ff_fdate; unsigned wr_date;
long ff_fsize; long size;
char ff_name[13]; char name[13];
}; };
- normal files are always included along with files that match
the requested attributes except when the LABEL attribute is
requested. It's up to the programmer to determine which
actually match the requested attributes.
- see FILE ATTRIBUTES, FINDFIRST, GETDTA and SETDTA
:_floodfill:_floodfill_w
% MSC: short far _floodfill_w( double wx, double wy, short bcolor )
% MSC: short far _floodfill( short x, short y, short bcolor )
- prototype in graph.h
- x, y = coordinates
- bcolor = fill boundary color
- if (x,y) falls inside a figure, the figure is filled with the
with the current fill color; if it falls outside the figure the
background is filled
- returns nonzero value on success or 0 on failure
:floor
^double floor( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns largest integer <= x
:flushall
^int flushall( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- same as fflush() except ALL open file streams are done
- returns integer indicating number of open file streams
:fmod
^double fmod( double x, double y )
- prototype in math.h
- calculates x modulo y, the remainder of x/y,
returning the remainder
:fnmerge
% TC: void fnmerge( char *path, const char *drive,
% const char *dir, const char *name, const char *ext)
- prototype in dir.h
- makes a file name (path) from drive, dir, name, and ext
- dir can include subdirectories
- maximum sizes for these strings are:
MAXPATH 80 path
MAXDRIVE 3 drive - includes colon (:)
MAXDIR 66 dir - includes leading/trailing backslashes
MAXFILE 9 name
MAXEXT 5 ext, including leading dot (.)
- invertible with fnsplit()
:fnsplit
% TC: void fnsplit( const char *path, char *drive, char *dir,
% char *name, char *ext)
- prototype in dir.h
- splits a file name from path into drive, dir, name, and ext
- dir can include subdirectories
- maximum sizes for these strings are:
MAXPATH 80 path
MAXDRIVE 3 drive - includes colon (:)
MAXDIR 66 dir - includes leading/traing backslashes
MAXFILE 9 name
MAXEXT 5 ext, including leading dot (.)
- invertible with fnmerge()
:fopen
^FILE *fopen( const char *filename, const char *type )
- prototype in stdio.h
- type is a combination of the following:
% Mode Description
"r" read text/binary
"w" write text/binary
"a" append text/binary
"+" allow update access
"t" text file
"b" binary file
% Read Write Append
"rt" "wt" "at" (text)
"rb" "wb" "ab" (binary)
"r+" "w+" "a+" (update)
"r+t" "w+t" "a+t" (update text)
"r+b" "w+b" "a+b (update binary)
read - read only (unless "r+")
write - create
append - seek to end of file or create file
- text mode input, will have CRs discarded
- using any of the stdio functions results in a default allocation
of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of the standard
memory allocation functions
- returns stream or NULL on error
:fp_off
^unsigned FP_OFF( void far *fptr )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets offset of far pointer fptr
- returns unsigned integer value
- see also FP_SEG()
- not available in some versions of MS C; use the following:
#define FP_OFF(fptr) ((unsigned)(fptr))
:fp_seg
^unsigned FP_SEG( void far *fptr )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets segment of far pointer fptr
- returns unsigned integer value
- see also FP_OFF()
- not available in some versions of MS C; use the following:
#define FP_SEG(fptr) ((unsigned)((unsigned long)(fptr) >> 16))
:_fpreset
^void _fpreset( void )
- prototype in float.h
- resets floating point math package, usually used with signal(),
system(), exec..(), spawn..()
- should be called before using 8087/80287 after using one of the
above functions
- define identically for Turbo C and MS C
:fprintf
^int fprintf( FILE *fd, const char *format [, arg1, arg2, ...] )
- prototype in stdio.h
- returns number of bytes it attempted to write regardless of
success. To check for a successful fprintf call on a buffered
stream, use fflush which returns accurate error information.
- using printf or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- see PRINTF and PRINTF SPEC
:fputc
^int fputc( int c, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- puts char c to stream fd
- using fputc or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- returns c or EOF
:fputs
^int fputs( const char *s, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- using fputs or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- see puts
:fread
^size_t fread( void *buf, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- reads count of data items, each item being size bytes long, from
file stream fd
- returns number of data items (not bytes) actually read
- using fread or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- returns 0 (or short count) on eof or error
:free
^void free( void *pseg )
- prototype in stdlib.h, alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- frees allocated block located at pseg
- MS C ignores a NULL parameter (see _ffree)
:_freect
^MSC: unsigned _freect( size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- size = size of allocation in bytes
- returns the count of calls to an allocation function a program
can make before failing
- test is made in default data segment only
:freemem
^TC: int freemem( unsigned seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- frees previously allocated DOS block defined by seg
- returns 0 on success, -1 on error errno=ENONMEM
- MS C uses _dos_freemem()
- see INT 21,49
:freopen
^FILE *freopen( const char *fname, const char *type, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- substitutes named file in place of open fd and closes original fd
- useful for changing file attached to stdin, stdout, or stderr
- returns fd on success or NULL on error
- see fopen() for type descriptions
:frexp
^double frexp( double value, int eptr )
- prototype in math.h
- calculates mantissa x (a double < 1) and n ( integer) such
that value = x * 2**n, storing n in word that eptr points
:fscanf
^int fscanf( FILE *fd, const char *format, arg1, arg2, ... )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets formatted input from a stream fd
- see SCANF and SCANF SPECS
:fseek
^int fseek( FILE *fd, long offset, int mode )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sets file pointer associated with fd to position which is offset
bytes beyond file location given by mode
- mode is 0 (beginning of file or SEEK_SET)
1 (current position or SEEK_CUR)
2 (end of file or SEEK_END
- discards any character pushed back by ungetc()
- fseek() clears eof indicator but not file error indicator
- returns 0 if pointer moved OK, nonzero if file not opened or
invalid seek for device. DOS does not report an error if an
attempt to seek past EOF is made
- see ftell
:fstat
^int fstat( int handle, struct stat *buff )
- prototype in stat.h
- see stat()
:ftell
^long ftell( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- returns current file position in bytes from beginning of file
or -1L on error
- see fseek
:fwrite
%size_t fwrite(const void *buf, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *fd)
- prototype in stdio.h
- writes count of data items, each item being size bytes long, to
file stream fd
- returns number of data items (not bytes) actually written
- returns short count on error
:gcvt
^char *gcvt( double value, int ndigit, char *buf )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts a floating point number to a string of ndigit digits,
storing string into buf and returning pointer to that string
- output in Fortran-F format if possible, else in Fortran-E format
:geninterrupt
^TC: void geninterrupt( int interrupt_num )
- prototype in dos.h
- generates actual interrupt for "interrupt_num" in code
- not a true function, but inline code generation
:getc
^int getc( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- macro which returns next character in file stream fd or EOF
on end of file or error
:getcbrk
^TC: int getcbrk( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets control-break setting
- return 0 cntl-C is off
1 cntl-C is on
:getch
^int getch( void )
- prototype in conio.h
- returns next character from console without echoing
:getchar
^int getchar( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- returns next character in file stream stdin or EOF on end of
file or error
- implemented as a macro
:getche
^int getche( void )
- prototype in conio.h
- function which returns next character from console WITH echoing
:_getcolor
^MSC: short far _getcolor( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns the current color number
- default color is the highest valid color in current palette
:getcolor:putcolor
%MSC: flagType GetColor( LINE line, la *colorlist, PFILE pFile )
%MSC: void PutColor( LINE line, la *colorlist, PFILE pFile )
- prototype in ext.h
- GetColor returns nonzero if a color is attached to the line;
zero otherwise
:getcurdir
^TC: int getcurdir( int drive, char *direc )
- prototype in dir.h
- get current directory for specified drive (0=default, 1=A, etc)
- direc will contain directory name
- returns 0 if OK
-1 on error
:_getcurrentposition
% MSC: struct xycoord far _getcurrentposition( void )
% MSC: struct _wxycoord far _getcurrentposition_w( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current position coordinates in struct xycoord format
:getcwd
^char *getcwd( char *buf, int n )
- prototype in dir.h
- gets full path name of current working directory up to n bytes,
placed into buf
- returns buf pointer, else NULL
:getdate
^TC: void getdate( struct date *dateblk )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets DOS date, filling it into the following structures:
struct date
{
int da_year; /* Year including century */
char da_day; /* Day of the month */
char da_mon; /* Month (1 = Jan) */
};
- MS C uses _dos_getdate()
- see INT 21,2A
:getdfree
^TC: void getdfree( unsigned char drive, struct dfree *dfreep )
- prototype in dos.h
- fills in structure with disk status information.
struct dfree
{
unsigned df_avail; /* available clusters */
unsigned df_total; /* total clusters */
unsigned df_bsec; /* bytes per sector */
unsigned df_sclus; /* sectors per cluster */
};
- drive is specified as A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, etc...
- in event of error, df_sclus is set to -1.
- MS C uses _dos_getdiskfree()
- see INT 21,36
:getdisk
^TC: int getdisk( void )
- prototype in dir.h
- returns integer drive number; 0 = A:, 1 = B:, ...
- MS C uses _dos_getdrive()
- see INT 21,19
:getdta
^TC: char far *getdta( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns current setting of the DTA as a far pointer
- see INT 21,2F
:getenv
^char *getenv( const char *envvar )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- gets string from environment
- MSDOS environment consists of strings of form envvar=varvalue,...
- returns varvalue or 0 if envvar not found in environment
:getfat
^TC: void getfat( unsigned char drive, struct fatinfo *fatblkp )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns information from the file allocation table for the
specified drive (0=default,1=A, etc) into fatblk
- structure fatinfo is defined as:
struct fatinfo
{
char fi_sclus; /* sectors per cluster */
char fi_fatid; /* media descriptor byte from FAT */
int fi_nclus; /* cluster on disk */
int fi_bysec; /* bytes per sector */
};
- closest MS C function is _dos_getdiskfree()
- see INT 21,1C
:getfatd
^TC: void getfatd( struct fatinfo *fatblkp )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns information from the file allocation table for the
DEFAULT drive into fatblk
- structure fatinfo is defined as:
struct fatinfo
{
char fi_sclus; /* sectors per cluster */
char fi_fatid; /* media descriptor byte from FAT */
int fi_nclus; /* cluster on disk */
int fi_bysec; /* bytes per sector */
};
- closest MS C function is _dos_getdiskfree()
- see INT 21,1B getfat
:_getfillmask
^MSC: unsigned char far *_getfillmask( unsigned char far *mask )
- prototype in graph.h
- mask = receives current fill mask or NULL if mask not present
:getftime
^TC: int getftime( int handle, struct ftime *ftimep )
- prototype in dos.h
- retrieves file time and date for the file associated with
handle into ftimep
- structure ftime is defined in dos.h
- MS C uses _dos_getftime()
- see INT 21,57
:_getimage:_getimage_w:_getimage_wxy
%MSC: void far _getimage( short x1, short y1, short x2, short y2,
% char huge *image )
%MSC: void far _getimage_w( double wx1, double wy1, double wx2,
% double wy2, char huge *image )
%MSC: void far _getimage_wxy( struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2,char huge *image)
- prototype in graph.h
- (x1, y1) upper left coordinates of rectangle
- (x2, y2) lower right coordinates of rectangle
- image = buffer to receive screen image
- Turbo C uses getimage()
:getimage
% TC: void far getimage( int left, int top, int right,
% int bottom, void far *bitmap )
- prototype in graphics.h
- copies video data from the screen rectange to buffer "bitmap"
- bitmap must be large enough to hold entire buffer plus 4 bytes
(2 words) for height and width information. Function imagesize()
should be used to determine the size of the buffer to avoid
overwriting adjacent memory.
- MS C uses _getimage()
- see PUTIMAGE and IMAGESIZE
:_getlinestyle
^MSC: unsigned short far _getlinestyle( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current line style mask
- each 1 bit represents a pixel (in current color) in the line
mask; each 0 represent a pixel that is left alone
- see _setlinestyle
:_getlogcoord:_getviewcoord
^struct xycoord far _getlogcoord( short x, short y )
- prototype in graph.h
- translates physical coordinates to logical coordinates returning
the result in the format:
struct xycoord
{
short xcoord;
short ycoord;
};
- _getviewcoord() obsolete; use _getlogcoord()
- see _getphyscoord()
:getpass
^TC: char *getpass( const char *prompt )
- prototype in conio.h
- reads a password from system console after typing prompt,
without echoing
- password cannot exceed 8 chars (not counting null terminator)
:_getphyscoord
^MSC: struct xycoord far _getphyscoord( short x, short y )
- prototype in graph.h
- translates logical coordinates to physical coordinates returning
the result in the format:
struct xycoord
{
short xcoord;
short ycoord;
};
- see _getlogcoord()
:getpid
^MSC: int getpid( void )
- prototype in process.h
- returns process ID identifying the calling process (PSP segment)
- Turbo C uses getpsp()
:_getpixel:_getpixel_w
% MSC: short far _getpixel( short x, short y )
% MSC: short far _getpixel_w( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns pixel value on success or -1 on failure
- Turbo C uses getpixel()
:getpsp
^TC: unsigned getpsp( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns segment address of the PSP using DOS call 0x62
- valid only for DOS 3.x
- use global variable _psp to get PSP instead for DOS 2.X
- MS C uses getpid()
:gets
^char *gets( char *s )
- prototype in stdio.h
- reads string from stdin until newline character is read
- newline character is replaced by \0
- returns string or NULL on end-of-file or error
:_gettextcolor
^MSC: short far _gettextcolor( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current text color value
:_gettextposition
^MSC: struct rccoord far _gettextposition( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current text position via rccoord structure:
struct rccoord
{
short row;
short col;
};
:gettime
^TC: void gettime( struct time *timep )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets MS-DOS time into the following data structure:
struct time
{
unsigned char ti_min;
unsigned char ti_hour;
unsigned char ti_hund;
unsigned char ti_sec;
};
- MS C uses _dos_gettime()
:getvect
^TC: void interrupt (*getvect( int intr_num ))()
- prototype in dos.h
- returns the value of the interrupt vector named by intr_num
- returns 4-byte far pointer to current interrupt service routine
stored in interrupt vector table
- Example:
void interrupt (*old_int_1c)();
old_int_1c = getvect( 0x1c );
- MS C uses _dos_getvect()
- see INT 21,35
:getverify
^TC: int getverify( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns current state of verify flag (0==off, 1==on)
- see INT 21,54
:_getvideoconfig
% MSC: struct videoconfig far *_getvideoconfig(
% struct videoconfig far *config )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns video configuration information via struct videoconfig:
struct videoconfig
{
short numxpixels; /* pixels on X axis */
short numypixels; /* pixels on Y axis */
short numtextcols; /* text columns available */
short numtextrows; /* text rows available */
short numcolors; /* actual colors available */
short bitsperpixel; /* bits per pixel */
short numvideopages; /* available video page count */
short mode; /* current video mode */
short adapter; /* active display adapter */
short monitor; /* active display monitor */
short memory; /* adapter video memory in K */
};
:getw
^int getw( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets integer from file stream fd
- returns EOF (-1) on eof or error
- use feof() or ferror() to verify -1 is an integer data word, and
not an error return
:gmtime
^struct tm *gmtime( const time_t *clock )
- prototype in time.h
- clock is a long integer (such as that returned by time())
- returns GMT time in struct tm (see time.h) correcting for time
zone and any daylight savings time
- global variable timezone is difference in seconds between GMT
and local standard time
:gsignal
^int gsignal( int sig )
- prototype in signal.h
- ssignal() and gsignal() implement a software-signaling facility
where software signals are integers 1-15
- gsignal() raises the signal given by sig and executes the action
routine
- gsignal() returns value by action or SIG_IGN or SIG_DFL
- see ssignal()
- UNIX based
:halloc
^MSC: void huge *halloc( long num, size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- num = count of elements to allocate
- size = size of each element; each element is set to zero;
must be a power of 2 if size is over 128K
- alignment assures compatibility with all data types (para)
- returns pointer to allocated block on success or NULL on failure
- allocates memory directly from DOS
- see hfree
:_harderr:_hardresume:_hardretn
% MSC: void _hardresume( int result )
% MSC: void _hardretn( int error )
% MSC: void _harderr( void (far *handler)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- result = return value from handler
- error = number of error
- _harderr() registers a user critical error handler with it's
own error handler which is to be called during a critical error
- handler = new INT 24h handler with the format:
handler(unsigned deverr,unsigned errcode,unsigned far *devhdr)
where: deverr = device error code (AX value DOS passes to INT 24)
errcode = error code (DI value DOS passes to INT 21)
devhdr = pointer to device header on which error occurred
- handler must return via one of three methods:
simple return returns to DOS error handler
_hardresume() returns to DOS error handler
_hardretn() returns to the application
- hardresume() returns one of the following:
_HARDERR_ABORT DOS should abort the process via INT 23
_HARDERR_FAIL DOS should fail the call (DOS 3.x+)
_HARDERR_IGNORE DOS should ignore the error
_HARDERR_RETRY DOS should retry the operation
- due to the complexity of these functions consult the vendor
documentation for more specific details
- Turbo C uses hardretn(), harderr() and hardresume()
- see INT 24
:harderr
^TC: void harderr( int (*fptr)())
- prototype in dos.h
- harderr() establishes a hardware error handler for current
program, invoked wherever interrupt 0x24 occurs
- function fptr is called when such an interrupt occurs
- handler function will be called with the following
arguments= handler( int errval, int ax, int bp, int si)
where errval is error code in DI register by MS-DOS, and
ax, bp, si are values MS-DOS has in AX, BP, and SI regs
- ax indicates if disk or other device error occurs; if ax is
not negative, then disk error, else device error. For disk
error, ax ANDed with 0x00ff will give bad drive number
- bp and si together point to device driver header
- hardresume() may be called with rescode to return
to MS-DOS, where rescode is
2 - for abort
1 - retry
0 - ignore
- hardrtn() may be called to return directly to the application
- handler must return:
0 - ignore
1 - retry
2 - abort
- handler may issue DOS calls 1 through 0xC, but no others, and
no C standard I/O or UNIX I/O calls may be used
- MS C uses _harderr()
- see hardresume hardretn INT 24
:hardresume
^TC: void hardresume( int rescode )
- prototype in dos.h
- hardresume() may be called with rescode to return to DOS,
where rescode is:
2 - abort
1 - retry
0 - ignore
- see harderr()
- MS C uses _hardresume()
:hardretn
^TC: void hardretn( int errcode )
- prototype in dos.h
- hardretn() may be called to return directly to the application
- see harderr()
- MS C uses _hardretn
:_heapchk:_bheapchk:_fheapchk:_nheapchk
% MSC: int _heapchk( void )
% MSC: int _bheapchk( _segment seg )
% MSC: int _fheapchk( void )
% MSC: int _nheapchk( void )
- prototype in malloc.h
- runs consistency check on different heaps
- heapchk maps to the other functions depending on memory model
- returns one of the following:
_HEAPOK heap is ok
_HEAPBADBEGIN initials allocation header couldn't be found
_HEAPBADNODE heap/node has been damaged
_HEAPEMPTY heap has not been initialized
- see heapset heapwalk
:_heapset:_bheapset:_fheapset:_nheapset
% MSC: int _heapset( unsigned fill )
% MSC: int _bheapset( _segment seg, unsigned fill )
% MSC: int _fheapset( unsigned fill )
% MSC: int _nheapset( unsigned fill )
- prototype in malloc.h
- heapset maps to the other functions depending on memory model
- first check heap consistency via heapchk() then fills memory
with value specified in "fill"
- returns one of the following:
_HEAPOK heap is ok
_HEAPBADBEGIN initials allocation header couldn't be found
_HEAPBADNODE heap/node has been damaged
_HEAPEMPTY heap has not been initialized
- see heapchk heapwalk
:_heapwalk:_bheapwalk:_fheapwalk:_nheapwalk
% MSC: int _heapwalk( struct _heapinfo *entry )
% MSC: int _bheapwalk( _segment seg, struct _heapinfo *entry )
% MSC: int _fheapwalk( struct _heapinfo *entry )
% MSC: int _nheapwalk( struct _heapinfo *entry )
- prototype in malloc.h
- walks the heap for each entry specified and returns information
about the entry via the other fields of the _heapinfo structure
- heapwalk maps to the other functions depending on memory model
- returns one of the following:
_HEAPOK heap is ok
_HEAPBADBEGIN initials allocation header couldn't be found
_HEAPBADNODE heap/node has been damaged
_HEAPEMPTY heap has not been initialized
_HEAPBADPTR parameter does not contain valid pointer to heap
_HEAPEND end of help found w/o problem
struct _heapinfo
{
int _far *_pentry; /* heap entry pointer */
size_t _size; /* size of heap entry */
int _useflag; /* entry in use return value */
};
- see heapchk heapset
:hfree
^MSC: void hfree( void huge *block )
- prototype in malloc.h
- block = pointer to block of allocated memory
- memory is returned to DOS
- freeing an unallocated block will corrupt the DOS's MCB chain
- see halloc
:hypot
double hypot( double x, double y )
- prototype in math.h
- returns z where z**2 = x**2 + y**2, or HUGE_VAL on error
:imagesize
^unsigned far imagesize(int left, int top, int right, int bottom)
- prototype in graphics.h
- returns the size of the buffer required to hold the screen image
represented by the coordinates
returns size or 0xFFFF on error (image >= 64K-1)
:inp:inpw
% MSC: int inp( unsigned port )
% MSC: unsigned inpw( unsigned port )
- prototype in conio.h
- port = hardware I/O port 0-3FFh
- returns byte or word data read from port
:inport
^TC: int inport( int port )
- prototype in dos.h
- inport() reads word from input port port
- MS C uses inpw()
- see inportb()
:inportb
^TC: unsigned char inportb( int port )
- prototype in dos.h
- inportb() is macro that reads a byte from hardware port 'port'
- MS C uses inp()
- see inport()
:int86
^int int86( int intr_num, union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- Executes 8086 software interrupt specified by intr_num
- Copies register values from inregs into the registers
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see int86x() also
:int86x
% int int86x( int intr_num, union REGS *inregs,
% union REGS *outregs, struct SREGS *segregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- Executes 8086 software interrupt specified by intr_num
- Copies register values from inregs into the registers
- also copies segregs->x.ds and segregs->y.es into DS/ES
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see int86() also
:intdos
^int intdos(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- Executes 8086 software interrupt 0x21
- Copies register values from inregs into the registers
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see intdosx() also
:intdosx
% int intdosx( union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs,
% struct SREGS *segregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- executes 8086 software interrupt 0x21
- copies register values from inregs into the registers
- copies segregs->x.ds and segregs->y.es into DS/ES
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see intdos() also
:intr
^TC: void intr( int intr_num, struct REGPACK *preg )
- prototype in dos.h
- same as int86 except that preg contains registers values
both before & after executing interrupt
:ioctl
^TC: int ioctl( int handle, int cmd [, void *argdx, int argcx] )
- prototype in io.h
- direct interface to INT 21,44 (IOCTL)
- cmd = 0 get device information
1 set device information (in argdx)
2 read argcx bytes into addr given by argdx
3 write argcx bytes from addr given by argdx
4 same as 2, but handle treated as drive (0=def.,1=A)
5 same as 3, but handle treated as drive (0=def.,1=A)
6 get input status
7 get output status
8 test removability (DOS 3.x)
11 set sharing conflict retry count (DOS 3.x)
- cmd = 0,1; returns device information (DX of IOCTL call)
- cmd = 2-5; returns count of bytes transferred
- cmd = 6,7; returns device status
- returns -1 on error & errno = EINVAL, EBADF, or EINVDAT
- no corresponding function in MS C
- see INT 21,44 and IOCTL,n where "n" is the function (0-F)
:is...:is
^Character Test Macros
int isalnum( int c ) - nonzero if letter or digit
int isalpha( int c ) - nonzero if letter
int isascii( int c ) - nonzero if in range 0-127
int iscntrl( int c ) - nonzero if 0x7F, or 0x00-0x1F
int isdigit( int c ) - nonzero if digit
int isgraph( int c ) - nonzero if printable 0x21-0x7E excl space
int islower( int c ) - nonzero if lowercase
int isprint( int c ) - nonzero if printable 0x20-0x7E
int ispunct( int c ) - nonzero if punct char (iscntrl | isspace)
int isspace( int c ) - nonzero if space,tab, CR, LF, VT or FF
int isupper( int c ) - nonzero if uppercase
int isxdigit( int c ) - nonzero if hexadecimal digit
- prototype in ctype.h
:isatty
^int isatty( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- if handle is associated with a character device like tty,
console, printer, or serial port returns a non-zero integer
otherwise returns zero
:itoa
^char *itoa( int value, char *string, int radix )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts value to string where radix specifies base (2-36)
:kbhit
^int kbhit( void )
- prototype in conio.h
- returns nonzero if keystroke available else 0
:keep
^TC: void keep( unsigned char status, int size )
- prototype in dos.h
