MySQL实现主从复制

MySQL主从复制流程

原理图

流程如下：

master服务器将数据改变记录二进制日志,slave服务器会在一定时间间隔内对master二进制日志检查,若发生改变,则开始一个I/O thread 请求master二进制事件,同时主节点为每个I/O启动一个线程,用于向 其发送二进制事件,并保存至从节点本地中继日志中,从节点启动SQL 线程从日志中读取二进制日志,在本地重放,使得主从节点数据一致,最 后I/O thread和SQL thread将进入睡眠状态,等待下一次被唤醒。

安装数据库

环境

两台Redhat7.1server1和server2，server1作为主库，server2作为从库
防火墙firewalld关闭
selinux关闭
server1和server2能够互相ping通
主从数据库版本保持一致

安装MySQL，这里采用yum安装

server1和server2上安装MySQL

[root@server1 local]# yum install mariadb mariadb-server -y
[root@server2 local]# yum install mariadb mariadb-server -y
[root@server2 local]# rpm -qa |grep mariadb
mariadb-libs-5.5.64-1.el7.x86_64
mariadb-5.5.64-1.el7.x86_64
mariadb-server-5.5.64-1.el7.x86_64

启动MySQL

[root@server1 local]# systemctl start mariadb
[root@server2 local]# systemctl start mariadb

为root用户设置密码

[root@server1 local]# mysqladmin -u root password "redhat"
[root@server2 local]# mysqladmin -u root password "redhat"

配置主从复制

主库配置

server1配置master

[root@server1 local]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
log-bin=mysql-bin  #启用二进制日志，启用后才可通过I/O写到Slave的relay-log,是进行replication的前提.  
server-id=1   # ID值唯一的标识了群集中的主从服务器,master_id必须为1到232–1之间的一个正整数值,slave_id值必须为2到232–1之间的一个正整数值.
max_binlog_size = 1G	# 设置binlog文件的最大值，当达到这个值会自动生成一个新的binlog文件
binlog-ignore-db = zabbix	# 对指定数据库的变动不写入二进制文件binlog,如果有多个数据库可用逗号分隔
# replicate-ignore-db =		# 指定不需要复制同步的数据库,如果有多个数据库可用逗号分隔

重启MySQL服务

[root@server1 local]# systemctl restart mariadb

创建并授权复制用户

[root@server1 local]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 

MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'mysql'@"192.168.56.%" identified by 'redhat';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)

刷新权限表使授权生效

MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

查看master binlog文件名与position

MariaDB [(none)]> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000002 |      245 |              |      zabbix            |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

从库配置

修改从库/etc/my.cnf文件

[root@server2 local]# vim /etc/my.cnf
[mysqld]
server_id=2	# slave id不能和master一样

重启从库

[root@server2 local]# systemctl restart mariadb

配置从库同步主库

[root@server2 local]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 

MariaDB [(none)]> change master to master_host='192.168.56.135',master_user='mysql',master_password='redhat',master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=245;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

设置从库只读

#如果有用户向从库中写数据，然后从库在从主库同步数据库时，会造成数据错乱，从而造成数据损坏，所以需要把从库设置成只读

[root@server2 local]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 

MariaDB [(none)]> set global read_only=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like 'read%';
+----------------------+--------+
| Variable_name        | Value  |
+----------------------+--------+
| read_buffer_size     | 131072 |
| read_only            | ON     |
| read_rnd_buffer_size | 262144 |
+----------------------+--------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

read-only = OFF/ON，全局变量，只有管理员具有修改权限；

read-only = ON，此功能只对非管理员组用户有效；

通过命令设置的read-only在服务重启后消失，可以在my.cnf文件中设置永久生效

启动从库slave进程

MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

查看从库同步状态

MariaDB [(none)]> show slave status\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.56.135
                  Master_User: mysql
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 245
               Relay_Log_File: mariadb-relay-bin.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 529
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB: 
          Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
           Replicate_Do_Table: 
       Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
  Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                   Last_Errno: 0
                   Last_Error: 
                 Skip_Counter: 0
          Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 245
              Relay_Log_Space: 825
              Until_Condition: None
               Until_Log_File: 
                Until_Log_Pos: 0
           Master_SSL_Allowed: No
           Master_SSL_CA_File: 
           Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
              Master_SSL_Cert: 
            Master_SSL_Cipher: 
               Master_SSL_Key: 
        Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                Last_IO_Errno: 0
                Last_IO_Error: 
               Last_SQL_Errno: 0
               Last_SQL_Error: 
  Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
             Master_Server_Id: 1
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Slave_IO_Running: Yes Slave_SQL_Running: Yes 都为yes，说明已经成功

验证主从同步

在主库上创建新的数据库和表

[root@server1 local]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 

MariaDB [(none)]> create database mysqltest;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use mysqltest;
Database changed

MariaDB [mysqltest]> create table tabletest(id int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)

MariaDB [mysqltest]> insert into tabletest() values(1),(2);
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

从库查看是否同步主库数据库和表

[root@server2 local]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| mysqltest          |
| performance_schema |
| test               |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> select * from mysqltest.tabletest;
+------+
| id   |
+------+
|    1 |
|    2 |
+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

从库上同步了主库的mysqltest库和tabletest表

MySQL主从同步成功！