内容源自尚硅谷SQL学习视频,将笔记重点按内容归纳整理
条件查询
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表名
where 筛选条件;
执行顺序:
①from子句
②where子句
③select子句
特点:
1、按关系表达式筛选
关系运算符:> < >= <= = <>(不等于)
补充:也可以使用!=,但不建议
2、按逻辑表达式筛选
逻辑运算符:and or not
补充:也可以使用&& || ! ,但不建议
3、模糊查询
like
in
between and
is null
一. 按关系表达式筛选
#案例1:查询部门编号不是100的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <> 100;
#案例2:查询工资<15000的姓名、工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<15000;
二. 按逻辑表达式筛选
#案例1:查询部门编号不是 50-100之间员工姓名、部门编号、邮箱
#方式1:
SELECT last_name,department_id,email
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <50 OR department_id>100;
#方式2:
SELECT last_name,department_id,email
FROM employees
WHERE NOT(department_id>=50 AND department_id<=100);
#案例2:查询奖金率>0.03 或者 员工编号在60-110之间的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct>0.03 OR (employee_id >=60 AND employee_id<=110);
三. 模糊查询
1、like (重点)
/*
功能:一般和通配符搭配使用,对字符型数据进行部分匹配查询
常见的通配符:
_ 任意单个字符
% 任意多个字符,支持0-多个
like/not like
*/
#案例1:查询姓名中包含字符a的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%';
#案例2:查询姓名中包含最后一个字符为e的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%e';
#案例3:查询姓名中 包含第一个字符为e的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE 'e%';
#案例4:查询姓名中包含第三个字符为x,第五个字符为l的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__x_l%';
#案例5:查询姓名中包含第二个字符为_的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_\_%';
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_$_%' ESCAPE '$'; # 转义字符可以是$或者任意字符,最后用ESCAPE说明
2. in
/*
功能:查询某字段的值是否属于指定的列表之内
a in(常量值1,常量值2,常量值3,...)
a not in(常量值1,常量值2,常量值3,...)
in/not in
*/
#案例1:查询部门编号是30/50/90的员工名、部门编号
#方式1:
SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(30,50,90);
#方式2:
SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 30
OR department_id = 50
OR department_id = 90;
#案例2:查询工种编号不是SH_CLERK或IT_PROG的员工信息
#方式1:
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE job_id NOT IN('SH_CLERK','IT_PROG');
#方式2:
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE NOT(job_id ='SH_CLERK'
OR job_id = 'IT_PROG');
3. between and
/*
功能:判断某个字段的值是否介于xx之间
between and/not between and
*/
#案例1:查询部门编号是30-90之间的部门编号、员工姓名
#方式1:
SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id BETWEEN 30 AND 90;
#方式2:
SELECT department_id,last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id>=30 AND department_id<=90;
#案例2:查询年薪不是100000-200000之间的员工姓名、工资、年薪
SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))<100000 OR salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0))>200000;
SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) NOT BETWEEN 100000 AND 200000;
SELECT last_name,salary,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE NOT(salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) BETWEEN 100000 AND 200000)
4、is null / is not null
#案例1:查询没有奖金的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NULL;
#案例2:查询有奖金的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary IS 10000; //会报错
#----------------对比------------------------------------
= 只能判断普通的内容
IS 只能判断NULL值
<=> 安全等于,既能判断普通内容,又能判断NULL值
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary <=> 10000;
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct <=> NULL;
练习
练习:
#1. 查询工资大于 12000 的员工姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary>12000;
#2. 查询员工号为 176 的员工的姓名和部门号和年薪
SELECT last_name,department_id,salary*12*(1+IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) 年薪
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 176;
#3. 选择工资不在 5000 到 12000 的员工的姓名和工资
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 5000 AND 12000;
#方式2?
SELECT last_name,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary < 5000 OR salary > 12000;
#4. 选择在 20 或 50 号部门工作的员工姓名和部门号
SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN (20,50);
#方式2?
SELECT last_name,department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 20 OR department_id = 50;
#5. 选择公司中没有管理者的员工姓名及 job_id
SELECT last_name,job_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
#6. 选择公司中有奖金的员工姓名,工资和奖金率
SELECT last_name,salary,commission_pct
FROM employees
WHERE commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
#7. 选择员工姓名的第三个字母是 a 的员工姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '__a%';
#8. 选择姓名中有字母 a 和 e 的员工姓名
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '%a%' AND last_name LIKE '%e%'; # 注意last_name 和like要写两遍
#方式2?
#9. 显示出表 employees 表中 first_name 以 'e'结尾的员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE first_name LIKE '%e';
#10. 显示出表 employees 部门编号在 80-100 之间 的姓名、职位
SELECT last_name,job_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id BETWEEN 80 AND 100;
#11. 显示出表 employees 的 manager_id 是 100,101,110 的员工姓名、职位
SELECT last_name,job_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (100,101,110);