- keep() returns to MS-DOS with exit status supplied in status,
retaining current program resident in memory with size paras and
rest of memory freed
- MS C uses _dos_keep()
- see INT 21,31
:labs
^long labs( long n )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- returns absolute long value of n
:ldexp
^double ldexp( double value, int exp )
- prototype in math.h
- returns value x 2**exp
:lfind
^void *lfind(void *key,void *base,int *nelem,int width,int (*fcmp)())
- prototype in stdlib.h
- does linear search for items in an unsorted table;
- base points to 0th element of table
- nelem points to int containing number of entries in table
- width contains number of bytes in each entry
- key points to the search key
- fcmp points to user-written comparison routine, where key and
elem are passed to it as pointers. fcmp returns:
integer < 0 if search key < elem
integer = 0 if equal
integer > 0 if search key > elem
- returns 0 if no match found, else address of first matching entry
:_lineto:_lineto_w
% MSC: short far _lineto( short x, short y )
% MSC: short far _lineto_w( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- draws a line from the current graphics position up to and
including the point specified
- current graphics position is then updated to (x,y)
- returns nonzero if success; zero otherwise
- Turbo C uses lineto()
:localtime
^struct tm *localtime( const time_t *clock )
- prototype in time.h
- clock is a long int (such as that returned by time())
- returns time in struct tm (see time.h) correcting for time zone
and any daylight savings time
- global variable timezone is difference in seconds between GMT
and local standard time
:lock (c)
^TC: int lock( int handle, long offset, long length )
- prototype in io.h
- locks arbitrary, non-overlapping regions of any file (DOS 3.X),
preventing reads/writes to those regions
- returns 0 on success, else -1 on error
- all locks must be released before program termination
- MS C uses locking()
- see also unlock
:locking
^MSC: int locking( int handle, int mode, long nbytes )
- prototype in io.h, sys\locking.h
- handle = opened file handle
- nbytes = bytes to lock beginning with current file position
- mode = locking mode:
= LK_LOCK locks region; on failure waits 1 sec and
attempts again; tries 10 times
= LK_RLCK same as LK_LOCK
= LK_NBLCK locks region; returns immediately on error
= LK_NBRLCK locks region; returns immediately on error
= LK_UNLCK unlock previously locked region
- multiple locks may occur in a single file
- overlapping locked regions are not allowed
- returns 0 on success or -1 on failure
- Turbo C uses lock() and unlock()
:log
^double log( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns natural logarithm of x, or -HUGE_VAL on error
:log10
^double log10( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns base 10 logarithm of x, or -HUGE_VAL on error
:longjmp
^void longjmp( jmp_buf env, int id )
- prototype in setjmp.h
- call to longjmp() with env restores task state (set by setjmp()),
returning value id
- cannot return 0; if id == 0, returns 1
:_lrotl:_lrotr
^MSC: unsigned long _lrotl( unsigned long value, int n )
^MSC: unsigned long _lrotr( unsigned long value, int n )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- rotates long value by 'n' bits left or right
- returns rotated value
- see _rotl _rotr
:lsearch
^void *lsearch(void *key,void *base,int *nelem,int width,int (*fcmp)())
- prototype in stdlib.h
- does linear search in unsorted table for key
- base points to 0th element of table
- nelem integer pointer to number of entries in table
- width contains number of bytes in each entry
- key points to the search key
- fcmp points to comparison routine, where key and elem are passed
to it as pointers. fcmp returns:
integer < 0 if search key < elem
integer = 0 if equal;
integer > 0 if search key > elem
- returns 0 if no match found, else address of first matching entry
:lseek
^long lseek( int fd, long offset, int mode )
- prototype in io.h
- sets file associated with fd to offset from
mode = 0 - SEEK_SET beginning of file
mode = 1 - SEEK_CUR current position
mode = 2 - SEEK_END or end of file
- returns -1L on error
- see tell
:ltoa
^char *ltoa( long value, char *string, int radix )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts value to string where radix specifies
base (2-36) for conversion
:_makepath
% MSC: void _makepath( char *path, char *drive, char *dir,
% char *fname, char *ext )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- creates fully qualified filename from parts
- path = receives fully qualified filename created from the parts
- drive = drive letter string, with or without the colon
- dir = directory name; both slashes '/' or '\' are allowed;
trailing slash is optional
- fname = base file name w/o extension (max 8 bytes)
- ext = file extension (max 3 bytes)
- see _splitpath
:malloc
^void *malloc( unsigned size )
- prototype in stdlib.h, alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- allocates memory of length size in bytes
- returns pointer if successful, else NULL
- MS C will return a zero length block (allocates header only)
:_matherr
%double _matherr( _mexcep why, char *fun, double *arg1p,
% double *arg2p, double retval )
- prototype in math.h
- used with matherr(), calling matherr() and processes the return
value from matherr()
- floating point error handling routine
:matherr
^int matherr( struct exception *e )
- prototype in math.h
- provided as customizable math error-handling routine
:mem...:mem
^Memory Manipulation Functions
void *memccpy( void *dest, const void *src, int c, size_t n )
void *memchr( const void *s, int c, size_t n )
int memcmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
void *memcpy( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
int memicmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
void *memmove( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
void *memset( void *s, int c, size_t n )
void movedata( unsigned srcseg, unsigned srcoff,
unsigned dstseg, unsigned dstoff, size_t n )
- prototypes for the preceding functions are in mem.h, string.h
- prototyped in mem.h only:
void movmem( void *src, void *dest, unsigned length ); (mem.h only)
void setmem( void *dest, unsigned length, char value ); (mem.h only)
:_memavl
^MSC: size_t _memavl( void )
- prototype in malloc.h
- returns size in bytes of memory available in the default
data segment
:memccpy
^void *memccpy(void *dest, const void *src, int ch, size_t n)
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- copies from src to dest until ch is copied or n bytes are copied
returning a ptr to byte in dest immediately following ch or NULL
:memchr
^void *memchr( const void *s, int ch, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- searches first n bytes in s for ch, returning pointer to first
occurrence or NULL if not found
:memcmp
^int memcmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- compares two strings s1 & s2 for a length of n bytes,
returning a value:
< 0 if s1 < s2
= 0 if s1 = s2
> 0 if s1 > s2
:memcpy
^void *memcpy( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- copies n bytes from src to dest; returns dest
- if overlap occurs, result is undefined (ANSI)
:memicmp
^int memicmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- compares first n bytes of s1 & s2, case insensitive
:memmove
^void *memmove( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- copies n bytes from src to dest; returns dest
- allows copying overlapped strings (ANSI)
:memset
^void *memset( void *s, int ch, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- memset sets all bytes of s to byte ch, with size of s = n;
returns value of s
:mk_fp
^void far *MK_FP( unsigned segment, unsigned offset )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns a far pointer from offset and segment
- not available in some Microsoft C versions; use the following:
#define MK_FP(seg,off) \
((void far *) (((unsigned long)(seg) << 16) | (unsigned)(off))
:mkdir
^int mkdir( const char *pathname )
- prototype in dir.h
- takes pathname & creates new directory with that name
- returns 0 if successful, else -1
:mktemp
^char *mktemp( char *template )
- prototype in dir.h
- replaces template by unique file name & returns address of
template if successful
- template should be string with six trailing Xs
:modf
^double modf( double value, double *iptr )
- prototype in math.h
- splits value in integer and fraction part, storing integer part
in area pointed to by iptr, returning the fractional part
:movedata
% void movedata( unsigned segsrc, unsigned offsrc,
% unsigned segdest, unsigned offdest, size_t n )
- prototype in mem.h, string.h
- copies n bytes from segsrc:offsrc to segdest:offdest
:_moveto:_moveto_w
% MSC: struct xycoord far _moveto( short x, short y )
% MSC: struct _wxycoord far _moveto_w ( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- moves current drawing position to specified coordinates
- returns previous coordinates in the following structures:
struct xycoord struct _wxycoord
{ {
short xcoord; double wx; /* window x coord */
short ycoord; double wy; /* window y coord */
}; };
- see _lineto
:movmem
^void movmem( void *src, void *dest, unsigned len )
- prototype in mem.h
- copies len bytes from src to dest
:_msize:_bmsize:_fmsize:_nmsize
%MSC: size_t _msize( void *block )
%MSC: size_t _bmsize( _segment seg, void _based( void ) *block )
%MSC: size_t _fmsize( void far *block )
%MSC: size_t _nmsize( void near *block )
- prototype in malloc.h
- returns size of memory block in bytes
- _msize() maps to other function depending on memory model
:_open
^TC: int _open( const char *path, int access )
- prototype in io.h, also include fcntl.h
- this function will not create a file, use _creat() if it doesn't
currently exist
- access is a combination of the following:
% DOS 2.0+ Attributes
O_RDONLY open read only
O_WRONLY open write only
O_RDWR open read/write
% DOS 3.1+ Attributes
O_NOINHERIT file is not to be passed to child processes
O_DENYALL file is not accessible to other opens (open exclusive)
O_DENYWRITE file is read only to all other opens
O_DENYREAD file is write only to all other opens
O_DENYNONE file is to be shared by all
- MS C uses _dos_open()
- see INT 21,3D open _creat
:onexit
^MSC: onexit_t onexit( onexit_t func )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- creates a list of functions to execute on normal program exit
- on exit functions are executed LIFO
- a max of 32 function can be registered
- returns pointer to "func" on success; NULL otherwise
- this is a Microsoft/Lattice extension; ANSI uses atexit()
- see atexit exit abort
:open
^int open( const char *path, int access [, unsigned permis] )
- prototype in io.h, also include stat.h & fcntl.h
- open attribute flags are defined in fcntl.h
- opens file "path" with access and optionally permis
- access is a combination of the following ("permis" follows):
% Read/Write Access Flags (mutually exclusive):
O_RDONLY open read only
O_WRONLY open write only
O_RDWR open read/write
% Other Access Mode Flags:
O_APPEND file pointer is placed at EOF before each write
O_CREAT if file doesn't exist, create with "permis" attributes
O_TRUNC if exists, truncate length to zero, but leave file
attributes unchanged
O_BINARY binary mode
O_TEXT text mode
O_EXCL used with O_CREAT, error occurs if file already exists
O_NDELAY UNIX only
% Permission Attributes (if creating):
S_IWRITE write permission
S_IREAD read permission
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE read/write permission
- if O_BINARY nor O_TEXT is given, file is opened in translation
mode (O_TEXT) given by global variable _fmode
- returns nonnegative number as file HANDLE, or -1 on error
- see sopen
:outp:outpw
% MSC: int outp( unsigned port, int datab )
% MSC: unsigned outpw(unsigned port, unsigned dataw )
- prototype in conio.h
- write data value to port specified in port
- port = hardware I/O port
- datab = byte value to write
- dataw = word value to write
- Turbo C uses outportb() and outport()
:outport
^TC: void outport( int port, int word )
- prototype in dos.h
- outport() writes word to output port port
- MS C uses outpw()
- see outportb()
:outportb
^TC: void outportb( int port, unsigned char byte )
- prototype in dos.h
- outportb() is macro that writes byte to output port port
- MS C uses outp()
- see outport()
:_outtext
^MSC: void far _outtext( unsigned char far *text )
- prototype in graph.h
- writes string in "text' to the graphics display
:parsfnm
% TC: char *parsfnm( const char *cmdline, struct fcb *fcbptr,
% int option )
- prototype in dos.h
- parses command line cmdline for a file name, placing it into a
FCB as drive/filename/file ext, pointed to by fcbptr
- option is same as for AL in MS-DOS function call 0x29
- returns pointer to byte beyond end of filename, 0=error
:peek
^TC: int peek( unsigned seg, unsigned off )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns word found at seg:off
:peekb
^TC: char peekb( unsigned seg, unsigned off )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns byte found at seg:off
:perror
^void perror( const char *string )
- prototype in stdio.h
- prints error message to stderr, describing most recent call
found in system call from current program
:_pie:_pie_wxy
%MSC: short _pie( short control, short x1, short y1, short x2,
% short y2, short x3, short y3, short x4, short y4 )
%MSC: short far _pie_wxy( short ctl,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy3,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy4 )
- prototype in graph.h
- (x1, y1) upper left rectangle corner
- (x2, y2) lower right rectangle corner
- (x3, y3) start of vector
- (x4, y4) end of vector
- ctl = _GFILLINTERIOR fills region with current color and mask
_GBORDER don't fill region
- returns nonzero value on success; zero otherwise
:poke
^TC: void poke( unsigned seg, unsigned off, int value )
- prototype in dos.h
- writes word value to location seg:off
:pokeb
^TC: void pokeb( unsigned seg, unsigned off, char value )
- prototype in dos.h
- writes byte value to location seg:off
:poly
^double poly( double x, int n, double coeff[] )
- prototype in math.h
- generates polynominal in x of degree n, with coefficients coeff,
returning the value of this polynominal evaluated for x
:pow
^double pow( double x, double y )
- prototype in math.h
- returns p where p = x ** y or +/- HUGE_VAL on error
:pow10
^double pow10( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns y where y = 10 ** x or HUGE_VAL on overflow error
:printf
^int printf( const char *format [, arg1, arg2, ...] )
- prototype in stdio.h
- printf formatted string
- see PRINTF SPEC for format specifiers
:printf specifiers
^Specifications for printf()
%%[-][+][space][#][width][.prec][size]type
%Field Description
- left justify
+ prefix positive numbers with '+', overrides blank
space prefix positive numbers with space
# prefix octal or hex with 0, (see manual for Turbo C)
width width of output string in total characters, a 0 before
width causes padding with zeros on left.
.prec decimal precision in characters
size F far pointer
N near pointer
h specifies short
l specifies long
L long double
type c single character
d signed decimal integer
e signed exponential, 'e' is output in string
E signed exponential, 'E' is output in string
f signed floating point in form of sddd.ddd
g formats e or f (depends on size), e is output
G formats e or f (depends on size), E is output
i signed decimal integer
n integer pointer
o unsigned octal integer
p void pointer; MS C always uses far pointers, in
Turbo C, size is dependent on memory model
s string pointer
u unsigned decimal integer
x unsigned integer in lower case hex format
X unsigned integer in upper case hex format
- if width or precision are specified as an asterisk '*', an int
from the argument list is used as the width or precision. If the
width is too small the field is expanded.
:putc
^int putc( int c, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- puts char c to stream fd, returning c on success, else
returns EOF on error
:putch
^int putch( int ch )
- prototype in conio.h
- puts char ch to console with BEL, BS, TAB, LF and BEL characters
are converted similar to DOS I/O
- TC uses direct video or BIOS depending on value of external
variable directvideo
- returns nothing
:putchar
^int putchar( char c )
- prototype in stdio.h
- same as putc(c,stdout)
:putenv
^int putenv( const char *envvar )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- adds string to environment
- DOS environment consists of strings of form envvar=varvalue,...
- returns 0 if OK
1 on failure
:_putimage:_putimage_w
%MSC: void _putimage( short x, short y, char huge *image,
% short action )
%MSC: void far _putimage_w( double wx, double wy,
% char huge *image, short action )
- prototype in graph.h
- restores previously saved screen image to screen
- (x, y) upper left corner of image
- image = buffer containing previously saved image
- action = defines interaction between current screen buffer and
the data stored in "image"
= _GAND AND image with current screen
= _GOR OR image with current screen
= _GPRESET overwrite current screen with inverse of image
= _GPSET overwrite current screen with exact image
= _GXOR XOR's image to current screen
- Turbo C uses putimage()
- see _getimage _imagesize
:putimage
^void far putimage( int left, int top, void far *bitmap, int option )
- prototype in graphics.h
- left and top represent the upper left corner of the area the
bitmap data will be placed
- op may be one of the following:
COPY_PUT copy data from bitmap to screen and erasing contents
XOR_PUT xor data in bitmap with current screen
OR_PUT or data in bitmap with current screen
AND_PUT and data in bitmap with current screen
NOT_PUT similar to COPY_PUT, but inverse of data
- the getimage()/putimage() buffer has the following format:
00 width of image (WORD)
02 height of image (WORD)
04 actual bitmap pixel data, format and size is related to
video mode and dimensions
- see GETIMAGE
:puts
^int puts( const char *string )
- prototype in stdio.h
- copies string to stdout and appends a newline
:putw
^int putw( int n, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- puts integer word n to stream fd
- returns n or EOF on error. Use ferror() to verify
if EOF is returned, since -1 is a legitimate integer.
:qsort
% void qsort( void *array, size_t n_elem, size_t elem_size,
% int (*fcmp)(const void *, const void *) )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- sorts the given array using the ACM quick sort routine
- fcmp() is the same as for bsearch()
:raise
^MSC: int raise( int sig )
- prototype in signal.h
- raises signal 'sig' to program:
SIGABRT signal abnormal termination
SIGILL signal illegal instruction
SIGSEGV signal illegal storage access
SIGFPE signal floating point error
SIGINT signal Ctrl-Break interrupt
SIGTERM signal program termination (ignored in MS DOS)
SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIGUSR3 user signals
- returns 0 on success; nonzero otherwise
- see signal
:rand
% int rand( void )
% void srand( unsigned seed )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- rand() returns pseudorandom numbers
- re-initialize generator with srand(1) or set to new starting
point with seed set other than to 1
:randbrd
^TC: int randbrd( struct fcb *fcbptr, int reccnt )
- prototype in dos.h
- randbrd() reads reccnt number of records using the open FCB via
fcbptr, as indicated by the disk record field of the FCB (via
DOS call 0x27).
- returns:
0 all records read(written)
1 EOF reached & last record read is complete
2 reading records would have wrapped around address 0xffff
3 EOF reached & last record is incomplete
- see also randbrw()
:randbrw
^TC: int randbrw( struct fcb *fcbptr, int reccnt )
- prototype in dos.h
- randbrw() returns 1 if there is not enough disk space to write
the records (no records are written)
- see randbrd()
:_read
^TC: int _read( int fd, void *buf, int size )
- prototype in io.h
- reads size bytes from file handle fd into buf
- size must be less than 65534 bytes
- is a direct call to MS-DOS read function INT 21,3F
- does not translate CR/LF; all input in binary
- returns number of bytes successfully transferred or -1
- MS C uses _dos_read()
- see read _open _creat _write _close INT 21,3F
:read
^int read( int fd, char *buf, int size )
- prototype in io.h
- reads size bytes from file handle fd into buf
- removes CRs & reports EOF on a CNTL-Z for text mode file
- returns number of bytes read, 0 on EOF, or -1 on error
:realloc
^void *realloc( void *pseg, unsigned size )
- prototype in stdlib.h & alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- see malloc()
:_rectangle:_rectangle_w:_rectangle_wxy
%MSC: short _rectangle( short ctl, short x1, short y1,
% short x2, short y2 )
%MSC: short far _rectangle_w( short control, double wx1,
% double wy1, double wx2, double wy2 )
%MSC: short far _rectangle_wxy( short control,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1, struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- (x1,y1) upper left corner of rectangle
- (x2,y2) lower right corner of rectangle
- ctl = _GFILLINTERIOR fill rectangle with current color and mask
= _GBORDER don't fill rectangle
- returns nonzero on success; zero otherwise
:_remapallpalette:_remappalette
^MSC: short far _remapallpalette( long far *colors )
^MSC: long far _remappalette( short pixnum, long color )
- prototype in graph.h
- colors = color number array containing one color per video
mode color
- pixnum = pixel to change
- color = new color number
%Valid colors are:
_BLACK _BLUE _BRIGHTWHITE _BROWN
_CYAN _GRAY _GREEN _LIGHTBLUE
_LIGHTCYAN _LIGHTGREEN _LIGHTMAGENTA _LIGHTRED
_YELLOW _MAGENTA _RED _WHITE
- _remapallpalette() remaps all pixel values; _remappalette() affects
on the pixel specified by pixnum
- _remapallpalette() returns -1 on success; zero otherwise
- _remappalette() previous color value of "pixnum" on success; -1
otherwise
:remove
^int remove( char *filename )
- prototype in stdio.h
- implemented as a macro of function unlink()
:rename
^int rename( const char *oldf, const char *newf )
- prototype in stdio.h
- rename file from oldf to newf
- returns 0 if OK, else -1 on error
:rewind
^void rewind( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- equivalent to fseek(fd,0L,0), except eof and error indicators
are cleared
- returns 0 if pointer moved OK, else nonzero
:rmdir
^int rmdir( const char *path )
- prototype in dir.h
- takes path & deletes directory with that name
- returns 0 if successful, else -1
:rmtmp
^MSC: int rmtmp( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- cleans up all temporary files in the current directory created
by tmpfile()
- should only be used on files in the current directory
- returns number of temporary files closed and deleted
:_rotl:_rotr
^MSC: unsigned _rotl( unsigned value, int shift )
^MSC: unsigned _rotr( unsigned value, int shift )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- rotates value by 'n' bits left or right
- returns rotated value
- see _lrotl _lrotr
:sbrk
^void *sbrk( int incr )
- prototype in alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- dynamically changes the amount of space allocated to the calling
programs data segment. Amount of allocated space is increased by
amount incr (can be negative).
- returns 0 if OK
-1 & errno is set to ENOMEM
:scanf
^int scanf( const char *format, arg1, arg2, ... )
- prototype in stdio.h
- accepts input from stdin and converts to format specs
- see SCANF SPECS
:scanf specifiers
^Specifications for scanf()
%%[*][width][size]type
%Field Description
* read next field but suppress assignment
width maximum number of characters to read
size F far pointer
N near pointer
h specifies short
l specifies long
type % prints % character
c character data
d signed decimal integer
D signed long int
e,E signed exponential
f signed floating point in form of sddd.ddd
g,G used for e and f formats
i signed decimal, octal or hex integer
I signed decimal, octal, or hex long integer
n integer pointer
o unsigned octal integer
O unsigned octal long integer
p void pointer; MS C always uses far pointers, in
Turbo C, size is dependent on memory model
s string pointer
u unsigned decimal integer
U unsigned decimal long integer
x unsigned hexadecimal integer
X unsigned hexadecimal long integer
:_searchenv
^MSC: void _searchenv( char *fname, char *var, char *path )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- searches for "fname" in environment variable "var"
- fname = name of file to search for
- var = environment variable to use for search
- path = receives path if file found
- attempts to locate filename using MS-DOS file search strategy
- Turbo C uses searchpath()
:searchpath
^TC: char *searchpath( const char *filename )
- prototype in dir.h
- filename = name of file to search for
- attempts to locate filename using MS-DOS path using standard
DOS file search strategy
- returns pointer to full pathname for filename (in a static
array) or NULL if not found
- MS C uses _searchenv()
:segread
^void segread( struct SREGS *segregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- places current values of segment registers (SEGREGS) into segtbl
- available in Turbo C and MS C
- unique to DOS
- see REGS
:_selectpalette
^MSC: short far _selectpalette( short palette )
- prototype in graph.h
- palette = palette number
- works only in MRES4COLOR and MRESNOCOLOR video modes
- returns value of previous palette
:_setactivepage
^MSC: short far _setactivepage( short page )
- prototype in graph.h
- page = memory page where graphics output will be written
- if successful returns page number of former active page or
negative value on failure
- swapping video pages is a good method of handling animation
:_setbkcolor
^MSC: long far _setbkcolor( long color )
- prototype in graph.h
- color = new color for background
- returns previous background color
:setblock
^TC: int setblock( unsigned seg, unsigned newsize )
- prototype in dos.h
- modifies size of previously allocated DOS memory segment
- MSC uses _dos_setblock()
- see INT 21,4A
:setbuf
^void setbuf( FILE *stream, char *buf )
- prototype in stdio.h
- causes buf to be used for I/O buffering instead of the
automatically allocated buffer, and are used after given
stream is opened
- if buf is NULL, I/O is unbuffered
- no I/O to the file should occur after opening file until
buffering is set
- see SETVBUF
:setcbrk
^TC: int setcbrk( int value )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets control-break setting (value = 0 sets cntl-C checking off
except for during console and printer I/O; value = 1 always
check during DOS calls)
:_setcliprgn
^MSC: void far _setcliprgn( short x1, short y1, short x2, short y2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- all graphics output to the screen is limited to the specified
region; output to areas other than this area is clipped
- (x1,y1) upper left corner of clipping region
- (x1,y1) lower right corner of clipping region
:_setcolor
^MSC: short far _setcolor( short color )
- prototype in graph.h
- color = new color value
- returns previous color index or -1 on error
- all subsequent graphics calls will use the specified color
:setdate
^TC: void setdate( struct date *dateblk )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets DOS date via INT 21,2B
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- MS C uses _dos_setdate()
- see INT 21,2B
:setdisk
^TC: int setdisk( int drive )
- prototype in dir.h
- set current drive to set as default; 0 = A:, 1 = B:, ...
- returns total number of drives available
- MS C uses _dos_setdrive()
- see INT 21,E
:setdta
^TC: void setdta( char far *dta )
- prototype in dos.h
- changes current setting of the DTA as given by DTA
- no corresponding function in MS C
:_setfillmask
^MSC: void far _setfillmask( unsigned char far *mask )
- prototype in graph.h
- mask = 8 by 8 bit fill mask array
- sets the fill mask used to fill screen regions
- any bit set to 1 will have the default color; any bit cleared
to zero leaves the pixel unchanged
- when no fill mask is set (NULL), the default color only is used
:_setfont
^MSC: short far _setfont( unsigned char far *options )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns font with matching "options"
returns negative value on error
-1 Font not registered
-4 not enough memory for font
:setftime
^TC: int setftime( int handle, struct ftime *ftimep )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets file time and date for the file associated with handle as
defined by ftimep
- structure ftime is defined in dos.h
- MS C uses _dos_setftime()
- see INT 21,57
:setjmp
^int setjmp( jmp_buf env )
- prototype in setjmp.h
- captures callers task state in env and returns 0
- see also longjmp()
:_setlinestyle
^MSC: void far _setlinestyle( unsigned short mask )
- prototype in graph.h
- each 1 bit represents a pixel (in current color) in the line
mask; each 0 represent a pixel that is left alone
- default line style is FFFFh
- see _getlinestyle
:_setlogorg:_setvieworg
^struct xycoord far _setlogorg( short x, short y )
- prototype in graph.h
- moves the logical origin (0,0) to the physical point (x,y)
- returns previous logical origin in physical coordinates to:
struct xycoord
{
short xcoord;
short ycoord;
};
:setmem
^void setmem( void *addr, int len, char value )
- prototype in mem.h
- sets len bytes in addr to value
:setmode
^int setmode( int handle, int mode )
- prototype in io.h
- sets mode of file associated with handle to binary (O_BINARY) or
text (O_TEXT) but not both
- returns 0 if successful, else -1 on error
:_setpixel:_setpixel_w
% MSC: short far _setpixel( short x, short y )
% MSC: short far _setpixel_w( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns previous value of pixel or -1 on error
- Turbo C uses setpixel()
- see _getpixel
:_settextcolor
^MSC: short far _settextcolor( short color )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets color of graphics text to color
- default color is the highest valid color
- returns previous color
- see _gettextcolor
:_settextposition
%MSC: struct rccoord far _settextposition( short row, short column )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets the current text position to that specified
- returns previous text position in rccoord structure
- see _gettextposition
:_settextwindow
^MSC: void far _settextwindow(short r1,short c1,short r2,short c2)
- prototype in graph.h
- sets graphics text output window; text scrolls in window when
the window becomes full
- (r1,c1) upper left corner of window
- (r2,c2) lower right corner of window
:settime
^TC: void settime( struct time *timep )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets MS-DOS time via INT 21,2D
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- MS C uses _dos_settime()
- see INT 21,2D
:setvbuf
^int setvbuf( FILE *stream, char *buf, int type, size_t size )
- prototype in stdio.h
- causes buf to be used for I/O buffering instead of the auto-
matically allocated buffer; used after given stream is opened
and before output
- in setvbuf, if buf is NULL, a buffer is allocated via malloc()
- no I/O to the file should occur until after buffering is set
- see SETBUF
:setvect
^TC: void setvect( int intr_num, void interrupt(*isr)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets the value of interrupt vector named by intr_num
(corresponds to 0-255 for MS-DOS) in DOS interrupt vector
table to a far pointer to "isr" an interrupt service routine
- address of a C routine may be used only if it has been
declared to be an interrupt routine. Ex:
^void interrupt func( void );
- MS C uses _dos_setvect()
- see INT 21,25
:setverify
^TC: int setverify( int value )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets state of verify flag (0==off, 1==on) to value
- no corresponding MS C function
- see INT 21,2E
:_setvideomode
^MSC: short far _setvideomode( short mode )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets video mode specified
- mode = _DEFAULTMODE hardware default
_MAXCOLORMODE graphics mode with most colors
_MAXRESMODE graphics mode with highest resolution
_TEXTBW40 40x25 16 color CGA/Text
_TEXTC40 40x25 16 color CGA/Text
_TEXTBW80 80x25 16 shades CGA/Text
_TEXTC80 80x25 16 color CGA/Text
_MRES4COLOR 320x200 4 color CGA/Graphics
_MRESNOCOLOR 320x200 4 color CGA/Graphics
_HRESBW 640x200 2 color CGA/Graphics
_TEXTMONO 80x25 mono MDA/Text
_MRES16COLOR 320x200 16 color EGA/Graphics
_HRES16COLOR 640x200 16 color EGA/Graphics
_ERESNOCOLOR 640x350 1 color EGA/Text
_ERESCOLOR 640x350 64 color EGA/Graphics
_VRES2COLOR 640x480 2 color VGA/Graphics
_VRES16COLOR 640x480 16 color VGA/Graphics
_MRES256COLOR 320x200 256 color VGA/Graphics
_ORESCOLOR 640x400 16 color CGA/Graphics/Olivetti
_HERCMONO 720x348 2 color HGC/Graphics/Hercules
- returns non-zero on success; zero on error
:_setviewport
^MSC: void far _setviewport( short x1, short y1, short x2, short y2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- defines a clipping region like _setcliprgn()
- sets the logical origin to the upper left corner coordinates
specified as parameters
- (x1,y1) upper left corner of window
- (x2,y2) lower right corner of window
:_setvisualpage
^MSC: short far _setvisualpage( short page )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets visual page to that specified
- default page is zero
- returns previous page number or a negative value on error
:sin
^double sin( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns sine of x
- x must be in radians
:sinh
^double sinh( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns hyperbolic sine of x
- x must be in radians
:sleep
^TC: void sleep( unsigned seconds )
- prototype in dos.h
- suspended program for seconds of time
- accurate in seconds to limit of MS-DOS clock
- no corresponding MS C function
:sopen
^int sopen( const char *path, int access, int shflag, int mode )
- prototype in io.h, also include share.h, stat.h & fcntl.h
- actually a macro defined: open( path, (access | shflag), mode )
- opens file "path" and prepares it for shared I/O
- sharing mode is determined using access, shflag and mode
- access is a combination of the following ("permis" follows):
% Read/Write Access Flags (mutually exclusive):
O_RDONLY open read only
O_WRONLY open write only
O_RDWR open read/write
% Other Access Mode Flags:
O_APPEND file pointer is placed at EOF before each write
O_CREAT if file doesn't exist, create with "permis" attributes
O_TRUNC if exists, truncate length to zero, but leave file
attributes unchanged
O_BINARY binary mode
O_TEXT text mode
O_EXCL used with O_CREAT, error occurs if file already exists
O_NDELAY UNIX only
% Permission Attributes (if creating):
S_IWRITE write permission
S_IREAD read permission
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE read/write permission
- if O_BINARY nor O_TEXT is given, file is opened in translation
mode (O_TEXT) given by global variable _fmode
- returns non-negative number as file handle, or -1 on error
:spawn:spawn...
^Function spawn(), etc...
int spawnl( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL )
int spawnle( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL, char *envp[] )
int spawnlp( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL )
int spawnlpe( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL, char *envp[] )
int spawnv( int mode, char *path, char *argv )
int spawnve( int mode, char *path, char *argv, char *envp[] )
int spawnvp( int mode, char *path, char *argv )
int spawnvpe( int mode, char *path, char *argv, char *envp[] )
- prototype in process.h
- creates & runs child processes
- mode is P_WAIT which puts parent process "on hold" until child
completes execution; P_NOWAIT which continues to run parent
while child runs (not supported yet); or P_OVERLAY which overlays
child in memory location formerly occupied by parent (same as
exec... call)
- use P_WAIT to perform a DOS shell
- returns 0 for SUCCESS and non-zero for failure based on the
errorlevel set by the application
- see also exec...
:_splitpath
%MSC: void _splitpath( char *path, char *drive, char *dir,
% char *fname, char *ext )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- dissects the path into components
- path = fully qualified file name to dissect
- drive = is the drive letter followed by a colon if drive was
specified in string
- dir = any directories included in "path" plus '\'
- fname = base filename w/o extension
- ext = file extension
- the maximum size of each component is: _MAX_DRIVE, _MAX_DIR,
_MAX_FNAME, _MAX_EXT (all include the NULL and are actually
much larger than needed, except _MAX_DRIVE is exact fit)
- see _makepath
:sprintf
^int sprintf( char *s, const char *format [, arg1, arg2, ...] )
- prototype in stdio.h
- prints formatted data into string s
- see PRINTF SPEC for format specifiers
:sqrt
^double sqrt( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns square root of x, or 0 on error
:srand
^void srand( unsigned seed )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- re-initializes the random number generator with seed
- see rand()
:sscanf
^int sscanf( const char *s, const char *format, arg1, arg2, ... )
- prototype in stdio.h
- see SCANF and SCANF SPECS
:ssignal
^int (*ssignal( int sig, int (*action)())) ()
- prototype in signal.h
- ssignal() and gsignal() implement a software-signaling facility
where software signals are integers 1-15
- ssignal() establishes an action routine for servicing a signal
where sig is associated with the action routine
- ssignal() returns action previously established for ssignal()
or SIG_DFL
- UNIX based
:stackavail
^MSC: size_t stackavail( void )
- prototype in malloc.h
- used to determine approximate memory available on the stack for
allocation via alloca()
- returns approximate memory available on the stack
- see alloca
:stat
% int stat( char *pathname, struct stat *buff )
% int fstat( char *handle, struct stat *buff )
- prototype in stat.h
- stat() and fstat() store information about a given open file
(or directory) in the stat structure (in stat.h)
- stat() gets information about the open file or directory, while
fstat() gets info about the open file associated with handle
- returns 0 if successful, else -1 on error
:_status87
^unsigned int _status87( void )
- prototype in float.h
- returns floating-point status word & other conditions detected
by 8087/80287 exception handler
- see float.h for definition of return word from _status87()
:stime
^int stime( time_t *tp )
- prototype in time.h
- sets system time & date, where tp to value of time in seconds
since 00:00:00 GMT Jan 1, 1970
:str...:strings
^String Manipulation Functions
- prototype in string.h (a few also exist in stdlib.h)
%Conversion:
char *strlwr( char *s )
char *strrev( char *s )
double strtod( const char *s, char **endptr )
long strtol( const char *s, char **endptr, int radix )
unsigned long strtoul( const char *s, char **endptr, int radix )
char *strupr( char *s )
char *strdup( const char *s )
%Search:
char *strchr( char *s, int c )
size_t strcspn( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strpbrk( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strrchr( const char *s, int c )
size_t strspn( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strstr( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strtok( char *s1, const char *s2 )
%Comparison:
int strcmp( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
int strcmpi( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
int stricmp( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
int strncmp( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen )
int strncmpi( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen )
int strnicmp( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen )
%Copy:
char *stpcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
char *strcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
char *strcat( char *dest, const char *src )
char *strncat( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
char *strncpy( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
%Miscellaneous:
size_t strlen( const char *s )
char *strnset( char *s, int ch, size_t n )
char *strset( char *s, int ch )
char *strerror( int errnum )
char *_strerror( const char *s )
:stpcpy
^char *stpcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
- prototype in string.h
- copies src into dest
- returns dest+strlen(src)
:strcat
^char *strcat( char *dest, const char *src )
- prototype in string.h
- appends src to dest
:strchr
^char *strchr( const char *str, int c )
- prototype in string.h
- scans str for first occurrence of c
- returns pointer to c in str, or NULL if not found
:strcmp
^int strcmp( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2, = 0 if str1 = str2, or > 0
if str1 > str2, using a signed comparison
:strcpy
^char *strcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
- prototype in string.h
- copies src into dest
- returns dest
:strcspn
^size_t strcspn( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- returns length of initial segment of str1 that consists
entirely of characters NOT from str2
:_strdate:_strtime
% MSC: char *_strdate( char *date )
% MSC: char *_strtime( char *time )
- prototype in time.h
- date = formatted date string: mm/dd/yy (9 bytes inc NULL)
- time = formatted time string: hh:mm:ss (9 bytes inc NULL)
- returns pointer to the parameter string
- Turbo C uses strdate() and strtime()
:strdup
^char *strdup( const char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- duplicates str, getting space with a call to malloc()
- returns pointer to duplicated string, or NULL if space could not
be allocated
:_strerror
^MSC: char *_strerror( char *string )
- prototype in string.h
- creates an error message based on the user supplied string
followed by a colon, then the library error message
- string = user error message string
- returns pointer to the generated string
- does not print the string
:strerror
^char *strerror( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- str should contain your customized error message to which a system
error message will be appended
- allows you to generate customized error messages, returning a
pointer to a null-terminated string containing an error message
- if str is NULL, the return value contains the most recently
generated system error message; this string is null-terminated
- if str is not NULL, the return value contains, a colon, a space,
the most recently generated system error message, and a newline;
with length of str being 94 characters or less
- this function generates the error string but does NOT print it
- for accurate error-handling, strerror should be called as soon
as a library routine generates an error return
:stricmp
^int stricmp( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2 without case sensitivity
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2
= 0 if str1 = str2
> 0 if str1 > str2
using a signed comparison
:strlen
^size_t strlen( const char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- returns number of characters in str, not counting the null
terminating character
:strlwr
^char *strlwr( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- converts str to all lower case
:strncat
^char *strncat( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- appends up to maxlen characters of src to dest and then
appends a null character
:strncmp
^int strncmp( const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2 up to maxlen characters
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2
= 0 if str1 = str2
> 0 if str1 > str2
using a signed comparison
:strncpy
^char *strncpy( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- copies exactly maxlen characters from src to dest, truncating
or null-padding dest
- dest might NOT be null-terminated if length of src >= maxlen
:strnicmp
^int strnicmp( const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2 up to maxlen chars ignoring case
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2
= 0 if str1 = str2
> 0 if str1 > str2
using a signed comparison
:strnset
^char *strnset( char *str, int ch, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h
- sets up to first n bytes of str to ch
- if n > strlen(str) then strlen(str) replaces n
:strpbrk
^char *strpbrk( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- scans str1 for first occurrence of any character appearing in str2
- returns pointer to first occurrence; NULL if not found
:strrchr
^char *strrchr( const char *str, int c )
- prototype in string.h
- scans a string in reverse direction for specified character c
- strrchr finds the LAST occurrence of c in str
- returns pointer to LAST occurrence, or NULL if not found
:strrev
^char *strrev( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- reverses all characters in str, except null terminator
:strset
^char *strset( char *str, int ch )
- prototype in string.h
- sets all characters in str to ch
:strspn
^size_t strspn( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- returns length of initial segment of str1 that consists
entirely of characters from str2
:strstr
^char *strstr( const char *anchor, const char *testpattern )
- prototype in string.h
- returns a pointer within anchor where testpattern is found,
or NULL if testpattern is not found in anchor
- may be incompatible with Microsoft C
:strtod
^double strtod( const char *str, char **endptr )
- prototype in string.h
- converts string str to a double value
- stops reading at tfirst character that cannot be interpreted
as part of a double value, returning in *endptr
- str must have format:
[ws][sn][ddd][.][ddd][fmt[sn]ddd]
where [ws] = optional whitespace
[sn] = optional sign (+-)
[ddd] = optional digits
[fmt] = option e or E
[.] = optional decimal point
:strtok
^char *strtok( char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- parses str1 for tokens and separators, where separators are
defined in str2
- first call returns a pointer to the first character of the first
token in str1 and writes a null character into str1 immediately
following the returned token; subsequent calls with NULL for
the first argument will work through the string str1 in this way
until no tokens remain
- when tokens are exhausted, returns NULL
:strtol
^long strtol( const char *str, char **endptr, int base )
- prototype in string.h
- converts string str to a long value
- stops reading at first character that cannot be interpreted
as part of a long value, returning in *endptr
- str must have format:
[ws][sn][0][x][ddd]
where [ws] = optional whitespace
[sn] = optional sign (+-)
[0] = optional zero
[x] = optional x or X
[ddd] = optional digits
- base is between 2 and 36; if 0, first few characters of str
determines base to be used (oct,hex or dec) any other value
of base is illegal
:strupr
^char *strupr( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- converts to all uppercase
:swab
^void swab( char *src, char *dest, int nbytes )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- copies nbytes bytes from src into dest, with adjacent even and
odd-byte positions being swapped
- nbytes should therefore be an even number
- a standard way of performing this is to use the XCHG instruction
- see XCHG
:system
^int system( const char *command )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- invokes MS-DOS COMMAND.COM to execute "command", returning exit
status of COMMAND.COM; the COMSPEC environment variable is
automatically searched if necessary
- a CR/LF pair in the command string will result in an error
- see also exec(), spawn()
:tan
^double tan( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns tangent of x
- x must be in radians
:tanh
^double tanh( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns hyperbolic tangent of x
- x must be in radians
:tell
^long tell( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns offset within file corresponding to handle
- returns -1L on error
- see lseek
:tempnam:tmpnam
% MSC: char *tempnam( char *dir, char *prefix )
% MSC: char *tmpnam( char *string )
- prototype in stdio.h
- string = buffer to receive temporary filename
- tempnam() creates a temporary file in the specified directory
"dir" using the "prefix" as the beginning of the filename;
memory for the resulting filename is allocate via malloc() and
must be freed with free()
- tmpnam() creates the temporary file in the current directory
- return a pointer to the new name or NULL on error
:time
^time_t time( time_t *tloc )
- prototype in time.h
- gives current time in seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 GMT,
January 1, 1970, and stores it into tloc
:tmpfile
^MSC: FILE *tmpfile( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- creates and opens a temporary stream file
- returns stream pointer or NULL on error
- file is automatically deleted when closed or rmtmp() is called
- rmtmp() works only if in original directory
- file is opened in binary write mode; except MS C version 4.0
opened file in write translate mode
:toascii
^int toascii( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- clears all but lower 7 bits in c, converting to ASCII
:_tolower
^int _tolower( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to lowercase if c is UPPER case
- use tolower() preferentially
:tolower
^int tolower( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to LOWER case only if c is UPPER case
:_toupper
^int _toupper( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to UPPER case only if c is LOWER case
- use toupper() preferentially
:toupper
^int toupper( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to UPPER case only if c is LOWER case
:tzset
^void tzset( void )
- prototype in time.h
- included for UNIX compatibility but does nothing in DOS
:ultoa
^char *ultoa( unsigned long value, char *string, int radix )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts value to string where radix specifies base
(2-36) for conversion
:umask
^MSC: int umask( int permission )
- prototype in io.h, sys\types.h, sys\stat.h
- changes permision in which a file may be accessed
- permission = S_IWRITE write is forbidden
= S_IREAD read is forbidden (ignored by DOS)
= S_IWRITE | S_IREAD no reading or writing
- returns previous permission value
:ungetc
^int ungetc( int c, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- pushes character back into file stream
:ungetch
^void ungetch( int c )
- prototype in conio.h
- similar to ungetc() except pushes character back to keyboard buffer
:unixtodos
%TC: void unixtodos( long utime, struct date *dateptr,
% struct time *timeptr)
- prototype in dos.h
- converts date & time to DOS format
- no corresponding MS C function
:unlink
^int unlink( const char *filename )
- prototype in dos.h or io.h
- returns 0 if successful, else -1
:unlock
^TC: int unlock( int handle, long offset, long length )
- prototype in io.h
- unlock() removes locks placed on a file region by lock()
- returns 0 on success, else -1 on error
- all locks must be released before program termination
- MS C uses locking()
- see also lock
:utime
^MSC: int utime( char *path, struct utimbuf *times )
- prototype in sys\types.h, sys\utime.h
- path = any valid DOS filename
- times = time values in structure (modtime should be set)
- if write access to the file is available the file time is updated
from the modtime field
- if times is NULL the file date is set to current time
- returns 0 on success or -1 on error
struct utimbuf
{
time_t actime; /* access time (not used in DOS) */
time_t modtime; /* modification time */
};
:vfprintf
^int vfprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list param )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sends formatted output to a stream
:vfscanf
^int vfscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list argp )
- prototype in stdio.h
- like fscanf(), except arguments accepted from va_arg array from
va_list parm
:vprintf
^int vprintf( const char *format, va_list param )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sends formatted output to stdout
:vscanf
^int vscanf( const char *format, va_list argp )
- prototype in stdio.h
- like scanf(), except arguments accepted from va_arg array from
va_list parm
:vsprintf
^int vsprintf( char *string, const char *format, va_list param )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sends formatted output to a string
:vsscanf
%int vsscanf( const char *string, const char *format, va_list argp )
- prototype in stdio.h
- like sscanf(), except arguments accepted from va_list parm
:_wrapon
^MSC: short far _wrapon( short wrap )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets wrapping/truncating of text
- wrap = _GWRAPOFF truncates text at window border
= _GWRAPON wraps line at window border
- returns previous wrap value
:_write
^TC: int _write( int fd, char *buf, int count )
- prototype in io.h
- writes count bytes from buf to file or device at fd
- count cannot be greater that 65534
- is a direct call to MS-DOS write function INT 21,40
- does NO conversion of CR/LFs; all output is binary
- returns a count of bytes written or -1 on error
- MS C uses _dos_write()
- see write _open _creat _read INT 21,40
:write
^int write( int fd, char *buf, int count )
- prototype in io.h
- write count bytes from buf to file or device at fd
- converts LF to CR-LF for text output
- returns a count of bytes written (excluding any CRs
generated for a text file), or -1 on error
:c declarations
^Complex C Declarations
int i; i as an int
int *i; i as a pointer to an int
int **i; i is a pointer to a pointer to an int
int *(*i)(); i is a pointer to a function returning a
pointer to int
int *(*i[])(); i is an array of pointers to functions
returning pointers to an int
int *i[5]; i is an array of 5 pointers to int
int (*i)[5]; i is a pointer to an array of 5 ints
int *i(); i is a function returning a pointer to an int
int (*i)(); i is a pointer to a function returning int
int *(*(*i)())[5] i is a pointer to a function returning a
pointer to an array of 5 pointers to an int
:c errors (msc):msc errors
^Microsoft C Compiler Fatal Errors
C1000 unknown fatal error; contact Microsoft
C1001 internal compiler error; contact Microsoft
C1002 compiler out of heap space in C2.EXE
C1003 error count exceeded; stopping compilation
C1004 unexpected end-of-file found; disk full or unmatched #if
C1005 string too big for buffer
C1006 compiler intermediate file create/write error
C1007 invalid option on compiler command line
C1008 no source file specified
C1009 macros nested too deeply
C1010 macro expansion exceeded available space
C1011 macro definition too large
C1012 unmatched parenthesis in preprocessor directive
C1014 nesting of #include's exceed 10-level nesting limit
C1016 #ifdef & #ifndef directives expect an identifier
C1018 unexpected #elif; #elif without #if directive
C1019 unexpected #else; #else without #if directive
C1020 unexpected #endif; #endif without #if directive
C1021 invalid preprocessor command
C1022 expected #endif; #if directive not terminated by #endif
C1023 can't open specified source file
C1024 can't open specified include file
C1026 parser stack overflow; module too complex
C1027 DGROUP default data allocation exceeds 64K
C1028 modules far data segment allocation exceeds 64K (QC)
C1031 function calls nested too deeply
C1032 can't open object listing file
C1033 can't open assembly language output file
C1035 expression too complex; must be simplified
C1036 can't open source listing file
C1037 can't open object file
C1039 unrecoverable heap overflow in Pass 3 (post-optimizer)
C1040 unexpected EOF in source file; file disappeared
C1041 can't open intermediate file; no free file handles
C1042 can't open intermediate file; invalid TMP environment var
C1043 can't open intermediate file; unknown error
C1044 no disk space available for intermediate file
C1047 compiler option was specified too many times
C1048 unknown option specified
C1049 invalid numerical argument
C1050 code segment too large; within 36 bytes of 64K
C1052 #if/#ifdef nested too deeply; max of 32 levels
C1053 struct/union nested too deeply; max of 15
C1054 initializers nested too deeply; max from 10 to 15 levels
C1055 out of keys; file has too many symbols
C1056 out of macro expansion space; macro to large/complex
C1057 unexpected EOF in macro expansion or missing ')'
C1059 compiler has run out of near heap space
C1060 compiler has run out of far heap space
C1062 error writing preprocessor output file for /P option
C1063 compiler stack overflow; module too complex
C1064 identifier too long causing token to overflow internal buffer
C1068 can't open file specified file
C1069 file write error on specified file; disk space low
C1070 mismatched #if/#endif pair; missing #endif
C1071 unexpected EOF found in comment; missing end of comment
C1072 can't read indicated file
C1090 data allocation exceeds 64K on _based allocation
C1015 can't open include file (check name, searchpath and FILES=)
C1126 automatic allocation (local variable) exceeds size
C1127 segment redefinition; overwritten by specified segment
^Microsoft C Compiler Nonfatal Errors
C2015 too many characters in constant; escape sequence too large
C2016 missing closing single quotation mark on code line
C2017 illegal escape sequence; occurred outside of string
C2018 unknown character found in source file
C2019 expected preprocessor directive; # followed by non-directive
C2021 expected exponent value but found non-numeric character
C2022 octal value following '\' is too large for a single character
C2025 given identifier redefines enum, struct or union tag
C2026 given identifier already used as enum constant
C2027 given identifier refers to undefined enum, struct or union
C2028 struct/union member needs to be inside a struct/union
C2030 identifier used more than once in struct or union tag
C2031 function can't be use as struct or union member
C2033 bit field can't be declared as a pointer or use indirection
C2034 type of host bit field is too small for number of bits
C2035 given structure or union has undefined size
C2037 undefined struct or union identifier on left of -> or .
C2038 identifier is not a struct or union member
C2055 expected formal-parameter list instead of argument-type list
C2056 illegal expression; possibly from previous unreported problem
C2057 expected constant expression
C2058 expected integral constant expression
C2059 invalid token caused a syntax error
C2060 syntax error; EOF found before expected token
C2061 identifier caused syntax error
C2062 unexpected type
C2063 identifier is not a function but used as such
C2064 term does not evaluate to a function pointer
C2065 identifier not defined
C2066 illegal cast to function type
C2067 illegal cast to array type
C2068 illegal cast type used in expression
C2069 cast of void term to non-void is invalid
C2070 illegal sizeof operand; must be expression or type name
C2071 illegal storage class for identifier
C2072 attempt to initialize a function identifier
C2092 arrays of functions illegal; use array of ptrs to function
C2093 can't use address of auto variable as static initializer
C2094 label was undefined in function
C2095 void argument cannot be passed to function; (void *) may
C2096 struct & union comparison is illegal; compare members
C2097 illegal initialization
C2098 expected address as initialization expression
C2099 non-constant initializer
C2100 illegal indirection; * applied to a non-pointer value
C2101 address of operator '&' used on constant; requires lvalue
C2102 address of operator '&' requires lvalue
C2103 address of operator '&' can't be used on a register variable
C2104 address of operator '&' used on bit field not allowed
C2105 operator needs lvalue
C2106 left side of an operation must be lvalue
C2107 subscript applied to expression didn't evaluate to pointer
C2108 non-integral expression used as array subscript
C2109 subscript used on non-array variable
C2127 allocation for function parameters exceeds 32K
C2128 array crosses 2 segments & element size not power of 2
C2129 static function referenced was never defined
C2130 #line expected string containing file name; found other
C2131 more than one memory attribute applied to and identifier
C2132 syntax error : unexpected identifier
C2133 attempt to declare an unsized array as a local variable
C2134 struct or union too large; exceeded 64k
C2136 prototype must have a valid type for each variable
C2137 use of empty character constant '' is illegal
C2139 more than one type used in a variable declaration
C2140 argument can't be a function
C2141 enum constant value out of int range
C2143 expected 'token1' before 'token2' or missing ')', '}' or ';'
C2144 expected 'token' before 'type' or missing ')', '}' or ';'
C2145 expected 'token' before identifier or declaration missing ';'
C2146 expected 'token' before identifier
C2147 increment of index or array pointer with unknown base type
C2162 token following stringizing operator # isn't formal parameter
C2163 function in pragma not available as intrinsic function
C2164 intrinsic function not declared before use wit /Oi option
C2165 _pascal, _cdecl, _???? keywords can't modify pointers to data
C2166 attempt to modify item declared as const; lvalue is constant
C2167 too many parameters in call to an intrinsic function
C2168 too few parameters in call to an intrinsic function
C2169 function definition for function already declared intrinsic
C2170 intrinsic pragma used for function without intrinsic form
C2171 unary operator used on illegal operand type
C2172 non-pointer argument passed to a function expecting pointer
C2173 non-pointer argument passed to a function expecting pointer
C2174 cant pass parameter with void type to function
C2176 static huge data not supported by /qc; use halloc()
C2177 constant too large for data type
C2178 storage class for same_seg pragma variables must be extern
C2179 same_seg pragma variable class has changed from extern
C2207 middle member of struct/union has zero-sized array
C2208 enum, struct or union defined w/o members using /Za option
C2209 type cast used in _based construct must be (_segment)
C2210 base in _based declarator must be near/far data pointer
C2211 item cast in _based declarator can't be a function
C2212 _based not available for functions or pointers to functions
C2213 symbol used as base must be type _segment, near far pointer
C2214 _based pointer based on void can't be de-referenced; use :>
C2215 :> operator only for objects based on void
C2216 given function attributes are incompatible
C2217 function attribute requires another attributes also
C2218 type in _based construct must be void
C2219 const/volatile appeared where type or qualifier not allowed
C2220 no object file generated; warning treated as error due to /WX
C2221 left operand of '.' is pointer to struct/union, must use '->'
C2222 left operand of '->' is struct or union, must use '.'
C2223 left operand of '->' must be pointer struct or union
C2411 identifier is not a member of the specified struct or union
C2412 identifier redefined within current function
C2413 alignment size used with ALIGN directive missing or invalid
C2414 illegal number of operands in assembly code; see /G1 & /G2
C2415 improper operand type
C2416 illegal opcode for processor in assembly code; see /G1 & /G2
C2417 divisor used within the given context is zero
C2418 in-line asm identifier referenced as register and isn't
C2419 divisor argument to mod is zero in given context
C2420 given identifier is illegal in this context
C2421 PTR must not be used with register operand in this context
C2422 illegal segment override used in given context
C2424 given token used to form improper expression in this context
C2425 token used fto form non-constant expression in this context
C2426 given token is illegal operator in this context
C2427 jump referencing label is out of range
C2429 FAR PTR can't be use on jmp or call to label
^Microsoft C Command-Line Errors
D2000 unknown CL command line error; contact Microsoft
D2001 too many symbols predefined with /D; max is 30
D2002 memory-model specification conflict; only 1 allowed
D2003 missing source file name for CL command
D2008 option specified too many times
D2011 more than one /FP option specified; only 1 allowed
D2012 too many linker flags in command; max of 128 flags/files
D2013 incomplete model specification in /A:
D2018 can't open linker response file
D2019 can't overwrite source with object file; output = input
D2020 /Gc requires extended keywords be enabled via /Ze
D2021 invalid numerical argument; numeric args must be < 65534
D2022 can't open help file for /HELP
D2027 CL could not execute one of the compiler components
D2028 too many open files; can't dup/redirect specified stream
D2030 internal compiler component error; contact Microsoft
D2031 too many flags/files in command; max of 128 arguments to CL
^Microsoft C Command-Line Warning
D4000 unknown command line warning in CL; contact Microsoft
D4001 listing overrides assembly output; /Fc and /Fa used together
D4002 unknown flag ignored by CL command
D4003 multiple processors selected for code generation
D4005 CL could not locate compiler component
D4007 /C must be used in conjunction with /P or /E or /EP
D4009 threshold valid for far/huge data models only; /Gt ignored
D4011 preprocessor listing specified; source listing not generated
D4012 function prototyping specified; source listing not generated
D4013 combined listing /Fc overrides object listing /Fl
D4014 invalid value for option; default value used
D4018 .DEF files supported in OS/2 only (/Lr /Lc)
D4019 string too long for /ND, /NT, /NM, /St, /Ss option of CL
^Microsoft Link Errors (incomplete list)
L2002 fixup overflow (probably incompatible memory models .OBJs)
^Microsoft C Floating-Point Math Errors
M6101 invalid operation occurred; usually NAN or infinity problem
M6102 denormal; significance loss with very small generated number
M6103 attempt to divide by zero in floating-point operation
M6104 overflow in floating-point operation
M6105 underflow occurred in floating-point operation
M6106 inexact; loss of precision occurred in FP operation
M6107 unemulated/unsupported 8087/287/387 instruction executed
M6108 square root operand somehow became negative; C won't allow
M6110 coprocessor or emulator stack overflow
M6111 stack underflow due to unretrieved double return values
^Microsoft C Run-Time Errors
R6000 stack overflow; stack needs enlarged or problem program
R6001 null pointer assignment, NULL segment modified
R6002 floating-point support not linked into executable
R6005 not enough memory to load child process (EXEC)
R6006 target executable is not a valid executable (EXEC)
R6007 invalid environment on exec of child process (EXEC)
R6008 not enough space for argument vector after program loads
R6009 not enough space for environment after program loads
R6010 abnormal program termination
R6012 illegal null near-pointer use
R6013 illegal out of range far-pointer use
R6016 not enough space for thread data
R6017 unexpected multithread lock error
:cl:msc options
^Microsoft C Options (v6.0)
%CL [options] [filenames] [libraries link-options]
/AT Tiny Memory Model; combined code and data limited to 64K
/AS Small Memory Model; code and data limited to 64K each
/AM Medium Memory Model; data is limited to 64K
/AC Compact Memory Model; code is limited to 64K
/AL Large Memory Model; unlimited code and data but arrays
are limited to 64K
/AH Huge Memory Model; unlimited code, data and array size
/Astring where string is compose of the following:
% Code Pointer Control
s all code pointers are near
l all code pointers are far
% Data Pointer Control
n all data pointers are near
f all data pointer are far
h all data pointers are huge
% Segment Setup Control
d stack segment (SS) defaults to data segment (DS)
u stack segment (SS) is not equal to data segment (DS);
DS is loaded on function entry
w stack segment (SS) is not equal to data segment (DS);
DS is NOT loaded on function entry
/B1[path] used to invoke the large version of the compiler C1L.EXE;
normally used when the compiler runs out of heap space
/B2 invokes large compiler version pass 2
/B3 invokes large compiler version pass 3
/C preserves file comments when preprocessing a file
/c do not link, create .OBJ file only
/D<string> defines string as a preprocessor constant. If string is
of the form "ID=xxx" then "ID" represents the value "xxx"
If no equals sign is present, "ID" has the value 0. If
an equals sign is present without a value, ID has the
value 1.
/E output from preprocessor is written to stdout with
interspersed #line directives.
/EP output from preprocessor is written to stdout without,
adding #line directives.
/F<size> sets stack to <size> bytes. Size must be hexadecimal.
/Fa[file] generate assembly listing. Filename defaults to source
file with .ASM extension.
/Fb<file> creates bound executable. Should be used only with /Lp.
/Fc[file] generates combined assembly/source listing. The filename
defaults to the source file name with the .COD extension.
/Fe<file> creates the executable with specified name
/Fl[file] generates object code listing. Default file name is the
source file name with a .COD extension.
/Fm[file] generate a link MAP file. Default file name is the source
file name with the extension .MAP.
/Fo<file> generate and object file using the name <file>.
/FPa generates floating point calls and selects the alternate
math library.
/FPc generates floating point calls and selects the emulation
library.
/FPc87 generates floating point calls and selects the 80x87
library.
/FPi generates inline 80x87 instructions and selects the 80x87
library. Default floating point option.
/FPi87 generates floating point calls and selects the 80x87
library.
/Fr[file] generates a standard PWB Source Browser Database. The
default name is the source file with the .SBR extension.
/FR[file] generates a standard PWB Source Browser Database. The
default name is the source file with the .SBR extension.
/Fs generate a source file listing with .LST extension.
/Fx generate a cross reference listing with .CRF extension.
/G0 generate code using 8088/8086 instruction set
/G1 generate code using 80188/80186 instruction set
/G2 generate code using 80286 instruction set
/Gc generate code using FORTRAN/PASCAL calling and naming
conventions
/Gd generate code using standard C calling and naming
conventions (default)
/Ge generate code using stack checking routines (default)
/Gi incremental compile if used with /qc; only functions that
have changed are compiled; implies /Li option
/Gm strings are generated in the CONST segment
/Gr _fastcall functions are enabled. Parameters can be
passed via registers instead of on the stack
/Gs suppress generation of stack checking code
/Gt[num] places data items larger than "num" bytes into different
segments. The default value for "num is 256 bytes.
/Gw generate Windows functions entry/exit code
/GW generates more efficient Windows functions entry/exit
code. Use /Gw for callback routines.
/H<num> external name length restriction (default 31)
/HELP calls QuickHelp utility. /help is also valid.
/I<path> inserts <path> in front of current include search path
/J all chars should be unsigned (default is signed)
/Lc linker is to generate compatibility mode programs.
/Li[num] incremental link using ILINK instead of LINK. Results
in larger EXE size.
/Lp linker is to generate protected mode executable.
/Lr linker is to create real mode executable.
/link <info> passes library names in <info> to LINK
/MA<opt> passes <opt> to MASM if .ASM files found on command line
/MD creates Dynamic Link Library for OS/2; The same as:
/ALw /FPi /G2 /DDLL /DMT. No library search record is
defined
/ML links the C run-time library as part of the Dynamic Link
Library. The library search record is set to LLIBCDLL.LIB.
/MT enable multithread program support in OS/2
/ND<dseg> set data segment name to <dseg>
/NM<name> set module name to <name>
/nologo suppress sign-on banner display
/NT<name> set code segment name to <name>
/O[opts] where "opts" is a string containing the following:
a relax alias checking
c enable block level local common expressions
d disable all optimizations
e enable global register optimization
g enable global optimizations and global common
expressions
i enable generation of intrinsic functions
l enable loop optimization
n disable unsafe loop optimization (default)
p improve consistency in floating-point calculations
r disable inline returns from functions
s optimize for size
t optimize for speed (default)
w assume no aliasing except across function calls
x maximize optimization (/Ocegilt/Gs)
z enable maximum loop and global-register allocation
optimization
/P preprocess source generating .I intermediate file
/qc quick compile option. Incompatible with the following
options: /Fa /Fc /Fl /FPa /FPc /FPc87 /Fs /Gm /H /Ow /Zc
/Sl<wid> set listing file line width to <wid> (79-132, default 79)
/Sp<len> set page length (15-255, default 63)
/Ss<stitle> set source listing subtitle
/St<title> set source listing title
/Ta<file> <file> is to be treated as an assembler source file
regardless of the file extension
/Tc<file> <file> is to be treated as an C source file regardless
of the file extension
/u undefines all predefined indentifiers
/U<id> undefines <id> predefined indentifier
/V<ver> version string <ver> is copied to the .OBJ file
/w suppress compiler warnings (same as /W0)
/W0 suppress compiler warnings
/W<n> warning level (1..4) 1=fewer, 4=more warnings (default 1)
/WX all warnings should be treated as fatal
/X ignore standard places in include path search
/Za disables Microsoft language extensions insuring ANSI
code compatibility
/Zc pascal functions are to be case insensitive
/Zd generate line number information for debuggers
/Ze enable Microsoft C language extensions
/Zg generate function prototypes and display via stdout
without compiling.
/Zi generate symbolic debugging information
/Zl suppress library search record generation
/Zp1 structures are not to be packed (Turbo C default)
/Zp2 pack structure on word boundaries
/Zp4 pack structure on dword boundary
/Zr generate code to check null pointers and out of range
far pointers
/Zs<file> perform syntax check only
%Environment Variables
CL default input files and command line options
INCLUDE paths to search for include files (separated by ";")
LIB paths to search for library files (separated by ";")
LINK command line options for link
TMP path where temporary files are created
:c escape sequences
^C Escape Sequences
\a Bell
\b Backspace
\f Form feed
\n Line feed
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\' Single quote
\" Double quote
\\ Backslash
\0 NULL character
\7 Bell
\ddd Octal value
\xddd Hexadecimal value
:c operators:operator precedence
^C Operators
% Operation C Operator Associativity
Array [] ( 哪 )
Function () ( 哪 )
Member -> ( 哪 )
Member . ( 哪 )
Unary minus - ( 哪 )
Unary plus + ( 哪 )
Logical NOT ! ( 哪 )
Bitwise compliment ~ ( 哪 )
Address of & ( 哪 )
Indirection * ( 哪 )
Sizeof sizeof ( 哪 )
Increment ++ ( 哪 )
Decrement -- ( 哪 )
Cast (type) ( 哪 )
Multiplication * ( 哪 )
Division / ( 哪 )
Modulus % ( 哪 )
Addition + ( 哪 )
Subtraction - ( 哪 )
Shift right >> ( 哪 )
Shift left << ( 哪 )
Greater than > ( 哪 )
Greater or equal >= ( 哪 )
Less than < ( 哪 )
Less or equal <= ( 哪 )
Equal == ( 哪 )
Not equal != ( 哪 )
Bitwise AND & ( 哪 )
Bitwise XOR ^ ( 哪 )
Bitwise OR | ( 哪 )
Logical AND && ( 哪 )
Logical OR || ( 哪 )
Conditional ?: ( 哪 )
Simple assignment = ( 哪 )
Addition assignment += ( 哪 )
Subtraction assignment -= ( 哪 )
Multiplication assign *= ( 哪 )
Division assignment \= ( 哪 )
Modulus assignment %= ( 哪 )
Left shift assignment <<= ( 哪 )
Right shift assignment >>= ( 哪 )
Bitwise XOR assignment ^= ( 哪 )
Bitwise AND assignment &= ( 哪 )
Bitwise OR assignment |= ( 哪 )
Compliment assignment ~= ( 哪 )
Sequence operator , ( 哪 )
- all operations grouped together have the same precedence
:regs:byteregs:wordregs:sregs:regpack
^Register Structures for Turbo C and MS C
% Turbo C MS C
%struct WORDREGS struct WORDREGS
{ {
unsigned int ax; unsigned int ax;
unsigned int bx; unsigned int bx;
unsigned int cx; unsigned int cx;
unsigned int dx; unsigned int dx;
unsigned int si; unsigned int si;
unsigned int di; unsigned int di;
unsigned int cflag; unsigned int cflag;
unsigned int flags; };
};
%struct BYTEREGS
{
unsigned char al;
unsigned char ah;
unsigned char bl;
unsigned char bh; ? same as Turbo C
unsigned char cl;
unsigned char ch;
unsigned char dl;
unsigned char dh;
};
%union REGS
{
struct WORDREGS x; ? same as Turbo C
struct BYTEREGS h;
};
%struct SREGS
{
unsigned int es;
unsigned int cs; ? same as Turbo C
unsigned int ss;
unsigned int ds;
};
%struct REGPACK
{
unsigned r_ax;
unsigned r_bx;
unsigned r_cx;
unsigned r_dx;
unsigned r_bp; Turbo C only
unsigned r_si;
unsigned r_di;
unsigned r_ds;
unsigned r_es;
unsigned r_flags;
};
:abort
^void abort( void )
- prototype in stdlib.h & process.h
- terminates a process & calls exit(3)
:abs
^int abs( int n )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- returns the absolute value of int n
:absread
^TC: int absread( int drive, int count, int start, void *buffer )
- prototype in dos.h
- reads absolute logical disk sectors
- drive = (0=A:, 1=B:, 2=C:, ...)
- count = # of sectors to read
- start = beginning logical sector number
- buffer = address of buffer
- TC++ accounts for DOS 4.x+ long sector values while TC 2.0 and
earlier do not (see INT 25)
- returns 0 if OK; -1 on error; errno has DOS error number
- see INT 25
:abswrite
^TC: int abswrite( int drive, int sectors, int start, void *buffer )
- prototype in dos.h
- writes absolute logical disk sectors
- drive = (0=A:, 1=B:, 2=C:, ...)
- sectors = # of sectors to write
- start = beginning logical sector number
- buffer = address of buffer
- TC++ accounts for DOS 4.x+ long sector values while TC 2.0 and
earlier do not (see INT 25)
- returns 0 if OK; -1 on error; errno has DOS error number
- see INT 25
:access
^int access( const char *filename, int amode )
- prototype in io.h
- checks filename for existence & R/W access
- amode = 06 -- check for R/W permission
04 -- check for R
02 -- check for W
01 -- execute (ignored)
00 -- check if filename exists
- filename can be directory
- returns 0 if OK
-1 on error
errno = ENOENT if path or filename not found
errno = EACCES if permission denied
:acos
^double acos( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc cosine of x
- values must be in range -1 to 1
:alloca
^MSC: void *alloca( size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- allocates size bytes for the application stack
- memory is automatically freed upon exiting the calling function
- this function cannot be used as a parameter to another function
or stack corruption will occur
- the pointer returned CANNOT be passed as an argument to free()
since it isn't allocated from DOS
- see stackavail
:allocmem
^TC: int allocmem( unsigned size, unsigned *seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- allocates memory in size paragraphs, where seg is pointer to
a word containing segment address
- returns -1 if ok, else largest available memory in paragraphs
- MS C uses _dos_allocmem
- see INT 21,48
:asctime
^char *asctime( const struct tm *tm )
- prototype in time.h
- converts time in struct tm to 26-character ASCII string
- returns a pointer to the ASCII string
:asin
^double asin( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc sine of x
- values must be in range -1 to 1
:assert
^void assert( int test )
- prototype in assert.h
- if test fails, prints error message & aborts program
- test can be a condition
:atan
^double atan( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc tangent of x
:atan2
^double tan( double y, double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns arc tangent of x*2
- used instead of atan when the resulting angle is near
pi/2 or -pi/2
:atexit
^int atexit( void func )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- func is defined as void (*func)(void)
- calls func() before exiting to DOS
- up to 32 functions can be called (if 32 atexit calls registered)
- should be located in main & executed before anything else
- returns 0 if OK, else nonzero if no space to register function
:atof
^double atof( const char *s )
- prototype in math.h & stdlib.h
- converts ASCII string to double value
:atoi
^int atoi( const char *s )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts ASCII string to integer value
:atol
^long atol( const char *s )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts ASCII string to long value
:bdos
^int bdos( int dosfun, unsigned dosdx, unsigned dosal )
- prototype in dos.h
- make DOS system call for function dosfun, passing DX and AL
values via dosdx and dosal
- use only in small memory model
- unique to DOS
- returns value of AX set by system call
:bdosptr
^TC: int bdosptr( int dosfun, void *argument, unsigned dosal )
- prototype in dos.h
- make DOS system call for function dosfun, passing POINTER
to values via argument and passing AL via dosal
- use for small or large memory models
- returns value of AX set by system call, else -1 on failure
(where errno & _doserrno are then set)
:_bfree:_ffree:_nfree
% MSC: void _bfree( _segment seg, void _based(void) *block )
% MSC: void _ffree( void far *block )
% MSC: void _nfree( void near *block )
- prototype in malloc.h
- block = previously allocated buffer
- in large data memory models free() maps to _ffree()
- in small data memory models free() maps to _nfree()
- NULL pointer parameter is ignored
:_bios_disk
^MSC: unsigned _bios_disk(unsigned cmd,struct diskinfo_t *dskinfo)
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _DISK_RESET resets disk system (INT 13,0)
= _DISK_STATUS return disk status (INT 13,1)
= _DISK_READ read disk sectors (INT 13,2)
= _DISK_WRITE write disk sectors (INT 13,3)
= _DISK_VERIFY verify disk sectors (INT 13,4)
= _DISK_FORMAT format disk track (INT 13,5)
- dskinfo = pointer to structure containing disk information:
struct diskinfo_t
{
unsigned drive; /* physical drive number */
unsigned head; /* head number */
unsigned track; /* track number */
unsigned sector; /* sector number */
unsigned nsectors; /* sectors to deal with */
void _far *buffer; /* data buffer */
};
- returns status of operation (AX register, AH contains status)
- drive numbers represent physical drives (0 = A:, 1 = B:,
80h = drive 0, 81h = drive 1
- disk reads should be retried at least 3 times
- Turbo C uses biosdisk()
- see INT 13
:_bios_equiplist
^MSC: unsigned _bios_equiplist( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns flags found in BIOS data area at 40:10 & 40:11
- Turbo C uses biosequip()
- see INT 11
:_bios_keybrd
^MSC: int _bios_keybrd( int cmd )
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _KEYBRD_READ return next keystroke w/o echo (INT 16,0)
= _KEYBRD_READY test if key avail; 0=none (INT 16,1)
= _KEYBRD_SHIFTSTATUS return shift key status (INT 16,2)
= _NKEYBRD_READ return next keystroke w/o echo (INT 16,10)
= _NKEYBRD_READY test if key avail; 0=none (INT 16,11)
= _NKEYBRD_SHIFTSTATUS return shift key status (INT 16,12)
- AND returned value with 0x00FF to get ASCII value
- Ctrl-Break causes "while (!_bios_keybrd(_KEYBRD_READY))" to loop
infinitely since it places a zero in the keyboard queue
- _NKEYBRD_READ, _NKEYBRD_READY, _NKEYBRD_SHIFTSTATUS are available
on AT and newer machines only
- Turbo C uses bioskey()
- see INT 16
:_bios_memsize
^MSC: unsigned _bios_memsize( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns memory size in 1K blocks (16..640K)
- Turbo C uses biosmemory()
- see INT 12
:_bios_printer
%unsigned _bios_printer(unsigned cmd,unsigned port,unsigned data)
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _PRINTER_WRITE print character (INT 17,0)
= _PRINTER_INIT initialize printer port (INT 17,1)
= _PRINTER_STATUS read port status (INT 17,2)
- port = printer port; 0=LPT1, 1=LPT2
- data = value to write
- returns status of printer (INT 17, AX reg, AH contains status)
- Turbo C uses biosprint()
- see INT 17
:_bios_serialcom
^MSC: unsigned _bios_serialcom(unsigned cmd,unsigned port,unsigned fmt)
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _COM_INIT initialize port (INT 14,0)
= _COM_SEND send character (INT 14,1)
= _COM_RECEIVE read character from port (INT 14,2)
= _COM_STATUS get serial port status (INT 14,3)
- fmt = combination of the following:
_COM_CHR7 _COM_CHR8
_COM_STOP1 _COM_STOP2
_COM_NOPARITY _COM_EVENPARITY _COM_ODDPARITY
_COM_110 _COM_150 _COM_300
_COM_600 _COM_1200 _COM_2400
_COM_4800 _COM_9600
- returns status word (INT 14, AX reg, modem status in AL,
port status in AH)
- Turbo C uses bioscomm()
- see INT 14
:_bios_timeofday
^MSC: unsigned _bios_timeofday( unsigned cmd, long *timeval )
- prototype in bios.h
- cmd = _TIME_GETCLOCK get real time clock (INT 1A,0)
= _TIME_SETCLOCK set real time clock (INT 1A,1)
- returns current BIOS clock count
- Turbo C uses biostime()
- see INT 1A
:bioscom
^TC: int bioscom( int cmd, char byte, int port )
- prototype in bios.h
- RS232 communications
- cmd = 0 to set comm parms to value in byte
1 to send char in byte out on RS232 line
2 to receive char
3 to return current port status
- port = 0 for COM1
1 for COM2
2 for COM3
3 for COM4
- byte = bitwise OR of following bits
0x02 = 7 data bits 0x00 = 1 stop bit
0x03 = 8 data bits 0x04 = 2 stop bits
0x00 == no parity;
0x08 == odd parity;
0x18 == even parity
0x00 110 bps 0x20 150 bps
0x40 300 bps 0x60 600 bps
0x80 1200 bps 0xa0 2400 bps
0xc0 4800 bps 0xe0 9600 bps
- returns 16-bit integer, upper 8 bits are status & lower 8 bits
depending on cmd sent
- see INT 14 and subfunctions for more information
????????? low byte (AL) modem status
???????滥哪?delta clear to send
??????滥哪哪 delta data set ready
?????滥哪哪?trailing edge ring detector
????滥哪哪哪 delta receive line signal detect
???滥哪哪哪?clear to send
??滥哪哪哪哪 data set ready
?滥哪哪哪哪?ring indicator
滥哪哪哪哪哪 receive line signal detect
矲矱矰矯矪矨??? high byte (AH) line status
???????滥哪?data ready
??????滥哪哪 overrun error
?????滥哪哪?parity error
????滥哪哪哪 framing error
???滥哪哪哪?break detect
??滥哪哪哪哪 transmit holding register empty
?滥哪哪哪哪?transmit shift register empty
滥哪哪哪哪哪 time out
- MS C uses _bios_serialcomm()
:biosdisk
% TC: int biosdisk( int cmd, int drive, int head, int track,
% int sector, int nsects, void *buffer )
- prototype in bios.h
- issues interrupt 0x13 for BIOS disk operations
- drive = (0=A:, 1=2nd floppy, 0x80=drive 0, 0x81=drive 1
- cmd = 0 reset diskette system (hard disk drive reset)
1 return status of last disk operation, ignore parms
2 read nsects disk sectors, with starting sector
defined by head, track, & sector, reading 512 bytes
per sector into buffer
3 write nsects disk sectors, with starting sector
defined by head, track, & sector, writing 512 bytes
per sector from buffer
4 verify nsects disk sectors, with starting sector
defined by head, track, & sector
5 format a track defined by head & track, where buffer
points to a table of sector headers to be written
For XT or AT only:
6 - formats a track & sets bad sector flags
7 - formats drive beginning at specific track
8 - returns current drive parms in 1rst 4 bytes of buffer
9 - initializes drive-pair characteristics
10 - long read (4 extra bytes per sector for ECC)
11 - long write (4 extra bytes per sector for ECC)
12 - disk seek
13 - alternate disk reset
14 - reads sector buffer
15 - writes sector buffer
16 - tests if named drive is ready
17 - recalibrates drive
18 - controller ram diagnostic
19 - drive diagnostic
20 - controller internal diagnostic
- see (int 13) for more return codes and more information
- drive numbers represent physical drives (0 = A:, 1 = B:,
80h = drive 0, 81h = drive 1
- disk reads should be retried at least 3 times
- MS C uses _bios_disk()
:biosequip
^TC: int biosequip( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns integer showing equipment in system
- see (INT 11 or EQUIPMENT FLAGS) for bit meanings
- MS C uses _bios_equiplist()
:bioskey
^TC: int bioskey( int cmd )
- prototype in bios.h
- keyboard operations
- cmd = 0 return next keystroke w/o echo (INT 16,0)
= 1 test if key waiting; 0=none (INT 16,1)
= 2 return shift key status (see INT 16,2)
- AND returned value with 0x00FF to get ASCII value
- Ctrl-Break causes "while (!bioskey(1))" to loop infinitely since
it places a zero in the keyboard queue
- MS C uses _bios_keybrd()
- see also INT 16
:biosmemory
^TC: int biosmemory( void )
- prototype in bios.h
- returns BIOS size memory in 1K blocks
- see also INT 12
- MS C uses _bios_memsize()
:biosprint
^TC: int biosprint( int cmd, int byte, int port )
- prototype in bios.h
- outputs byte to port
- port = 0 (LPT1)
1 (LPT2), etc...
- cmd = 0 (print byte);
1 (init printer port);
2 (get LPT status)
- returns status of (values are or'd flags):
0x01 time out (cmd=0 means output error)
0x08 I/O error
0x10 selected
0x20 out of paper
0x40 acknowledge
0x80 not busy
- see INT 17h
- MS C uses _bios_printer()
:biostime
^TC: int biostime( int cmd, long newtime )
- prototype in bios.h
- reads or sets BIOS timer
- cmd = 0 returns current value of timer
1 sets timer to value of newtime
- MS C uses _bios_timeofday()
:_bmalloc:_fmalloc:_nmalloc
%MSC: void _based(void) *_bmalloc( _segment seg, size_t size )
%MSC: void far *_fmalloc( size_t size )
%MSC: void near *_nmalloc( size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- size = number of bytes to allocate
- seg = base segment value
- malloc() maps to _fmalloc or _nmalloc based on memory model
- _fmalloc allocates memory outside the default data segment if
possible
- returns pointer to allocated block or NULL on error; _bmalloc()
function returns _NULLOFF on error
- these functions will allocate a zero length block
:brk
^int brk( void *endds )
- prototype in alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- dynamically changes the amount of space allocated to the calling
programs data segment. Amount of allocated space increases as
the break value increases.
- returns 0 if OK
-1 with errno set to ENOMEM
:bsearch
%void *bsearch( void *key, void *base, int nelem, int width,
% int (*fcmp )())
- prototype in stdlib.h
- does binary search for items in a table which is
ALREADY sorted in ascending order
- base points to 0th element of table
- nelem contains number of entries in table
- width contains number of bytes in each entry
- key points to the search key
- fcmp() points to comparison routine, where key and elem are
passed to it as pointers. Function fcmp() returns:
integer < 0 if search key < elem;
integer = 0 if equal;
returns > 0 if search key > elem
- returns 0 if no match found, else address of first
entry that matches
:cabs
^double cabs( struct complex z )
- prototype in math.h
- returns absolute value of int n
:calloc
^void *calloc( unsigned count, unsigned sizeeach )
- prototype in stdlib.h & alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- allocates main memory
- see malloc
:ceil
^double ceil( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- rounds up x
:cgets
^char *cgets( char *s )
- prototype in conio.h
- reads string from console
- CR/LF combination is replaced by \0
- before calling, s[0] should be the max length of string to input
- on return, s[1] contains the actual string length
- returns pointer to s[2], the actual data input
:_chain_intr
^MSC: void _chain_intr( void (interrupt far *target)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- chains from one interrupt handler to another; sets up the
stack as if the interrupt was called directly by pushing the
flags and the original return address on the stack
- this function does not return to caller but returns to the
code where the interrupt occurred
- no corresponding function in Turbo C
:chdir
^int chdir( const char *path )
- prototype in dir.h
- changes current working directory to path.
- returns 0 if OK; else -1 with errno set to ENOENT
:_chmod
^TC: int _chmod( const char *filename, int func [,int attrib] )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- if func = 0, returns access mode of file
- if func = 1, sets access mode of file
- attrib can be one of the following:
Turbo C MSC
FA_RDONLY _A_RDONLY
FA_HIDDEN _A_HIDDEN
FA_SYSTEM _A_SYSTEM
- if func = 1,
returns 0 if OK
-1 with errno set to ENOENT or EACCES
- if func = 0, returns MSDOS attribute
:chmod
^int chmod( const char *filename, int permiss)
- prototype in io.h, also include stat.h
- changes access mode of file according to mask given by permiss,
where permiss is:
S_IWRITE
S_IREAD
S_IWRITE | S_IREAD
- returns 0 if OK
-1 with errno set to ENOENT or EACCES
:_clear87
^unsigned int _clear87( void )
- prototype in float.h
- clears 8087/80287 status word & other exceptions
- returns old status word
- see _status87
- for MSC also see _control87
:clearerr
^void clearerr( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- resets error indication
- see ferror()
:_clearscreen
^MSC: void far _clearscreen( short target )
- prototype in graph.h
- target = _GCLEARSCREEN clears screen
= _GVIEWPORT clears current viewport
= _GWINDOW clears current text window
- available in graphics mode only
- clears target area by filling with current background color
:clock
^MSC: clock_t clock( void )
- prototype in time.h
- returns elapsed processor time used by the calling process,
or -1 on error
:_close
^TC: int _close( int fd )
- prototype in io.h
- closes file fd where fd is file handle from _creat(), creat(),
creatnew(), creattemp(), dup(), dup2(), _open(), or open().
- use fdopen() to change file handle to file stream.
- does not write a CTL-Z to a text file on closing
- returns 0 if OK; -1 & errno=EBADF
- see INT 21,3E
- MS C uses _dos_close()
:close
^int close( int fd )
- prototype in io.h
- closes file fd where fd is file handle from _creat(), creat(),
creatnew(), creattemp(), dup(), dup2(), _open(), or open()
- use fdopen() to change file handle to file stream
- does not write a CTL-Z to a text file on closing
- returns 0 if OK; else -1 & errno may be set of EBADF
:_control87
^MSC: unsigned _control87( unsigned new, unsigned mask )
- prototype in float.h
- used to change floating point handling and exception masking
- new = contains corresponding bit values for any bit set in "mask"
to be moved into the coprocessor control word
- mask = zero; gets floating-point coprocessor control word
= non-zero; if any bit is set, the corresponding bit in
"new" is moved into the coprocessor control word
- returns floating-point coprocessor control word
- default control word is the logical OR of: IC_AFFINE, RC_NEAR,
PC_64, EM_DENORMAL, EM_UNDERFLOW, EM_INEXACT
%Control Word Mask and Bits
MCW_EM interrupt exception control
MCW_IC infinity control
MCW_RC rounding control
MCW_PC precision control
%Exception Masks
EM_INVALID invalid
EM_DENORMAL denormal
EM_ZERODIVIDE zero divide
EM_OVERFLOW overflow
EM_UNDERFLOW underflow
EM_INEXACT inexact (precision)
%Infinity Control
IC_AFFINE affine
IC_PROJECTIVE projective
%Rounding Control
RC_CHOP truncate
RC_UP round up
RC_DOWN round down
RC_NEAR near
%Precision Control
PC_24 24 bits precision
PC_53 53 bits precision
PC_64 64 bits precision
%User Status Word Bits
SW_INVALID invalid
SW_DENORMAL denormal
SW_ZERODIVIDE zero divide
SW_OVERFLOW overflow
SW_UNDERFLOW underflow
SW_INEXACT inexact precision
%Invalid Subconditions (if SW_INVALID)
SW_UNEMULATED unemulated instruction
SW_SQRTNEG square root of a neg number
SW_STACKOVERFLOW FP stack overflow
SW_STACKUNDERFLOW FP stack underflow
%Floating Point Errors
FPE_INVALID
FPE_DENORMAL
FPE_ZERODIVIDE
FPE_OVERFLOW
FPE_UNDERFLOW
FPE_INEXACT
FPE_UNEMULATED
FPE_SQRTNEG
FPE_STACKOVERFLOW
FPE_STACKUNDERFLOW
FPE_EXPLICITGEN
- see _clear87 _status87
:coreleft
% TC: unsigned coreleft( void )
% TC: unsigned long coreleft( void )
- prototype in alloc.h
- returns a measure of unused memory (see malloc())
- return value is int for models tiny, small, medium
return value is long for models compact, large, huge
- no corresponding function in MS C
:cos
^double cos( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns the cosine of angle x
- x must be in radians
:cosh
^double cosh( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns the hyperbolic cosine of angle x
- x must be in radians
:country
^TC: struct country *country(int cntrycode,struct country *cntryp)
- prototype in dos.h
- returns country-dependent information
:cprintf
^int cprintf( char *format [, argument,...] )
- prototype in conio.h
- sends formatted output to the console
- TC use either direct memory writes or BIOS calls depending on the
value of the external integer directvideo
- see PRINTF SPEC for format specifications
:cputs
^void cputs( char *s )
- prototype in conio.h
- writes string s to console
- TC: uses either direct memory writes or BIOS calls depending
on the value of the extern directvideo
:_creat
^TC: int _creat( const char *fname, int attr )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- creates new file (overwrites existing file) of filename with file
attribute attr, for both read/write
- attr can be a combination of the following
FA_RDONLY set read only attribute
FA_HIDDEN set hidden attribute
FA_SYSTEM set system attribute
- file is created in O_BINARY mode
- returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
- uses DOS function INT 21,3C
- MSC uses _dos_creat()
:creat
^int creat( const char *filename, int permis )
- prototype in io.h, also include stat.h
- creates new file (overwrites existing file) of filename
with access permission "permis" which is:
S_IWRITE
S_IREAD
S_IWRITE | S_IREAD
for permission to write, read or read/write.
- file is created set to _fmode (O_TEXT or O_BINARY)
:creatnew
%TC: int creatnew( const char *fname, int attr )
%MSC: unsigned creatnew( const char *fname, unsigned attr, int fd )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- creates new file filename with file attribute attr:
- attr consists of a combination of the following:
FA_RDONLY set read only attribute
FA_HIDDEN set hidden attribute
FA_SYSTEM set system attribute
- returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
- file is created set to _fmode (O_TEXT or O_BINARY)
- TC: returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
MSC: return 0 if ok, or DOS error code
:creattemp
^TC: int creattemp( char *filename, int attr )
- prototype in io.h, also include dos.h
- creates new file (overwrites existing file) of filename with file
attribute attrib, for both read/write
- attr consists of a combination of the following:
FA_RDONLY set read only attribute
FA_HIDDEN set hidden attribute
FA_SYSTEM set system attribute
- filename is a path name ending in a backslash (\); when file is
created, filename has a unique path name
- file is created set to _fmode (O_TEXT or O_BINARY)
- returns nonnegative integer if OK, else -1
:cscanf
^int cscanf( const char *format [,argument,...] )
- prototype in conio.h
- performs formatted input from console
- see SCANF and SCANF SPECS
:ctime
^char *ctime( const long *clock )
- prototype in time.h
- converts date and time to a string
- clock is a long integer (such as that returned by time())
- generates a 26-character string for date and time
- returns pointer to string
:ctrlbrk
^TC: void ctrlbrk( int (*fptr )(void) )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets a new control-break handler function pointed to by fptr
- if CNTL-C hit, then function pointed to by fptr is called
- use longjmp() to return to a given point in the program
:dieeetomsbin:dmsbintoieee:fieeetomsbin:fmsbintoieee
% MSC: int dieeetomsbin( double *srcdbl, double *dstdbl )
% MSC: int dmsbintoieee( double *srcdbl, double *dstdbl )
% MSC: int fieeetomsbin( float *srcflt, float *dstflt )
% MSC: int fmsbintoieee( float *srcflt, float *dstflt )
- prototype in math.h
dieeetomsbin() converts IEEE double to Microsoft double
dmsbintoieee() converts Microsoft double to IEEE double
fieeetomsbin() converts IEEE float to Microsoft float
fmsbintoieee() converts Microsoft float to IEEE float
- srcdbl and srcflt are pointers to source values
- dstdbl and dstflt are pointers to the destination
- returns 0 for success; 1 for failure (overflow)
:difftime
^double difftime( time_t time2, time_t time1 )
- prototype in time.h
- returns (time2-time1) difference in seconds (double)
:disable:_disable
% TC: void disable( void )
% MSC: void _disable( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- disables all interrupts except NMI via CLI instruction
:_displaycursor
^MSC: short far _displaycursor( short flag )
- prototype in graph.h
- flag = _GCURSORON turn cursor on
_GCURSOROFF turn cursor off
- cursor is normally turned off while in graphics mode; calling
this function determines whether cursor is displayed upon
exit from graphics mode
- returns previous value of cursor state flag
:div (c):ldiv
% MSC: struct _div_t div( int numer, int denom )
% MSC: struct _ldiv_t ldiv( long int numer, long int denom )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- divides numerator by denominator giving quotient and remainder
- returns div_t or ldiv_t structure of the form:
struct _div_t struct _ldiv_t
{ {
int quot; long quot;
int rem; long rem;
}; };
:_dos_allocmem
^MSC: unsigned _dos_allocmem( unsigned size, unsigned *seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- size = number of paragraphs to allocate
- seg = pointer to buffer to contain allocated segment value
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses allocmem()
- see INT 21,48
:_dos_close
^MSC: unsigned _dos_close( int handle )
- prototype in dos.h
- handle is standard DOS file handle attained through _dos_creat(),
_dos_creat(), _dos_creatnew(), _dos_open(), dup(), open()
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- does not write a CTL-Z to a text file on closing
- see INT 21,3E
:_dos_creat:_dos_creatnew
%MSC: unsigned _dos_creatnew(char *fname,unsigned attr,int *handle)
%MSC: unsigned _dos_creat(char *fname,unsigned attr,int *handle)
- prototype in dos.h
- fname = a valid DOS file name
- attr = DOS file attribute
= _A_RDONLY
= _A_HIDDEN
= _A_SYSTEM
= _A_ARCH
- handle = pointer to location to receive handle
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- if file sharing is installed, file is opened in compatibility mode
- see INT 21,3C INT 21,5B
:_dos_freemem
^MSC: unsigned _dos_freemem( unsigned seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- frees memory allocated via _dos_allocmem() or INT 21,49
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses freemem()
- see INT 21,49
:_dos_getdate
^MSC: void _dos_getdate( struct dosdate_t *date )
- prototype in dos.h
- date = pointer to structure to contain returned data of format:
struct dosdate_t
{
unsigned char day; /* 1-31 */
unsigned char month; /* 1-12 */
unsigned int year; /* 1980-2099 */
unsigned char dayofweek; /* 0-6 = Sun..Sat */
};
- Turbo C uses getdate()
- see INT 21,2A
:_dos_getdiskfree
%MSC: unsigned _dos_getdiskfree(unsigned drv,struct diskfree_t *spc)
- prototype in dos.h
- drive = 1 = A:, 2 = B:, 3 = C:, ...
- spc = structure to contains disk status information
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
struct diskfree_t
{
unsigned total_clusters; /* count of all disk clusters */
unsigned avail_clusters; /* free unallocated clusters */
unsigned sectors_per_cluster;
unsigned bytes_per_sector;
};
- Turbo C uses getdfree()
- see INT 21,36
:_dos_getdrive
^MSC: void _dos_getdrive( unsigned *drive )
- prototype in dos.h
- drive = pointer to buffer to receive drive number;
0 = A:, 1 = B:, ...
- Turbo C uses getdisk()
- see INT 21,19
:_dos_getfileattr
^MSC: unsigned _dos_getfileattr( char *path, unsigned *attr )
- prototype in dos.h
- path = any valid DOS file name
- attr = file attribute:
_A_NORMAL
_A_RDONLY
_A_HIDDEN
_A_SYSTEM
_A_VOLID
_A_SUBDIR
_A_ARCH
- returns zero on success; nonzero on failure
- no corresponding function in Turbo C
- see INT 21,43
:_dos_getftime
^MSC: unsigned _dos_getftime(int h,unsigned *date,unsigned *time)
- prototype in dos.h
- h = open file handle
- date = pointer to memory to receive file date
- time = pointer to memory to receive file time
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses getftime()
- see INT 21,57 _dos_setftime
:_dos_gettime
^MSC: void _dos_gettime( struct dostime_t *time )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns DOS time into "time"
struct dostime_t
{
unsigned char hour; /* 0-23 */
unsigned char minute; /* 0-59 */
unsigned char second; /* 0-59 */
unsigned char hsecond; /* hundreths of a second 0-99 */
};
- Turbo C uses gettime()
- see _dos_setttime
:_dos_getvect
^MSC: void (interrupt far *_dos_getvect( unsigned intnum ))()
- prototype in dos.h
- intnum = interrupt to get address of (0..255)
- returns far pointer to interrupt handler routine
- Turbo C uses getvect()
- see INT 21,35 _dos_setvect
:_dos_keep
^MSC: void _dos_keep( unsigned rc, unsigned size )
- prototype in dos.h
- rc = return code to pass to parent process
- size = number of paragraphs to remain resident
- Turbo C uses keep()
- see INT 21,31
:_dos_open
^MSC: unsigned _dos_open( char *fname, unsigned mode, int *handle )
- prototype in dos.h, fcntl.h (also include share.h)
- fname = valid DOS file name
- mode = file access permission (a logical or of the following)
= O_NOINHERIT file can't be inherited by child process
= O_RDONLY file is read only
= O_RDWR file is read/write
= O_WRONLY file is write only
= SH_COMPAT file sharing compatibility mode
= SH_DENYNONE file sharing deny neither read nor write
= SH_DENYRD file sharing deny read
= SH_DENYRW file sharing deny read/write
= SH_DENYWR file sharing deny write
- handle = pointer to memory to contain handle
- does not creat files, they must currently exist (see _dos_creat)
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses _open()
- see INT 21,3D _dos_close _dos_read _dos_write _dos_creat
:_dos_read
% MSC: unsigned _dos_read( int handle, void far *buffer,
% unsigned count, unsigned *nread )
- prototype in dos.h
- handle = opened file handle
- buffer = receives data read from file
- count = number of bytes to read
- nread = receives the number of bytes actually read
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code
- Turbo C uses _open()
- see INT 21,3F _dos_open _dos_write _dos_close
:_dos_setblock
% MSC: unsigned _dos_setblock( unsigned size, unsigned seg,
% unsigned *maxsize )
- prototype in dos.h
- size = new block size
- seg = segment of DOS memory block to change
- maxsize = size of buffer actually allocated if size not available
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses setblock()
- see INT 21,4A _dos_allocmem _dos_freemem
:_dos_setdate
^MSC: unsigned _dos_setdate( struct dosdate_t *date )
- prototype in dos.h
- date = receives date information
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- sets DOS date via INT 21,2B
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- MS C uses _dos_setdate
- see INT 21,2B _dos_getdate
:_dos_setdrive
^MSC: void _dos_setdrive( unsigned drive, unsigned *count )
- prototype in dos.h
- drive = drive to set as default; 1 = A:, 2 = B:, ...
- count = receives simple count of total drives in system
- does not return error if invalid drive is requested, use
_dos_getdrive() to see if requested drive was set
- Turbo C uses setdisk()
- see INT 21,E _dos_getdrive
:_dos_setfileattr
^MSC: unsigned _dos_setfileattr( char *path, unsigned attr )
- prototype in dos.h
- path = valid DOS file name
- attr = file attribute (logical OR of the following):
= _A_ARCH
= _A_HIDDEN
= _A_NORMAL
= _A_RDONLY
= _A_SUBDIR
= _A_SYSTEM
= _A_VOLID
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- see INT 21,43 _dos_getfileattr
:_dos_setftime
^MSC: unsigned _dos_setftime(int handle,unsigned date,unsigned time)
- prototype in dos.h
- handle = opened file handle
- date = date to set last file write (see FILE ATTRIBUTES)
- time = time to set last file write (see FILE ATTRIBUTES)
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses setftime()
- see INT 21,57 _dos_getftime FILE ATTRIBUTES
:_dos_settime
^MSC: unsigned _dos_settime( struct dostime_t *time )
- prototype in dos.h
- time = structure containing new time values
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- sets MS-DOS time via INT 21,2D
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- Turbo C uses settime()
- see INT 21,2D _dos_gettime
:_dos_setvect
%MSC: void _dos_setvect( unsigned intnum,
% void (interrupt far *handler)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- intnum = interrupt vector to set (0..255)
- handler = new interrupt routine
- Turbo C uses setvect()
- see INT 21,25 _dos_getvect()
:_dos_write
% MSC: unsigned _dos_write( int handle, void far *buffer,
% unsigned count, unsigned *nbytes )
- prototype in dos.h
- handle = opened file handle
- buffer = buffer of data to write to file
- count = number of bytes to write
- nbytes = receives the number of bytes actually written
- returns 0 on success or DOS error code on failure
- Turbo C uses _write()
- see INT 21,40 _dos_open _dos_close _dos_read
:dosexterr
% TC: int dosexterr( struct DOSERR *errinfo )
% MSC: int dosexterr( struct DOSERROR *errinfo )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns extended error information (unique to MSDOS 3.0+)
- errinfo is pointer to DOSERR/DOSERROR structure (defined in dos.h)
- if 0 returned, previous DOS call did not result in error
- see also PERROR
:dostounix
^TC: long dostounix( struct date *dateptr, struct time *timeptr )
- prototype in dos.h
- converts date (as from getdate) and time (as from gettime)
into UNIX format
:dup
^int dup( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns a new file handle that duplicates the old handle
- returns -1 on error
:dup2
^int dup2( int oldhandle, int newhandle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns a new file handle that duplicates the old handle
equal to newhandle. If newhandle exists, the corresponding
file is closed.
- returns -1 on error
:ecvt
^char *ecvt( double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts a floating pt number to a string of ndigit digits,
returning pointer to that string
- decpt is position of decimal point (negative value means
to left of returned digits) and sign is 0 if positive,
else negative
:_ellipse:_ellipse_w:_elipse_wxy
%MSC: short _ellipse(short ctl,short x1,short y1,short x2,short y2)
%MSC: short _ellipse_w( short ctl, double wx1, double wy1,
% double wx2, double wy2 )
%MSC: short far _ellipse_wxy(short ctl,struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- ctl = _GFILLINTERIOR fill ellipse with current fill mask
= _GBORDER don't fill ellipse
- returns nonzero value if ellipse is drawn ok, zero otherwise
- center of ellipse is center of bounding rectangle specified by
supplied coordinates
- see _setfillmask
:enable:_enable
% TC: void enable( void )
% MSC: void _enable( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- enables all interrupts via STI instruction
:eof
^int eof( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns 1 if end of file for file associated with handle,
0 if not end of file
-1 if bad file number
:exec...:exec
^Exec Function Call
int execl(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,...,argN,NULL )
int execle(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,...,argN,NULL,envp )
int execlp(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,...,argN,NULL )
int execlpe(pathname,arg0,arg1,arg2,....,argN,NULL,envp )
char *pathname,*arg0,*arg1,*arg2,....,*argN,*envp[];
int execv(pathname,arg,NULL )
int execve(pathname,arg,NULL,envp )
int execvp(pathname,arg,NULL )
int execvpe(pathname,arg,NULL,envp )
char *pathname,*arg[],*envp[];
- prototype in process.h
- loads and runs child processes
- pathname search based on MS-DOS search algorithm
o if no extension or period - search for exact file name -
if not found, add .exe and search again
o if extension given, search only for exact file name
o if period given, search for file name with no extension
- arg0 can be the same as the pathname
- at least one argument must be passed
- combined argument list cannot exceed 128 bytes
- execl..: arg0, arg1,...,argN passed as SEPARATE arguments
- execv..: arg[0], arg[1],...,arg[N] passed as argument ARRAY
- execlp, execlpe, execvp, execvpe: search for child in PATH
- returns no value if OK,
returns -1, with errno set to:
E2BIG (too many args)
EACCES (permission denied)
EMFILE (too many open files)
ENOENT (path or file not found)
ENOEXEC (exec format error)
ENOMEM (not enough memory).
- if successful, there is no return to the caller; the
caller is killed off
:exit
^void exit( int completioncode )
- prototype in process.h
- terminates program, closes all files, buffered output is written,
and any registered exit functions (via atexit()) are called
:_exit
^void _exit( int completioncode )
- prototype in process.h
- terminates program, BUT doesn't close files or write the buffered
output and NO registered exit functions (via atexit()) are called
:exp
^double exp( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns y = e**x or HUGE_VAL on error
:_expand:_based:_fexpand:_nexpand
% MSC: void *_expand( void *block, size_t size )
% MSC: void far *_fexpand( void far *block, size_t size )
% MSC: void near *_nexpand( void near *block, size_t size )
% MSC: void _based(void) *_bexpand( _segment seg,
% void _based(void) *block, size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- block = pointer to previously allocated memory block
- size = new size in bytes
- seg = based segment value
- returns pointer to reallocated memory block on success or NULL
if not; (_bexpand returns -1 on failure)
:fabs
^double fabs( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns absolute value of x
:farcalloc
^TC: void far *farcalloc( unsigned long nunits, unsigned long units )
- prototype in alloc.h
- allocates memory from the far heap for an array of nunits
elements, each units bytes long
- returns pointer to allocated block or NULL if not enough memory
- can allocate all of memory & chunks bigger than 64K
- must use far pointers
:farcoreleft
^TC: unsigned long farcoreleft( void )
- prototype in alloc.h
- returns unused memory in bytes beyond highest allocated block
:farfree
^TC: void farfree( void far *block )
- prototype in alloc.h
- frees block of previously allocated far memory (block must be
allocated by farcalloc)
:farrealloc
^TC: void far *farrealloc( void far *block, unsigned long newsize )
- prototype in alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- adjusts size of allocated block to newsize, copying contents
to a new location if necessary
- returns pointer to reallocated block or NULL on error
:fcvt
^char *fcvt( double value, int ndigit, int *decpt, int *sign )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts a floating pt number to a string of ndigit digits,
returning pointer to that string
- correct digit is rounded for Fortran-F format output of the
number of digits equal to ndigit
- decpt is position of decimal point (negative value means to left
of returned digits) and sign is 0 if positive, else negative
:fclose
^int fclose( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- closes a file stream (see fdopen() to convert handle to stream)
- generally flushes buffers, too
- returns 0 on success or EOF on error
:fcloseall
^int fcloseall( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- closes all file streams except stdin & stdout
- returns 0 on success or EOF on error
:fdopen
^FILE *fdopen( int handle, char *type )
- prototype in dos.h
- associates a file STREAM with a file HANDLE
- handle is returned by creat(), dup(), dup2() or open()
- type must match mode of the handle
- see fopen() for type descriptions
- returns file stream or NULL on error
:feof
^int feof( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- detects end of file on a file stream
- returns zero if NOT eof, else nonzero
:ferror
^int ferror( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- tests stream for read/write error, return nonzero if error
- error remains set until clearerr() or rewind() is called
:fflush
^int fflush( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- writes contents of output buffers associated with fd to stream
and clears input buffer contents; fd is NOT closed
- returns 0 on success or EOF on error
:fgetc
^int fgetc( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- function (not a macro) which gets character from stream
- see getc()
- returns char (converted to an int) or EOF
:fgetchar
^int fgetchar( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets character from stream
- same as fgetc(stdin)
- see getc()
- returns char (converted to an int) or EOF
:fgets
^char *fgets( char *s, int size, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets a string from a stream, reading until size - 1 characters
have been read or a newline is detected
- newline character is retained
- returns s argument if OK, else NULL on eof or error
:filelength
^long filelength( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- gets file size in bytes for file associated with handle
- value returned includes ^Z in ASCII files; value is the same as
displayed in the DOS DIR command
- returns -1L on error
:fileno
^int fileno( FILE *stream )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets file handle for the given stream
- error return undefined
:findfirst:_dos_findfirst
%TC: int findfirst( const char *path, struct ffblk *ffblk, int attr)
%MSC unsigned _dos_findfirst( char *path, unsigned attr,
% struct find_t *fileinfo )
- prototype in dir.h, also include dos.h (MS C: dos.h only)
- gets disk directory via DOS 0x4E, where attr is:
% Turbo C Microsoft C
FA_RDONLY _A_RDONLY
FA_HIDDEN _A_HIDDEN
FA_SYSTEM _A_SYSTEM
FA_LABEL _A_VOLID
FA_DIREC _A_SUBDIR
FA_ARCH _A_ARCH
% struct ffblk /* Turbo C */ struct find_t /* MSC */
{ {
char ff_reserved[21]; char reserved[21];
char ff_attrib; char attrib;
unsigned ff_ftime; unsigned wr_time;
unsigned ff_fdate; unsigned wr_date;
long ff_fsize; long size;
char ff_name[13]; char name[13];
}; };
- attributes can be logically OR'ed
- struct ffblk is defined in Turbo C's dir.h
- struct find_t is defined in MS C's dos.h
- updates DTA, provisions for saving/setting DTA should be made
- normal files are always included along with files that match
the requested attributes except when the LABEL attribute is
requested. It's up to the programmer to determine which
actually match the requested attributes.
- returns 0 if OK, -1 if no matching files found or on error
- see FILE ATTRIBUTES, FINDNEXT, GETDTA and SETDTA
:findnext:_dos_findnext
% TC: int findnext( struct ffblk *ffblk )
% MSC: unsigned _dos_findnext( struct find_t *fileinfo )
- prototype in dir.h, also include (MSC: dos.h only)
- findnext updates DTA
- returns 0 if OK, -1 if no matching files found or on error
- gets next disk directory via DOS 0x4F, after calling findfirst()
- struct ffblk is defined in dir.h for Turbo C and dos.h for MSC
% struct ffblk /* Turbo C */ struct find_t /* MSC */
{ {
char ff_reserved[21]; char reserved[21];
char ff_attrib; char attrib;
unsigned ff_ftime; unsigned wr_time;
unsigned ff_fdate; unsigned wr_date;
long ff_fsize; long size;
char ff_name[13]; char name[13];
}; };
- normal files are always included along with files that match
the requested attributes except when the LABEL attribute is
requested. It's up to the programmer to determine which
actually match the requested attributes.
- see FILE ATTRIBUTES, FINDFIRST, GETDTA and SETDTA
:_floodfill:_floodfill_w
% MSC: short far _floodfill_w( double wx, double wy, short bcolor )
% MSC: short far _floodfill( short x, short y, short bcolor )
- prototype in graph.h
- x, y = coordinates
- bcolor = fill boundary color
- if (x,y) falls inside a figure, the figure is filled with the
with the current fill color; if it falls outside the figure the
background is filled
- returns nonzero value on success or 0 on failure
:floor
^double floor( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns largest integer <= x
:flushall
^int flushall( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- same as fflush() except ALL open file streams are done
- returns integer indicating number of open file streams
:fmod
^double fmod( double x, double y )
- prototype in math.h
- calculates x modulo y, the remainder of x/y,
returning the remainder
:fnmerge
% TC: void fnmerge( char *path, const char *drive,
% const char *dir, const char *name, const char *ext)
- prototype in dir.h
- makes a file name (path) from drive, dir, name, and ext
- dir can include subdirectories
- maximum sizes for these strings are:
MAXPATH 80 path
MAXDRIVE 3 drive - includes colon (:)
MAXDIR 66 dir - includes leading/trailing backslashes
MAXFILE 9 name
MAXEXT 5 ext, including leading dot (.)
- invertible with fnsplit()
:fnsplit
% TC: void fnsplit( const char *path, char *drive, char *dir,
% char *name, char *ext)
- prototype in dir.h
- splits a file name from path into drive, dir, name, and ext
- dir can include subdirectories
- maximum sizes for these strings are:
MAXPATH 80 path
MAXDRIVE 3 drive - includes colon (:)
MAXDIR 66 dir - includes leading/traing backslashes
MAXFILE 9 name
MAXEXT 5 ext, including leading dot (.)
- invertible with fnmerge()
:fopen
^FILE *fopen( const char *filename, const char *type )
- prototype in stdio.h
- type is a combination of the following:
% Mode Description
"r" read text/binary
"w" write text/binary
"a" append text/binary
"+" allow update access
"t" text file
"b" binary file
% Read Write Append
"rt" "wt" "at" (text)
"rb" "wb" "ab" (binary)
"r+" "w+" "a+" (update)
"r+t" "w+t" "a+t" (update text)
"r+b" "w+b" "a+b (update binary)
read - read only (unless "r+")
write - create
append - seek to end of file or create file
- text mode input, will have CRs discarded
- using any of the stdio functions results in a default allocation
of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of the standard
memory allocation functions
- returns stream or NULL on error
:fp_off
^unsigned FP_OFF( void far *fptr )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets offset of far pointer fptr
- returns unsigned integer value
- see also FP_SEG()
- not available in some versions of MS C; use the following:
#define FP_OFF(fptr) ((unsigned)(fptr))
:fp_seg
^unsigned FP_SEG( void far *fptr )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets segment of far pointer fptr
- returns unsigned integer value
- see also FP_OFF()
- not available in some versions of MS C; use the following:
#define FP_SEG(fptr) ((unsigned)((unsigned long)(fptr) >> 16))
:_fpreset
^void _fpreset( void )
- prototype in float.h
- resets floating point math package, usually used with signal(),
system(), exec..(), spawn..()
- should be called before using 8087/80287 after using one of the
above functions
- define identically for Turbo C and MS C
:fprintf
^int fprintf( FILE *fd, const char *format [, arg1, arg2, ...] )
- prototype in stdio.h
- returns number of bytes it attempted to write regardless of
success. To check for a successful fprintf call on a buffered
stream, use fflush which returns accurate error information.
- using printf or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- see PRINTF and PRINTF SPEC
:fputc
^int fputc( int c, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- puts char c to stream fd
- using fputc or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- returns c or EOF
:fputs
^int fputs( const char *s, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- using fputs or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- see puts
:fread
^size_t fread( void *buf, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- reads count of data items, each item being size bytes long, from
file stream fd
- returns number of data items (not bytes) actually read
- using fread or any of the stdio functions results in a default
allocation of 512 bytes for the I/O buffer and the inclusion of
the standard memory allocation functions
- returns 0 (or short count) on eof or error
:free
^void free( void *pseg )
- prototype in stdlib.h, alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- frees allocated block located at pseg
- MS C ignores a NULL parameter (see _ffree)
:_freect
^MSC: unsigned _freect( size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- size = size of allocation in bytes
- returns the count of calls to an allocation function a program
can make before failing
- test is made in default data segment only
:freemem
^TC: int freemem( unsigned seg )
- prototype in dos.h
- frees previously allocated DOS block defined by seg
- returns 0 on success, -1 on error errno=ENONMEM
- MS C uses _dos_freemem()
- see INT 21,49
:freopen
^FILE *freopen( const char *fname, const char *type, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- substitutes named file in place of open fd and closes original fd
- useful for changing file attached to stdin, stdout, or stderr
- returns fd on success or NULL on error
- see fopen() for type descriptions
:frexp
^double frexp( double value, int eptr )
- prototype in math.h
- calculates mantissa x (a double < 1) and n ( integer) such
that value = x * 2**n, storing n in word that eptr points
:fscanf
^int fscanf( FILE *fd, const char *format, arg1, arg2, ... )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets formatted input from a stream fd
- see SCANF and SCANF SPECS
:fseek
^int fseek( FILE *fd, long offset, int mode )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sets file pointer associated with fd to position which is offset
bytes beyond file location given by mode
- mode is 0 (beginning of file or SEEK_SET)
1 (current position or SEEK_CUR)
2 (end of file or SEEK_END
- discards any character pushed back by ungetc()
- fseek() clears eof indicator but not file error indicator
- returns 0 if pointer moved OK, nonzero if file not opened or
invalid seek for device. DOS does not report an error if an
attempt to seek past EOF is made
- see ftell
:fstat
^int fstat( int handle, struct stat *buff )
- prototype in stat.h
- see stat()
:ftell
^long ftell( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- returns current file position in bytes from beginning of file
or -1L on error
- see fseek
:fwrite
%size_t fwrite(const void *buf, size_t size, size_t count, FILE *fd)
- prototype in stdio.h
- writes count of data items, each item being size bytes long, to
file stream fd
- returns number of data items (not bytes) actually written
- returns short count on error
:gcvt
^char *gcvt( double value, int ndigit, char *buf )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts a floating point number to a string of ndigit digits,
storing string into buf and returning pointer to that string
- output in Fortran-F format if possible, else in Fortran-E format
:geninterrupt
^TC: void geninterrupt( int interrupt_num )
- prototype in dos.h
- generates actual interrupt for "interrupt_num" in code
- not a true function, but inline code generation
:getc
^int getc( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- macro which returns next character in file stream fd or EOF
on end of file or error
:getcbrk
^TC: int getcbrk( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets control-break setting
- return 0 cntl-C is off
1 cntl-C is on
:getch
^int getch( void )
- prototype in conio.h
- returns next character from console without echoing
:getchar
^int getchar( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- returns next character in file stream stdin or EOF on end of
file or error
- implemented as a macro
:getche
^int getche( void )
- prototype in conio.h
- function which returns next character from console WITH echoing
:_getcolor
^MSC: short far _getcolor( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns the current color number
- default color is the highest valid color in current palette
:getcolor:putcolor
%MSC: flagType GetColor( LINE line, la *colorlist, PFILE pFile )
%MSC: void PutColor( LINE line, la *colorlist, PFILE pFile )
- prototype in ext.h
- GetColor returns nonzero if a color is attached to the line;
zero otherwise
:getcurdir
^TC: int getcurdir( int drive, char *direc )
- prototype in dir.h
- get current directory for specified drive (0=default, 1=A, etc)
- direc will contain directory name
- returns 0 if OK
-1 on error
:_getcurrentposition
% MSC: struct xycoord far _getcurrentposition( void )
% MSC: struct _wxycoord far _getcurrentposition_w( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current position coordinates in struct xycoord format
:getcwd
^char *getcwd( char *buf, int n )
- prototype in dir.h
- gets full path name of current working directory up to n bytes,
placed into buf
- returns buf pointer, else NULL
:getdate
^TC: void getdate( struct date *dateblk )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets DOS date, filling it into the following structures:
struct date
{
int da_year; /* Year including century */
char da_day; /* Day of the month */
char da_mon; /* Month (1 = Jan) */
};
- MS C uses _dos_getdate()
- see INT 21,2A
:getdfree
^TC: void getdfree( unsigned char drive, struct dfree *dfreep )
- prototype in dos.h
- fills in structure with disk status information.
struct dfree
{
unsigned df_avail; /* available clusters */
unsigned df_total; /* total clusters */
unsigned df_bsec; /* bytes per sector */
unsigned df_sclus; /* sectors per cluster */
};
- drive is specified as A = 1, B = 2, C = 3, etc...
- in event of error, df_sclus is set to -1.
- MS C uses _dos_getdiskfree()
- see INT 21,36
:getdisk
^TC: int getdisk( void )
- prototype in dir.h
- returns integer drive number; 0 = A:, 1 = B:, ...
- MS C uses _dos_getdrive()
- see INT 21,19
:getdta
^TC: char far *getdta( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns current setting of the DTA as a far pointer
- see INT 21,2F
:getenv
^char *getenv( const char *envvar )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- gets string from environment
- MSDOS environment consists of strings of form envvar=varvalue,...
- returns varvalue or 0 if envvar not found in environment
:getfat
^TC: void getfat( unsigned char drive, struct fatinfo *fatblkp )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns information from the file allocation table for the
specified drive (0=default,1=A, etc) into fatblk
- structure fatinfo is defined as:
struct fatinfo
{
char fi_sclus; /* sectors per cluster */
char fi_fatid; /* media descriptor byte from FAT */
int fi_nclus; /* cluster on disk */
int fi_bysec; /* bytes per sector */
};
- closest MS C function is _dos_getdiskfree()
- see INT 21,1C
:getfatd
^TC: void getfatd( struct fatinfo *fatblkp )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns information from the file allocation table for the
DEFAULT drive into fatblk
- structure fatinfo is defined as:
struct fatinfo
{
char fi_sclus; /* sectors per cluster */
char fi_fatid; /* media descriptor byte from FAT */
int fi_nclus; /* cluster on disk */
int fi_bysec; /* bytes per sector */
};
- closest MS C function is _dos_getdiskfree()
- see INT 21,1B getfat
:_getfillmask
^MSC: unsigned char far *_getfillmask( unsigned char far *mask )
- prototype in graph.h
- mask = receives current fill mask or NULL if mask not present
:getftime
^TC: int getftime( int handle, struct ftime *ftimep )
- prototype in dos.h
- retrieves file time and date for the file associated with
handle into ftimep
- structure ftime is defined in dos.h
- MS C uses _dos_getftime()
- see INT 21,57
:_getimage:_getimage_w:_getimage_wxy
%MSC: void far _getimage( short x1, short y1, short x2, short y2,
% char huge *image )
%MSC: void far _getimage_w( double wx1, double wy1, double wx2,
% double wy2, char huge *image )
%MSC: void far _getimage_wxy( struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2,char huge *image)
- prototype in graph.h
- (x1, y1) upper left coordinates of rectangle
- (x2, y2) lower right coordinates of rectangle
- image = buffer to receive screen image
- Turbo C uses getimage()
:getimage
% TC: void far getimage( int left, int top, int right,
% int bottom, void far *bitmap )
- prototype in graphics.h
- copies video data from the screen rectange to buffer "bitmap"
- bitmap must be large enough to hold entire buffer plus 4 bytes
(2 words) for height and width information. Function imagesize()
should be used to determine the size of the buffer to avoid
overwriting adjacent memory.
- MS C uses _getimage()
- see PUTIMAGE and IMAGESIZE
:_getlinestyle
^MSC: unsigned short far _getlinestyle( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current line style mask
- each 1 bit represents a pixel (in current color) in the line
mask; each 0 represent a pixel that is left alone
- see _setlinestyle
:_getlogcoord:_getviewcoord
^struct xycoord far _getlogcoord( short x, short y )
- prototype in graph.h
- translates physical coordinates to logical coordinates returning
the result in the format:
struct xycoord
{
short xcoord;
short ycoord;
};
- _getviewcoord() obsolete; use _getlogcoord()
- see _getphyscoord()
:getpass
^TC: char *getpass( const char *prompt )
- prototype in conio.h
- reads a password from system console after typing prompt,
without echoing
- password cannot exceed 8 chars (not counting null terminator)
:_getphyscoord
^MSC: struct xycoord far _getphyscoord( short x, short y )
- prototype in graph.h
- translates logical coordinates to physical coordinates returning
the result in the format:
struct xycoord
{
short xcoord;
short ycoord;
};
- see _getlogcoord()
:getpid
^MSC: int getpid( void )
- prototype in process.h
- returns process ID identifying the calling process (PSP segment)
- Turbo C uses getpsp()
:_getpixel:_getpixel_w
% MSC: short far _getpixel( short x, short y )
% MSC: short far _getpixel_w( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns pixel value on success or -1 on failure
- Turbo C uses getpixel()
:getpsp
^TC: unsigned getpsp( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns segment address of the PSP using DOS call 0x62
- valid only for DOS 3.x
- use global variable _psp to get PSP instead for DOS 2.X
- MS C uses getpid()
:gets
^char *gets( char *s )
- prototype in stdio.h
- reads string from stdin until newline character is read
- newline character is replaced by \0
- returns string or NULL on end-of-file or error
:_gettextcolor
^MSC: short far _gettextcolor( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current text color value
:_gettextposition
^MSC: struct rccoord far _gettextposition( void )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns current text position via rccoord structure:
struct rccoord
{
short row;
short col;
};
:gettime
^TC: void gettime( struct time *timep )
- prototype in dos.h
- gets MS-DOS time into the following data structure:
struct time
{
unsigned char ti_min;
unsigned char ti_hour;
unsigned char ti_hund;
unsigned char ti_sec;
};
- MS C uses _dos_gettime()
:getvect
^TC: void interrupt (*getvect( int intr_num ))()
- prototype in dos.h
- returns the value of the interrupt vector named by intr_num
- returns 4-byte far pointer to current interrupt service routine
stored in interrupt vector table
- Example:
void interrupt (*old_int_1c)();
old_int_1c = getvect( 0x1c );
- MS C uses _dos_getvect()
- see INT 21,35
:getverify
^TC: int getverify( void )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns current state of verify flag (0==off, 1==on)
- see INT 21,54
:_getvideoconfig
% MSC: struct videoconfig far *_getvideoconfig(
% struct videoconfig far *config )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns video configuration information via struct videoconfig:
struct videoconfig
{
short numxpixels; /* pixels on X axis */
short numypixels; /* pixels on Y axis */
short numtextcols; /* text columns available */
short numtextrows; /* text rows available */
short numcolors; /* actual colors available */
short bitsperpixel; /* bits per pixel */
short numvideopages; /* available video page count */
short mode; /* current video mode */
short adapter; /* active display adapter */
short monitor; /* active display monitor */
short memory; /* adapter video memory in K */
};
:getw
^int getw( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- gets integer from file stream fd
- returns EOF (-1) on eof or error
- use feof() or ferror() to verify -1 is an integer data word, and
not an error return
:gmtime
^struct tm *gmtime( const time_t *clock )
- prototype in time.h
- clock is a long integer (such as that returned by time())
- returns GMT time in struct tm (see time.h) correcting for time
zone and any daylight savings time
- global variable timezone is difference in seconds between GMT
and local standard time
:gsignal
^int gsignal( int sig )
- prototype in signal.h
- ssignal() and gsignal() implement a software-signaling facility
where software signals are integers 1-15
- gsignal() raises the signal given by sig and executes the action
routine
- gsignal() returns value by action or SIG_IGN or SIG_DFL
- see ssignal()
- UNIX based
:halloc
^MSC: void huge *halloc( long num, size_t size )
- prototype in malloc.h
- num = count of elements to allocate
- size = size of each element; each element is set to zero;
must be a power of 2 if size is over 128K
- alignment assures compatibility with all data types (para)
- returns pointer to allocated block on success or NULL on failure
- allocates memory directly from DOS
- see hfree
:_harderr:_hardresume:_hardretn
% MSC: void _hardresume( int result )
% MSC: void _hardretn( int error )
% MSC: void _harderr( void (far *handler)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- result = return value from handler
- error = number of error
- _harderr() registers a user critical error handler with it's
own error handler which is to be called during a critical error
- handler = new INT 24h handler with the format:
handler(unsigned deverr,unsigned errcode,unsigned far *devhdr)
where: deverr = device error code (AX value DOS passes to INT 24)
errcode = error code (DI value DOS passes to INT 21)
devhdr = pointer to device header on which error occurred
- handler must return via one of three methods:
simple return returns to DOS error handler
_hardresume() returns to DOS error handler
_hardretn() returns to the application
- hardresume() returns one of the following:
_HARDERR_ABORT DOS should abort the process via INT 23
_HARDERR_FAIL DOS should fail the call (DOS 3.x+)
_HARDERR_IGNORE DOS should ignore the error
_HARDERR_RETRY DOS should retry the operation
- due to the complexity of these functions consult the vendor
documentation for more specific details
- Turbo C uses hardretn(), harderr() and hardresume()
- see INT 24
:harderr
^TC: void harderr( int (*fptr)())
- prototype in dos.h
- harderr() establishes a hardware error handler for current
program, invoked wherever interrupt 0x24 occurs
- function fptr is called when such an interrupt occurs
- handler function will be called with the following
arguments= handler( int errval, int ax, int bp, int si)
where errval is error code in DI register by MS-DOS, and
ax, bp, si are values MS-DOS has in AX, BP, and SI regs
- ax indicates if disk or other device error occurs; if ax is
not negative, then disk error, else device error. For disk
error, ax ANDed with 0x00ff will give bad drive number
- bp and si together point to device driver header
- hardresume() may be called with rescode to return
to MS-DOS, where rescode is
2 - for abort
1 - retry
0 - ignore
- hardrtn() may be called to return directly to the application
- handler must return:
0 - ignore
1 - retry
2 - abort
- handler may issue DOS calls 1 through 0xC, but no others, and
no C standard I/O or UNIX I/O calls may be used
- MS C uses _harderr()
- see hardresume hardretn INT 24
:hardresume
^TC: void hardresume( int rescode )
- prototype in dos.h
- hardresume() may be called with rescode to return to DOS,
where rescode is:
2 - abort
1 - retry
0 - ignore
- see harderr()
- MS C uses _hardresume()
:hardretn
^TC: void hardretn( int errcode )
- prototype in dos.h
- hardretn() may be called to return directly to the application
- see harderr()
- MS C uses _hardretn
:_heapchk:_bheapchk:_fheapchk:_nheapchk
% MSC: int _heapchk( void )
% MSC: int _bheapchk( _segment seg )
% MSC: int _fheapchk( void )
% MSC: int _nheapchk( void )
- prototype in malloc.h
- runs consistency check on different heaps
- heapchk maps to the other functions depending on memory model
- returns one of the following:
_HEAPOK heap is ok
_HEAPBADBEGIN initials allocation header couldn't be found
_HEAPBADNODE heap/node has been damaged
_HEAPEMPTY heap has not been initialized
- see heapset heapwalk
:_heapset:_bheapset:_fheapset:_nheapset
% MSC: int _heapset( unsigned fill )
% MSC: int _bheapset( _segment seg, unsigned fill )
% MSC: int _fheapset( unsigned fill )
% MSC: int _nheapset( unsigned fill )
- prototype in malloc.h
- heapset maps to the other functions depending on memory model
- first check heap consistency via heapchk() then fills memory
with value specified in "fill"
- returns one of the following:
_HEAPOK heap is ok
_HEAPBADBEGIN initials allocation header couldn't be found
_HEAPBADNODE heap/node has been damaged
_HEAPEMPTY heap has not been initialized
- see heapchk heapwalk
:_heapwalk:_bheapwalk:_fheapwalk:_nheapwalk
% MSC: int _heapwalk( struct _heapinfo *entry )
% MSC: int _bheapwalk( _segment seg, struct _heapinfo *entry )
% MSC: int _fheapwalk( struct _heapinfo *entry )
% MSC: int _nheapwalk( struct _heapinfo *entry )
- prototype in malloc.h
- walks the heap for each entry specified and returns information
about the entry via the other fields of the _heapinfo structure
- heapwalk maps to the other functions depending on memory model
- returns one of the following:
_HEAPOK heap is ok
_HEAPBADBEGIN initials allocation header couldn't be found
_HEAPBADNODE heap/node has been damaged
_HEAPEMPTY heap has not been initialized
_HEAPBADPTR parameter does not contain valid pointer to heap
_HEAPEND end of help found w/o problem
struct _heapinfo
{
int _far *_pentry; /* heap entry pointer */
size_t _size; /* size of heap entry */
int _useflag; /* entry in use return value */
};
- see heapchk heapset
:hfree
^MSC: void hfree( void huge *block )
- prototype in malloc.h
- block = pointer to block of allocated memory
- memory is returned to DOS
- freeing an unallocated block will corrupt the DOS's MCB chain
- see halloc
:hypot
double hypot( double x, double y )
- prototype in math.h
- returns z where z**2 = x**2 + y**2, or HUGE_VAL on error
:imagesize
^unsigned far imagesize(int left, int top, int right, int bottom)
- prototype in graphics.h
- returns the size of the buffer required to hold the screen image
represented by the coordinates
returns size or 0xFFFF on error (image >= 64K-1)
:inp:inpw
% MSC: int inp( unsigned port )
% MSC: unsigned inpw( unsigned port )
- prototype in conio.h
- port = hardware I/O port 0-3FFh
- returns byte or word data read from port
:inport
^TC: int inport( int port )
- prototype in dos.h
- inport() reads word from input port port
- MS C uses inpw()
- see inportb()
:inportb
^TC: unsigned char inportb( int port )
- prototype in dos.h
- inportb() is macro that reads a byte from hardware port 'port'
- MS C uses inp()
- see inport()
:int86
^int int86( int intr_num, union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- Executes 8086 software interrupt specified by intr_num
- Copies register values from inregs into the registers
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see int86x() also
:int86x
% int int86x( int intr_num, union REGS *inregs,
% union REGS *outregs, struct SREGS *segregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- Executes 8086 software interrupt specified by intr_num
- Copies register values from inregs into the registers
- also copies segregs->x.ds and segregs->y.es into DS/ES
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see int86() also
:intdos
^int intdos(union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- Executes 8086 software interrupt 0x21
- Copies register values from inregs into the registers
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see intdosx() also
:intdosx
% int intdosx( union REGS *inregs, union REGS *outregs,
% struct SREGS *segregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- executes 8086 software interrupt 0x21
- copies register values from inregs into the registers
- copies segregs->x.ds and segregs->y.es into DS/ES
- if CF is set, an error has occurred
- unique to DOS
- see intdos() also
:intr
^TC: void intr( int intr_num, struct REGPACK *preg )
- prototype in dos.h
- same as int86 except that preg contains registers values
both before & after executing interrupt
:ioctl
^TC: int ioctl( int handle, int cmd [, void *argdx, int argcx] )
- prototype in io.h
- direct interface to INT 21,44 (IOCTL)
- cmd = 0 get device information
1 set device information (in argdx)
2 read argcx bytes into addr given by argdx
3 write argcx bytes from addr given by argdx
4 same as 2, but handle treated as drive (0=def.,1=A)
5 same as 3, but handle treated as drive (0=def.,1=A)
6 get input status
7 get output status
8 test removability (DOS 3.x)
11 set sharing conflict retry count (DOS 3.x)
- cmd = 0,1; returns device information (DX of IOCTL call)
- cmd = 2-5; returns count of bytes transferred
- cmd = 6,7; returns device status
- returns -1 on error & errno = EINVAL, EBADF, or EINVDAT
- no corresponding function in MS C
- see INT 21,44 and IOCTL,n where "n" is the function (0-F)
:is...:is
^Character Test Macros
int isalnum( int c ) - nonzero if letter or digit
int isalpha( int c ) - nonzero if letter
int isascii( int c ) - nonzero if in range 0-127
int iscntrl( int c ) - nonzero if 0x7F, or 0x00-0x1F
int isdigit( int c ) - nonzero if digit
int isgraph( int c ) - nonzero if printable 0x21-0x7E excl space
int islower( int c ) - nonzero if lowercase
int isprint( int c ) - nonzero if printable 0x20-0x7E
int ispunct( int c ) - nonzero if punct char (iscntrl | isspace)
int isspace( int c ) - nonzero if space,tab, CR, LF, VT or FF
int isupper( int c ) - nonzero if uppercase
int isxdigit( int c ) - nonzero if hexadecimal digit
- prototype in ctype.h
:isatty
^int isatty( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- if handle is associated with a character device like tty,
console, printer, or serial port returns a non-zero integer
otherwise returns zero
:itoa
^char *itoa( int value, char *string, int radix )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts value to string where radix specifies base (2-36)
:kbhit
^int kbhit( void )
- prototype in conio.h
- returns nonzero if keystroke available else 0
:keep
^TC: void keep( unsigned char status, int size )
- prototype in dos.h
- keep() returns to MS-DOS with exit status supplied in status,
retaining current program resident in memory with size paras and
rest of memory freed
- MS C uses _dos_keep()
- see INT 21,31
:labs
^long labs( long n )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- returns absolute long value of n
:ldexp
^double ldexp( double value, int exp )
- prototype in math.h
- returns value x 2**exp
:lfind
^void *lfind(void *key,void *base,int *nelem,int width,int (*fcmp)())
- prototype in stdlib.h
- does linear search for items in an unsorted table;
- base points to 0th element of table
- nelem points to int containing number of entries in table
- width contains number of bytes in each entry
- key points to the search key
- fcmp points to user-written comparison routine, where key and
elem are passed to it as pointers. fcmp returns:
integer < 0 if search key < elem
integer = 0 if equal
integer > 0 if search key > elem
- returns 0 if no match found, else address of first matching entry
:_lineto:_lineto_w
% MSC: short far _lineto( short x, short y )
% MSC: short far _lineto_w( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- draws a line from the current graphics position up to and
including the point specified
- current graphics position is then updated to (x,y)
- returns nonzero if success; zero otherwise
- Turbo C uses lineto()
:localtime
^struct tm *localtime( const time_t *clock )
- prototype in time.h
- clock is a long int (such as that returned by time())
- returns time in struct tm (see time.h) correcting for time zone
and any daylight savings time
- global variable timezone is difference in seconds between GMT
and local standard time
:lock (c)
^TC: int lock( int handle, long offset, long length )
- prototype in io.h
- locks arbitrary, non-overlapping regions of any file (DOS 3.X),
preventing reads/writes to those regions
- returns 0 on success, else -1 on error
- all locks must be released before program termination
- MS C uses locking()
- see also unlock
:locking
^MSC: int locking( int handle, int mode, long nbytes )
- prototype in io.h, sys\locking.h
- handle = opened file handle
- nbytes = bytes to lock beginning with current file position
- mode = locking mode:
= LK_LOCK locks region; on failure waits 1 sec and
attempts again; tries 10 times
= LK_RLCK same as LK_LOCK
= LK_NBLCK locks region; returns immediately on error
= LK_NBRLCK locks region; returns immediately on error
= LK_UNLCK unlock previously locked region
- multiple locks may occur in a single file
- overlapping locked regions are not allowed
- returns 0 on success or -1 on failure
- Turbo C uses lock() and unlock()
:log
^double log( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns natural logarithm of x, or -HUGE_VAL on error
:log10
^double log10( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns base 10 logarithm of x, or -HUGE_VAL on error
:longjmp
^void longjmp( jmp_buf env, int id )
- prototype in setjmp.h
- call to longjmp() with env restores task state (set by setjmp()),
returning value id
- cannot return 0; if id == 0, returns 1
:_lrotl:_lrotr
^MSC: unsigned long _lrotl( unsigned long value, int n )
^MSC: unsigned long _lrotr( unsigned long value, int n )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- rotates long value by 'n' bits left or right
- returns rotated value
- see _rotl _rotr
:lsearch
^void *lsearch(void *key,void *base,int *nelem,int width,int (*fcmp)())
- prototype in stdlib.h
- does linear search in unsorted table for key
- base points to 0th element of table
- nelem integer pointer to number of entries in table
- width contains number of bytes in each entry
- key points to the search key
- fcmp points to comparison routine, where key and elem are passed
to it as pointers. fcmp returns:
integer < 0 if search key < elem
integer = 0 if equal;
integer > 0 if search key > elem
- returns 0 if no match found, else address of first matching entry
:lseek
^long lseek( int fd, long offset, int mode )
- prototype in io.h
- sets file associated with fd to offset from
mode = 0 - SEEK_SET beginning of file
mode = 1 - SEEK_CUR current position
mode = 2 - SEEK_END or end of file
- returns -1L on error
- see tell
:ltoa
^char *ltoa( long value, char *string, int radix )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts value to string where radix specifies
base (2-36) for conversion
:_makepath
% MSC: void _makepath( char *path, char *drive, char *dir,
% char *fname, char *ext )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- creates fully qualified filename from parts
- path = receives fully qualified filename created from the parts
- drive = drive letter string, with or without the colon
- dir = directory name; both slashes '/' or '\' are allowed;
trailing slash is optional
- fname = base file name w/o extension (max 8 bytes)
- ext = file extension (max 3 bytes)
- see _splitpath
:malloc
^void *malloc( unsigned size )
- prototype in stdlib.h, alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- allocates memory of length size in bytes
- returns pointer if successful, else NULL
- MS C will return a zero length block (allocates header only)
:_matherr
%double _matherr( _mexcep why, char *fun, double *arg1p,
% double *arg2p, double retval )
- prototype in math.h
- used with matherr(), calling matherr() and processes the return
value from matherr()
- floating point error handling routine
:matherr
^int matherr( struct exception *e )
- prototype in math.h
- provided as customizable math error-handling routine
:mem...:mem
^Memory Manipulation Functions
void *memccpy( void *dest, const void *src, int c, size_t n )
void *memchr( const void *s, int c, size_t n )
int memcmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
void *memcpy( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
int memicmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
void *memmove( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
void *memset( void *s, int c, size_t n )
void movedata( unsigned srcseg, unsigned srcoff,
unsigned dstseg, unsigned dstoff, size_t n )
- prototypes for the preceding functions are in mem.h, string.h
- prototyped in mem.h only:
void movmem( void *src, void *dest, unsigned length ); (mem.h only)
void setmem( void *dest, unsigned length, char value ); (mem.h only)
:_memavl
^MSC: size_t _memavl( void )
- prototype in malloc.h
- returns size in bytes of memory available in the default
data segment
:memccpy
^void *memccpy(void *dest, const void *src, int ch, size_t n)
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- copies from src to dest until ch is copied or n bytes are copied
returning a ptr to byte in dest immediately following ch or NULL
:memchr
^void *memchr( const void *s, int ch, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- searches first n bytes in s for ch, returning pointer to first
occurrence or NULL if not found
:memcmp
^int memcmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- compares two strings s1 & s2 for a length of n bytes,
returning a value:
< 0 if s1 < s2
= 0 if s1 = s2
> 0 if s1 > s2
:memcpy
^void *memcpy( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- copies n bytes from src to dest; returns dest
- if overlap occurs, result is undefined (ANSI)
:memicmp
^int memicmp( const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- compares first n bytes of s1 & s2, case insensitive
:memmove
^void *memmove( void *dest, const void *src, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- copies n bytes from src to dest; returns dest
- allows copying overlapped strings (ANSI)
:memset
^void *memset( void *s, int ch, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h, mem.h
- memset sets all bytes of s to byte ch, with size of s = n;
returns value of s
:mk_fp
^void far *MK_FP( unsigned segment, unsigned offset )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns a far pointer from offset and segment
- not available in some Microsoft C versions; use the following:
#define MK_FP(seg,off) \
((void far *) (((unsigned long)(seg) << 16) | (unsigned)(off))
:mkdir
^int mkdir( const char *pathname )
- prototype in dir.h
- takes pathname & creates new directory with that name
- returns 0 if successful, else -1
:mktemp
^char *mktemp( char *template )
- prototype in dir.h
- replaces template by unique file name & returns address of
template if successful
- template should be string with six trailing Xs
:modf
^double modf( double value, double *iptr )
- prototype in math.h
- splits value in integer and fraction part, storing integer part
in area pointed to by iptr, returning the fractional part
:movedata
% void movedata( unsigned segsrc, unsigned offsrc,
% unsigned segdest, unsigned offdest, size_t n )
- prototype in mem.h, string.h
- copies n bytes from segsrc:offsrc to segdest:offdest
:_moveto:_moveto_w
% MSC: struct xycoord far _moveto( short x, short y )
% MSC: struct _wxycoord far _moveto_w ( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- moves current drawing position to specified coordinates
- returns previous coordinates in the following structures:
struct xycoord struct _wxycoord
{ {
short xcoord; double wx; /* window x coord */
short ycoord; double wy; /* window y coord */
}; };
- see _lineto
:movmem
^void movmem( void *src, void *dest, unsigned len )
- prototype in mem.h
- copies len bytes from src to dest
:_msize:_bmsize:_fmsize:_nmsize
%MSC: size_t _msize( void *block )
%MSC: size_t _bmsize( _segment seg, void _based( void ) *block )
%MSC: size_t _fmsize( void far *block )
%MSC: size_t _nmsize( void near *block )
- prototype in malloc.h
- returns size of memory block in bytes
- _msize() maps to other function depending on memory model
:_open
^TC: int _open( const char *path, int access )
- prototype in io.h, also include fcntl.h
- this function will not create a file, use _creat() if it doesn't
currently exist
- access is a combination of the following:
% DOS 2.0+ Attributes
O_RDONLY open read only
O_WRONLY open write only
O_RDWR open read/write
% DOS 3.1+ Attributes
O_NOINHERIT file is not to be passed to child processes
O_DENYALL file is not accessible to other opens (open exclusive)
O_DENYWRITE file is read only to all other opens
O_DENYREAD file is write only to all other opens
O_DENYNONE file is to be shared by all
- MS C uses _dos_open()
- see INT 21,3D open _creat
:onexit
^MSC: onexit_t onexit( onexit_t func )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- creates a list of functions to execute on normal program exit
- on exit functions are executed LIFO
- a max of 32 function can be registered
- returns pointer to "func" on success; NULL otherwise
- this is a Microsoft/Lattice extension; ANSI uses atexit()
- see atexit exit abort
:open
^int open( const char *path, int access [, unsigned permis] )
- prototype in io.h, also include stat.h & fcntl.h
- open attribute flags are defined in fcntl.h
- opens file "path" with access and optionally permis
- access is a combination of the following ("permis" follows):
% Read/Write Access Flags (mutually exclusive):
O_RDONLY open read only
O_WRONLY open write only
O_RDWR open read/write
% Other Access Mode Flags:
O_APPEND file pointer is placed at EOF before each write
O_CREAT if file doesn't exist, create with "permis" attributes
O_TRUNC if exists, truncate length to zero, but leave file
attributes unchanged
O_BINARY binary mode
O_TEXT text mode
O_EXCL used with O_CREAT, error occurs if file already exists
O_NDELAY UNIX only
% Permission Attributes (if creating):
S_IWRITE write permission
S_IREAD read permission
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE read/write permission
- if O_BINARY nor O_TEXT is given, file is opened in translation
mode (O_TEXT) given by global variable _fmode
- returns nonnegative number as file HANDLE, or -1 on error
- see sopen
:outp:outpw
% MSC: int outp( unsigned port, int datab )
% MSC: unsigned outpw(unsigned port, unsigned dataw )
- prototype in conio.h
- write data value to port specified in port
- port = hardware I/O port
- datab = byte value to write
- dataw = word value to write
- Turbo C uses outportb() and outport()
:outport
^TC: void outport( int port, int word )
- prototype in dos.h
- outport() writes word to output port port
- MS C uses outpw()
- see outportb()
:outportb
^TC: void outportb( int port, unsigned char byte )
- prototype in dos.h
- outportb() is macro that writes byte to output port port
- MS C uses outp()
- see outport()
:_outtext
^MSC: void far _outtext( unsigned char far *text )
- prototype in graph.h
- writes string in "text' to the graphics display
:parsfnm
% TC: char *parsfnm( const char *cmdline, struct fcb *fcbptr,
% int option )
- prototype in dos.h
- parses command line cmdline for a file name, placing it into a
FCB as drive/filename/file ext, pointed to by fcbptr
- option is same as for AL in MS-DOS function call 0x29
- returns pointer to byte beyond end of filename, 0=error
:peek
^TC: int peek( unsigned seg, unsigned off )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns word found at seg:off
:peekb
^TC: char peekb( unsigned seg, unsigned off )
- prototype in dos.h
- returns byte found at seg:off
:perror
^void perror( const char *string )
- prototype in stdio.h
- prints error message to stderr, describing most recent call
found in system call from current program
:_pie:_pie_wxy
%MSC: short _pie( short control, short x1, short y1, short x2,
% short y2, short x3, short y3, short x4, short y4 )
%MSC: short far _pie_wxy( short ctl,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy3,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy4 )
- prototype in graph.h
- (x1, y1) upper left rectangle corner
- (x2, y2) lower right rectangle corner
- (x3, y3) start of vector
- (x4, y4) end of vector
- ctl = _GFILLINTERIOR fills region with current color and mask
_GBORDER don't fill region
- returns nonzero value on success; zero otherwise
:poke
^TC: void poke( unsigned seg, unsigned off, int value )
- prototype in dos.h
- writes word value to location seg:off
:pokeb
^TC: void pokeb( unsigned seg, unsigned off, char value )
- prototype in dos.h
- writes byte value to location seg:off
:poly
^double poly( double x, int n, double coeff[] )
- prototype in math.h
- generates polynominal in x of degree n, with coefficients coeff,
returning the value of this polynominal evaluated for x
:pow
^double pow( double x, double y )
- prototype in math.h
- returns p where p = x ** y or +/- HUGE_VAL on error
:pow10
^double pow10( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns y where y = 10 ** x or HUGE_VAL on overflow error
:printf
^int printf( const char *format [, arg1, arg2, ...] )
- prototype in stdio.h
- printf formatted string
- see PRINTF SPEC for format specifiers
:printf specifiers
^Specifications for printf()
%%[-][+][space][#][width][.prec][size]type
%Field Description
- left justify
+ prefix positive numbers with '+', overrides blank
space prefix positive numbers with space
# prefix octal or hex with 0, (see manual for Turbo C)
width width of output string in total characters, a 0 before
width causes padding with zeros on left.
.prec decimal precision in characters
size F far pointer
N near pointer
h specifies short
l specifies long
L long double
type c single character
d signed decimal integer
e signed exponential, 'e' is output in string
E signed exponential, 'E' is output in string
f signed floating point in form of sddd.ddd
g formats e or f (depends on size), e is output
G formats e or f (depends on size), E is output
i signed decimal integer
n integer pointer
o unsigned octal integer
p void pointer; MS C always uses far pointers, in
Turbo C, size is dependent on memory model
s string pointer
u unsigned decimal integer
x unsigned integer in lower case hex format
X unsigned integer in upper case hex format
- if width or precision are specified as an asterisk '*', an int
from the argument list is used as the width or precision. If the
width is too small the field is expanded.
:putc
^int putc( int c, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- puts char c to stream fd, returning c on success, else
returns EOF on error
:putch
^int putch( int ch )
- prototype in conio.h
- puts char ch to console with BEL, BS, TAB, LF and BEL characters
are converted similar to DOS I/O
- TC uses direct video or BIOS depending on value of external
variable directvideo
- returns nothing
:putchar
^int putchar( char c )
- prototype in stdio.h
- same as putc(c,stdout)
:putenv
^int putenv( const char *envvar )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- adds string to environment
- DOS environment consists of strings of form envvar=varvalue,...
- returns 0 if OK
1 on failure
:_putimage:_putimage_w
%MSC: void _putimage( short x, short y, char huge *image,
% short action )
%MSC: void far _putimage_w( double wx, double wy,
% char huge *image, short action )
- prototype in graph.h
- restores previously saved screen image to screen
- (x, y) upper left corner of image
- image = buffer containing previously saved image
- action = defines interaction between current screen buffer and
the data stored in "image"
= _GAND AND image with current screen
= _GOR OR image with current screen
= _GPRESET overwrite current screen with inverse of image
= _GPSET overwrite current screen with exact image
= _GXOR XOR's image to current screen
- Turbo C uses putimage()
- see _getimage _imagesize
:putimage
^void far putimage( int left, int top, void far *bitmap, int option )
- prototype in graphics.h
- left and top represent the upper left corner of the area the
bitmap data will be placed
- op may be one of the following:
COPY_PUT copy data from bitmap to screen and erasing contents
XOR_PUT xor data in bitmap with current screen
OR_PUT or data in bitmap with current screen
AND_PUT and data in bitmap with current screen
NOT_PUT similar to COPY_PUT, but inverse of data
- the getimage()/putimage() buffer has the following format:
00 width of image (WORD)
02 height of image (WORD)
04 actual bitmap pixel data, format and size is related to
video mode and dimensions
- see GETIMAGE
:puts
^int puts( const char *string )
- prototype in stdio.h
- copies string to stdout and appends a newline
:putw
^int putw( int n, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- puts integer word n to stream fd
- returns n or EOF on error. Use ferror() to verify
if EOF is returned, since -1 is a legitimate integer.
:qsort
% void qsort( void *array, size_t n_elem, size_t elem_size,
% int (*fcmp)(const void *, const void *) )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- sorts the given array using the ACM quick sort routine
- fcmp() is the same as for bsearch()
:raise
^MSC: int raise( int sig )
- prototype in signal.h
- raises signal 'sig' to program:
SIGABRT signal abnormal termination
SIGILL signal illegal instruction
SIGSEGV signal illegal storage access
SIGFPE signal floating point error
SIGINT signal Ctrl-Break interrupt
SIGTERM signal program termination (ignored in MS DOS)
SIGUSR1 SIGUSR2 SIGUSR3 user signals
- returns 0 on success; nonzero otherwise
- see signal
:rand
% int rand( void )
% void srand( unsigned seed )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- rand() returns pseudorandom numbers
- re-initialize generator with srand(1) or set to new starting
point with seed set other than to 1
:randbrd
^TC: int randbrd( struct fcb *fcbptr, int reccnt )
- prototype in dos.h
- randbrd() reads reccnt number of records using the open FCB via
fcbptr, as indicated by the disk record field of the FCB (via
DOS call 0x27).
- returns:
0 all records read(written)
1 EOF reached & last record read is complete
2 reading records would have wrapped around address 0xffff
3 EOF reached & last record is incomplete
- see also randbrw()
:randbrw
^TC: int randbrw( struct fcb *fcbptr, int reccnt )
- prototype in dos.h
- randbrw() returns 1 if there is not enough disk space to write
the records (no records are written)
- see randbrd()
:_read
^TC: int _read( int fd, void *buf, int size )
- prototype in io.h
- reads size bytes from file handle fd into buf
- size must be less than 65534 bytes
- is a direct call to MS-DOS read function INT 21,3F
- does not translate CR/LF; all input in binary
- returns number of bytes successfully transferred or -1
- MS C uses _dos_read()
- see read _open _creat _write _close INT 21,3F
:read
^int read( int fd, char *buf, int size )
- prototype in io.h
- reads size bytes from file handle fd into buf
- removes CRs & reports EOF on a CNTL-Z for text mode file
- returns number of bytes read, 0 on EOF, or -1 on error
:realloc
^void *realloc( void *pseg, unsigned size )
- prototype in stdlib.h & alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- see malloc()
:_rectangle:_rectangle_w:_rectangle_wxy
%MSC: short _rectangle( short ctl, short x1, short y1,
% short x2, short y2 )
%MSC: short far _rectangle_w( short control, double wx1,
% double wy1, double wx2, double wy2 )
%MSC: short far _rectangle_wxy( short control,
% struct _wxycoord far *pwxy1, struct _wxycoord far *pwxy2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- (x1,y1) upper left corner of rectangle
- (x2,y2) lower right corner of rectangle
- ctl = _GFILLINTERIOR fill rectangle with current color and mask
= _GBORDER don't fill rectangle
- returns nonzero on success; zero otherwise
:_remapallpalette:_remappalette
^MSC: short far _remapallpalette( long far *colors )
^MSC: long far _remappalette( short pixnum, long color )
- prototype in graph.h
- colors = color number array containing one color per video
mode color
- pixnum = pixel to change
- color = new color number
%Valid colors are:
_BLACK _BLUE _BRIGHTWHITE _BROWN
_CYAN _GRAY _GREEN _LIGHTBLUE
_LIGHTCYAN _LIGHTGREEN _LIGHTMAGENTA _LIGHTRED
_YELLOW _MAGENTA _RED _WHITE
- _remapallpalette() remaps all pixel values; _remappalette() affects
on the pixel specified by pixnum
- _remapallpalette() returns -1 on success; zero otherwise
- _remappalette() previous color value of "pixnum" on success; -1
otherwise
:remove
^int remove( char *filename )
- prototype in stdio.h
- implemented as a macro of function unlink()
:rename
^int rename( const char *oldf, const char *newf )
- prototype in stdio.h
- rename file from oldf to newf
- returns 0 if OK, else -1 on error
:rewind
^void rewind( FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- equivalent to fseek(fd,0L,0), except eof and error indicators
are cleared
- returns 0 if pointer moved OK, else nonzero
:rmdir
^int rmdir( const char *path )
- prototype in dir.h
- takes path & deletes directory with that name
- returns 0 if successful, else -1
:rmtmp
^MSC: int rmtmp( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- cleans up all temporary files in the current directory created
by tmpfile()
- should only be used on files in the current directory
- returns number of temporary files closed and deleted
:_rotl:_rotr
^MSC: unsigned _rotl( unsigned value, int shift )
^MSC: unsigned _rotr( unsigned value, int shift )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- rotates value by 'n' bits left or right
- returns rotated value
- see _lrotl _lrotr
:sbrk
^void *sbrk( int incr )
- prototype in alloc.h (malloc.h for MS C)
- dynamically changes the amount of space allocated to the calling
programs data segment. Amount of allocated space is increased by
amount incr (can be negative).
- returns 0 if OK
-1 & errno is set to ENOMEM
:scanf
^int scanf( const char *format, arg1, arg2, ... )
- prototype in stdio.h
- accepts input from stdin and converts to format specs
- see SCANF SPECS
:scanf specifiers
^Specifications for scanf()
%%[*][width][size]type
%Field Description
* read next field but suppress assignment
width maximum number of characters to read
size F far pointer
N near pointer
h specifies short
l specifies long
type % prints % character
c character data
d signed decimal integer
D signed long int
e,E signed exponential
f signed floating point in form of sddd.ddd
g,G used for e and f formats
i signed decimal, octal or hex integer
I signed decimal, octal, or hex long integer
n integer pointer
o unsigned octal integer
O unsigned octal long integer
p void pointer; MS C always uses far pointers, in
Turbo C, size is dependent on memory model
s string pointer
u unsigned decimal integer
U unsigned decimal long integer
x unsigned hexadecimal integer
X unsigned hexadecimal long integer
:_searchenv
^MSC: void _searchenv( char *fname, char *var, char *path )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- searches for "fname" in environment variable "var"
- fname = name of file to search for
- var = environment variable to use for search
- path = receives path if file found
- attempts to locate filename using MS-DOS file search strategy
- Turbo C uses searchpath()
:searchpath
^TC: char *searchpath( const char *filename )
- prototype in dir.h
- filename = name of file to search for
- attempts to locate filename using MS-DOS path using standard
DOS file search strategy
- returns pointer to full pathname for filename (in a static
array) or NULL if not found
- MS C uses _searchenv()
:segread
^void segread( struct SREGS *segregs )
- prototype in dos.h
- places current values of segment registers (SEGREGS) into segtbl
- available in Turbo C and MS C
- unique to DOS
- see REGS
:_selectpalette
^MSC: short far _selectpalette( short palette )
- prototype in graph.h
- palette = palette number
- works only in MRES4COLOR and MRESNOCOLOR video modes
- returns value of previous palette
:_setactivepage
^MSC: short far _setactivepage( short page )
- prototype in graph.h
- page = memory page where graphics output will be written
- if successful returns page number of former active page or
negative value on failure
- swapping video pages is a good method of handling animation
:_setbkcolor
^MSC: long far _setbkcolor( long color )
- prototype in graph.h
- color = new color for background
- returns previous background color
:setblock
^TC: int setblock( unsigned seg, unsigned newsize )
- prototype in dos.h
- modifies size of previously allocated DOS memory segment
- MSC uses _dos_setblock()
- see INT 21,4A
:setbuf
^void setbuf( FILE *stream, char *buf )
- prototype in stdio.h
- causes buf to be used for I/O buffering instead of the
automatically allocated buffer, and are used after given
stream is opened
- if buf is NULL, I/O is unbuffered
- no I/O to the file should occur after opening file until
buffering is set
- see SETVBUF
:setcbrk
^TC: int setcbrk( int value )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets control-break setting (value = 0 sets cntl-C checking off
except for during console and printer I/O; value = 1 always
check during DOS calls)
:_setcliprgn
^MSC: void far _setcliprgn( short x1, short y1, short x2, short y2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- all graphics output to the screen is limited to the specified
region; output to areas other than this area is clipped
- (x1,y1) upper left corner of clipping region
- (x1,y1) lower right corner of clipping region
:_setcolor
^MSC: short far _setcolor( short color )
- prototype in graph.h
- color = new color value
- returns previous color index or -1 on error
- all subsequent graphics calls will use the specified color
:setdate
^TC: void setdate( struct date *dateblk )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets DOS date via INT 21,2B
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- MS C uses _dos_setdate()
- see INT 21,2B
:setdisk
^TC: int setdisk( int drive )
- prototype in dir.h
- set current drive to set as default; 0 = A:, 1 = B:, ...
- returns total number of drives available
- MS C uses _dos_setdrive()
- see INT 21,E
:setdta
^TC: void setdta( char far *dta )
- prototype in dos.h
- changes current setting of the DTA as given by DTA
- no corresponding function in MS C
:_setfillmask
^MSC: void far _setfillmask( unsigned char far *mask )
- prototype in graph.h
- mask = 8 by 8 bit fill mask array
- sets the fill mask used to fill screen regions
- any bit set to 1 will have the default color; any bit cleared
to zero leaves the pixel unchanged
- when no fill mask is set (NULL), the default color only is used
:_setfont
^MSC: short far _setfont( unsigned char far *options )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns font with matching "options"
returns negative value on error
-1 Font not registered
-4 not enough memory for font
:setftime
^TC: int setftime( int handle, struct ftime *ftimep )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets file time and date for the file associated with handle as
defined by ftimep
- structure ftime is defined in dos.h
- MS C uses _dos_setftime()
- see INT 21,57
:setjmp
^int setjmp( jmp_buf env )
- prototype in setjmp.h
- captures callers task state in env and returns 0
- see also longjmp()
:_setlinestyle
^MSC: void far _setlinestyle( unsigned short mask )
- prototype in graph.h
- each 1 bit represents a pixel (in current color) in the line
mask; each 0 represent a pixel that is left alone
- default line style is FFFFh
- see _getlinestyle
:_setlogorg:_setvieworg
^struct xycoord far _setlogorg( short x, short y )
- prototype in graph.h
- moves the logical origin (0,0) to the physical point (x,y)
- returns previous logical origin in physical coordinates to:
struct xycoord
{
short xcoord;
short ycoord;
};
:setmem
^void setmem( void *addr, int len, char value )
- prototype in mem.h
- sets len bytes in addr to value
:setmode
^int setmode( int handle, int mode )
- prototype in io.h
- sets mode of file associated with handle to binary (O_BINARY) or
text (O_TEXT) but not both
- returns 0 if successful, else -1 on error
:_setpixel:_setpixel_w
% MSC: short far _setpixel( short x, short y )
% MSC: short far _setpixel_w( double wx, double wy )
- prototype in graph.h
- returns previous value of pixel or -1 on error
- Turbo C uses setpixel()
- see _getpixel
:_settextcolor
^MSC: short far _settextcolor( short color )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets color of graphics text to color
- default color is the highest valid color
- returns previous color
- see _gettextcolor
:_settextposition
%MSC: struct rccoord far _settextposition( short row, short column )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets the current text position to that specified
- returns previous text position in rccoord structure
- see _gettextposition
:_settextwindow
^MSC: void far _settextwindow(short r1,short c1,short r2,short c2)
- prototype in graph.h
- sets graphics text output window; text scrolls in window when
the window becomes full
- (r1,c1) upper left corner of window
- (r2,c2) lower right corner of window
:settime
^TC: void settime( struct time *timep )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets MS-DOS time via INT 21,2D
- DOS 3.3+ also sets CMOS clock
- MS C uses _dos_settime()
- see INT 21,2D
:setvbuf
^int setvbuf( FILE *stream, char *buf, int type, size_t size )
- prototype in stdio.h
- causes buf to be used for I/O buffering instead of the auto-
matically allocated buffer; used after given stream is opened
and before output
- in setvbuf, if buf is NULL, a buffer is allocated via malloc()
- no I/O to the file should occur until after buffering is set
- see SETBUF
:setvect
^TC: void setvect( int intr_num, void interrupt(*isr)() )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets the value of interrupt vector named by intr_num
(corresponds to 0-255 for MS-DOS) in DOS interrupt vector
table to a far pointer to "isr" an interrupt service routine
- address of a C routine may be used only if it has been
declared to be an interrupt routine. Ex:
^void interrupt func( void );
- MS C uses _dos_setvect()
- see INT 21,25
:setverify
^TC: int setverify( int value )
- prototype in dos.h
- sets state of verify flag (0==off, 1==on) to value
- no corresponding MS C function
- see INT 21,2E
:_setvideomode
^MSC: short far _setvideomode( short mode )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets video mode specified
- mode = _DEFAULTMODE hardware default
_MAXCOLORMODE graphics mode with most colors
_MAXRESMODE graphics mode with highest resolution
_TEXTBW40 40x25 16 color CGA/Text
_TEXTC40 40x25 16 color CGA/Text
_TEXTBW80 80x25 16 shades CGA/Text
_TEXTC80 80x25 16 color CGA/Text
_MRES4COLOR 320x200 4 color CGA/Graphics
_MRESNOCOLOR 320x200 4 color CGA/Graphics
_HRESBW 640x200 2 color CGA/Graphics
_TEXTMONO 80x25 mono MDA/Text
_MRES16COLOR 320x200 16 color EGA/Graphics
_HRES16COLOR 640x200 16 color EGA/Graphics
_ERESNOCOLOR 640x350 1 color EGA/Text
_ERESCOLOR 640x350 64 color EGA/Graphics
_VRES2COLOR 640x480 2 color VGA/Graphics
_VRES16COLOR 640x480 16 color VGA/Graphics
_MRES256COLOR 320x200 256 color VGA/Graphics
_ORESCOLOR 640x400 16 color CGA/Graphics/Olivetti
_HERCMONO 720x348 2 color HGC/Graphics/Hercules
- returns non-zero on success; zero on error
:_setviewport
^MSC: void far _setviewport( short x1, short y1, short x2, short y2 )
- prototype in graph.h
- defines a clipping region like _setcliprgn()
- sets the logical origin to the upper left corner coordinates
specified as parameters
- (x1,y1) upper left corner of window
- (x2,y2) lower right corner of window
:_setvisualpage
^MSC: short far _setvisualpage( short page )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets visual page to that specified
- default page is zero
- returns previous page number or a negative value on error
:sin
^double sin( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns sine of x
- x must be in radians
:sinh
^double sinh( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns hyperbolic sine of x
- x must be in radians
:sleep
^TC: void sleep( unsigned seconds )
- prototype in dos.h
- suspended program for seconds of time
- accurate in seconds to limit of MS-DOS clock
- no corresponding MS C function
:sopen
^int sopen( const char *path, int access, int shflag, int mode )
- prototype in io.h, also include share.h, stat.h & fcntl.h
- actually a macro defined: open( path, (access | shflag), mode )
- opens file "path" and prepares it for shared I/O
- sharing mode is determined using access, shflag and mode
- access is a combination of the following ("permis" follows):
% Read/Write Access Flags (mutually exclusive):
O_RDONLY open read only
O_WRONLY open write only
O_RDWR open read/write
% Other Access Mode Flags:
O_APPEND file pointer is placed at EOF before each write
O_CREAT if file doesn't exist, create with "permis" attributes
O_TRUNC if exists, truncate length to zero, but leave file
attributes unchanged
O_BINARY binary mode
O_TEXT text mode
O_EXCL used with O_CREAT, error occurs if file already exists
O_NDELAY UNIX only
% Permission Attributes (if creating):
S_IWRITE write permission
S_IREAD read permission
S_IREAD | S_IWRITE read/write permission
- if O_BINARY nor O_TEXT is given, file is opened in translation
mode (O_TEXT) given by global variable _fmode
- returns non-negative number as file handle, or -1 on error
:spawn:spawn...
^Function spawn(), etc...
int spawnl( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL )
int spawnle( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL, char *envp[] )
int spawnlp( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL )
int spawnlpe( int mode, char *path, char *arg0,
char *arg1, ..., NULL, char *envp[] )
int spawnv( int mode, char *path, char *argv )
int spawnve( int mode, char *path, char *argv, char *envp[] )
int spawnvp( int mode, char *path, char *argv )
int spawnvpe( int mode, char *path, char *argv, char *envp[] )
- prototype in process.h
- creates & runs child processes
- mode is P_WAIT which puts parent process "on hold" until child
completes execution; P_NOWAIT which continues to run parent
while child runs (not supported yet); or P_OVERLAY which overlays
child in memory location formerly occupied by parent (same as
exec... call)
- use P_WAIT to perform a DOS shell
- returns 0 for SUCCESS and non-zero for failure based on the
errorlevel set by the application
- see also exec...
:_splitpath
%MSC: void _splitpath( char *path, char *drive, char *dir,
% char *fname, char *ext )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- dissects the path into components
- path = fully qualified file name to dissect
- drive = is the drive letter followed by a colon if drive was
specified in string
- dir = any directories included in "path" plus '\'
- fname = base filename w/o extension
- ext = file extension
- the maximum size of each component is: _MAX_DRIVE, _MAX_DIR,
_MAX_FNAME, _MAX_EXT (all include the NULL and are actually
much larger than needed, except _MAX_DRIVE is exact fit)
- see _makepath
:sprintf
^int sprintf( char *s, const char *format [, arg1, arg2, ...] )
- prototype in stdio.h
- prints formatted data into string s
- see PRINTF SPEC for format specifiers
:sqrt
^double sqrt( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns square root of x, or 0 on error
:srand
^void srand( unsigned seed )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- re-initializes the random number generator with seed
- see rand()
:sscanf
^int sscanf( const char *s, const char *format, arg1, arg2, ... )
- prototype in stdio.h
- see SCANF and SCANF SPECS
:ssignal
^int (*ssignal( int sig, int (*action)())) ()
- prototype in signal.h
- ssignal() and gsignal() implement a software-signaling facility
where software signals are integers 1-15
- ssignal() establishes an action routine for servicing a signal
where sig is associated with the action routine
- ssignal() returns action previously established for ssignal()
or SIG_DFL
- UNIX based
:stackavail
^MSC: size_t stackavail( void )
- prototype in malloc.h
- used to determine approximate memory available on the stack for
allocation via alloca()
- returns approximate memory available on the stack
- see alloca
:stat
% int stat( char *pathname, struct stat *buff )
% int fstat( char *handle, struct stat *buff )
- prototype in stat.h
- stat() and fstat() store information about a given open file
(or directory) in the stat structure (in stat.h)
- stat() gets information about the open file or directory, while
fstat() gets info about the open file associated with handle
- returns 0 if successful, else -1 on error
:_status87
^unsigned int _status87( void )
- prototype in float.h
- returns floating-point status word & other conditions detected
by 8087/80287 exception handler
- see float.h for definition of return word from _status87()
:stime
^int stime( time_t *tp )
- prototype in time.h
- sets system time & date, where tp to value of time in seconds
since 00:00:00 GMT Jan 1, 1970
:str...:strings
^String Manipulation Functions
- prototype in string.h (a few also exist in stdlib.h)
%Conversion:
char *strlwr( char *s )
char *strrev( char *s )
double strtod( const char *s, char **endptr )
long strtol( const char *s, char **endptr, int radix )
unsigned long strtoul( const char *s, char **endptr, int radix )
char *strupr( char *s )
char *strdup( const char *s )
%Search:
char *strchr( char *s, int c )
size_t strcspn( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strpbrk( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strrchr( const char *s, int c )
size_t strspn( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strstr( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
char *strtok( char *s1, const char *s2 )
%Comparison:
int strcmp( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
int strcmpi( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
int stricmp( const char *s1, const char *s2 )
int strncmp( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen )
int strncmpi( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen )
int strnicmp( const char *s1, const char *s2, size_t maxlen )
%Copy:
char *stpcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
char *strcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
char *strcat( char *dest, const char *src )
char *strncat( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
char *strncpy( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
%Miscellaneous:
size_t strlen( const char *s )
char *strnset( char *s, int ch, size_t n )
char *strset( char *s, int ch )
char *strerror( int errnum )
char *_strerror( const char *s )
:stpcpy
^char *stpcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
- prototype in string.h
- copies src into dest
- returns dest+strlen(src)
:strcat
^char *strcat( char *dest, const char *src )
- prototype in string.h
- appends src to dest
:strchr
^char *strchr( const char *str, int c )
- prototype in string.h
- scans str for first occurrence of c
- returns pointer to c in str, or NULL if not found
:strcmp
^int strcmp( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2, = 0 if str1 = str2, or > 0
if str1 > str2, using a signed comparison
:strcpy
^char *strcpy( char *dest, const char *src )
- prototype in string.h
- copies src into dest
- returns dest
:strcspn
^size_t strcspn( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- returns length of initial segment of str1 that consists
entirely of characters NOT from str2
:_strdate:_strtime
% MSC: char *_strdate( char *date )
% MSC: char *_strtime( char *time )
- prototype in time.h
- date = formatted date string: mm/dd/yy (9 bytes inc NULL)
- time = formatted time string: hh:mm:ss (9 bytes inc NULL)
- returns pointer to the parameter string
- Turbo C uses strdate() and strtime()
:strdup
^char *strdup( const char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- duplicates str, getting space with a call to malloc()
- returns pointer to duplicated string, or NULL if space could not
be allocated
:_strerror
^MSC: char *_strerror( char *string )
- prototype in string.h
- creates an error message based on the user supplied string
followed by a colon, then the library error message
- string = user error message string
- returns pointer to the generated string
- does not print the string
:strerror
^char *strerror( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- str should contain your customized error message to which a system
error message will be appended
- allows you to generate customized error messages, returning a
pointer to a null-terminated string containing an error message
- if str is NULL, the return value contains the most recently
generated system error message; this string is null-terminated
- if str is not NULL, the return value contains, a colon, a space,
the most recently generated system error message, and a newline;
with length of str being 94 characters or less
- this function generates the error string but does NOT print it
- for accurate error-handling, strerror should be called as soon
as a library routine generates an error return
:stricmp
^int stricmp( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2 without case sensitivity
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2
= 0 if str1 = str2
> 0 if str1 > str2
using a signed comparison
:strlen
^size_t strlen( const char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- returns number of characters in str, not counting the null
terminating character
:strlwr
^char *strlwr( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- converts str to all lower case
:strncat
^char *strncat( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- appends up to maxlen characters of src to dest and then
appends a null character
:strncmp
^int strncmp( const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2 up to maxlen characters
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2
= 0 if str1 = str2
> 0 if str1 > str2
using a signed comparison
:strncpy
^char *strncpy( char *dest, const char *src, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- copies exactly maxlen characters from src to dest, truncating
or null-padding dest
- dest might NOT be null-terminated if length of src >= maxlen
:strnicmp
^int strnicmp( const char *str1, const char *str2, size_t maxlen )
- prototype in string.h
- compares str1 to str2 up to maxlen chars ignoring case
- returns < 0 if str1 < str2
= 0 if str1 = str2
> 0 if str1 > str2
using a signed comparison
:strnset
^char *strnset( char *str, int ch, size_t n )
- prototype in string.h
- sets up to first n bytes of str to ch
- if n > strlen(str) then strlen(str) replaces n
:strpbrk
^char *strpbrk( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- scans str1 for first occurrence of any character appearing in str2
- returns pointer to first occurrence; NULL if not found
:strrchr
^char *strrchr( const char *str, int c )
- prototype in string.h
- scans a string in reverse direction for specified character c
- strrchr finds the LAST occurrence of c in str
- returns pointer to LAST occurrence, or NULL if not found
:strrev
^char *strrev( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- reverses all characters in str, except null terminator
:strset
^char *strset( char *str, int ch )
- prototype in string.h
- sets all characters in str to ch
:strspn
^size_t strspn( const char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- returns length of initial segment of str1 that consists
entirely of characters from str2
:strstr
^char *strstr( const char *anchor, const char *testpattern )
- prototype in string.h
- returns a pointer within anchor where testpattern is found,
or NULL if testpattern is not found in anchor
- may be incompatible with Microsoft C
:strtod
^double strtod( const char *str, char **endptr )
- prototype in string.h
- converts string str to a double value
- stops reading at tfirst character that cannot be interpreted
as part of a double value, returning in *endptr
- str must have format:
[ws][sn][ddd][.][ddd][fmt[sn]ddd]
where [ws] = optional whitespace
[sn] = optional sign (+-)
[ddd] = optional digits
[fmt] = option e or E
[.] = optional decimal point
:strtok
^char *strtok( char *str1, const char *str2 )
- prototype in string.h
- parses str1 for tokens and separators, where separators are
defined in str2
- first call returns a pointer to the first character of the first
token in str1 and writes a null character into str1 immediately
following the returned token; subsequent calls with NULL for
the first argument will work through the string str1 in this way
until no tokens remain
- when tokens are exhausted, returns NULL
:strtol
^long strtol( const char *str, char **endptr, int base )
- prototype in string.h
- converts string str to a long value
- stops reading at first character that cannot be interpreted
as part of a long value, returning in *endptr
- str must have format:
[ws][sn][0][x][ddd]
where [ws] = optional whitespace
[sn] = optional sign (+-)
[0] = optional zero
[x] = optional x or X
[ddd] = optional digits
- base is between 2 and 36; if 0, first few characters of str
determines base to be used (oct,hex or dec) any other value
of base is illegal
:strupr
^char *strupr( char *str )
- prototype in string.h
- converts to all uppercase
:swab
^void swab( char *src, char *dest, int nbytes )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- copies nbytes bytes from src into dest, with adjacent even and
odd-byte positions being swapped
- nbytes should therefore be an even number
- a standard way of performing this is to use the XCHG instruction
- see XCHG
:system
^int system( const char *command )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- invokes MS-DOS COMMAND.COM to execute "command", returning exit
status of COMMAND.COM; the COMSPEC environment variable is
automatically searched if necessary
- a CR/LF pair in the command string will result in an error
- see also exec(), spawn()
:tan
^double tan( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns tangent of x
- x must be in radians
:tanh
^double tanh( double x )
- prototype in math.h
- returns hyperbolic tangent of x
- x must be in radians
:tell
^long tell( int handle )
- prototype in io.h
- returns offset within file corresponding to handle
- returns -1L on error
- see lseek
:tempnam:tmpnam
% MSC: char *tempnam( char *dir, char *prefix )
% MSC: char *tmpnam( char *string )
- prototype in stdio.h
- string = buffer to receive temporary filename
- tempnam() creates a temporary file in the specified directory
"dir" using the "prefix" as the beginning of the filename;
memory for the resulting filename is allocate via malloc() and
must be freed with free()
- tmpnam() creates the temporary file in the current directory
- return a pointer to the new name or NULL on error
:time
^time_t time( time_t *tloc )
- prototype in time.h
- gives current time in seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 GMT,
January 1, 1970, and stores it into tloc
:tmpfile
^MSC: FILE *tmpfile( void )
- prototype in stdio.h
- creates and opens a temporary stream file
- returns stream pointer or NULL on error
- file is automatically deleted when closed or rmtmp() is called
- rmtmp() works only if in original directory
- file is opened in binary write mode; except MS C version 4.0
opened file in write translate mode
:toascii
^int toascii( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- clears all but lower 7 bits in c, converting to ASCII
:_tolower
^int _tolower( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to lowercase if c is UPPER case
- use tolower() preferentially
:tolower
^int tolower( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to LOWER case only if c is UPPER case
:_toupper
^int _toupper( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to UPPER case only if c is LOWER case
- use toupper() preferentially
:toupper
^int toupper( int c )
- prototype in ctype.h
- converts c to UPPER case only if c is LOWER case
:tzset
^void tzset( void )
- prototype in time.h
- included for UNIX compatibility but does nothing in DOS
:ultoa
^char *ultoa( unsigned long value, char *string, int radix )
- prototype in stdlib.h
- converts value to string where radix specifies base
(2-36) for conversion
:umask
^MSC: int umask( int permission )
- prototype in io.h, sys\types.h, sys\stat.h
- changes permision in which a file may be accessed
- permission = S_IWRITE write is forbidden
= S_IREAD read is forbidden (ignored by DOS)
= S_IWRITE | S_IREAD no reading or writing
- returns previous permission value
:ungetc
^int ungetc( int c, FILE *fd )
- prototype in stdio.h
- pushes character back into file stream
:ungetch
^void ungetch( int c )
- prototype in conio.h
- similar to ungetc() except pushes character back to keyboard buffer
:unixtodos
%TC: void unixtodos( long utime, struct date *dateptr,
% struct time *timeptr)
- prototype in dos.h
- converts date & time to DOS format
- no corresponding MS C function
:unlink
^int unlink( const char *filename )
- prototype in dos.h or io.h
- returns 0 if successful, else -1
:unlock
^TC: int unlock( int handle, long offset, long length )
- prototype in io.h
- unlock() removes locks placed on a file region by lock()
- returns 0 on success, else -1 on error
- all locks must be released before program termination
- MS C uses locking()
- see also lock
:utime
^MSC: int utime( char *path, struct utimbuf *times )
- prototype in sys\types.h, sys\utime.h
- path = any valid DOS filename
- times = time values in structure (modtime should be set)
- if write access to the file is available the file time is updated
from the modtime field
- if times is NULL the file date is set to current time
- returns 0 on success or -1 on error
struct utimbuf
{
time_t actime; /* access time (not used in DOS) */
time_t modtime; /* modification time */
};
:vfprintf
^int vfprintf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list param )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sends formatted output to a stream
:vfscanf
^int vfscanf( FILE *stream, const char *format, va_list argp )
- prototype in stdio.h
- like fscanf(), except arguments accepted from va_arg array from
va_list parm
:vprintf
^int vprintf( const char *format, va_list param )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sends formatted output to stdout
:vscanf
^int vscanf( const char *format, va_list argp )
- prototype in stdio.h
- like scanf(), except arguments accepted from va_arg array from
va_list parm
:vsprintf
^int vsprintf( char *string, const char *format, va_list param )
- prototype in stdio.h
- sends formatted output to a string
:vsscanf
%int vsscanf( const char *string, const char *format, va_list argp )
- prototype in stdio.h
- like sscanf(), except arguments accepted from va_list parm
:_wrapon
^MSC: short far _wrapon( short wrap )
- prototype in graph.h
- sets wrapping/truncating of text
- wrap = _GWRAPOFF truncates text at window border
= _GWRAPON wraps line at window border
- returns previous wrap value
:_write
^TC: int _write( int fd, char *buf, int count )
- prototype in io.h
- writes count bytes from buf to file or device at fd
- count cannot be greater that 65534
- is a direct call to MS-DOS write function INT 21,40
- does NO conversion of CR/LFs; all output is binary
- returns a count of bytes written or -1 on error
- MS C uses _dos_write()
- see write _open _creat _read INT 21,40
:write
^int write( int fd, char *buf, int count )
- prototype in io.h
- write count bytes from buf to file or device at fd
- converts LF to CR-LF for text output
- returns a count of bytes written (excluding any CRs
generated for a text file), or -1 on error
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