内容源自尚硅谷SQL学习视频,将笔记重点按内容归纳整理
连接查询
概要:
含义:又称多表查询,当查询的字段来自于多个表时,就会用到连接查询
笛卡尔乘积现象:表1 有m行,表2有n行,结果=m*n行
发生原因:没有有效的连接条件
如何避免:添加有效的连接条件
分类:
按年代分类:
sql92标准:仅仅支持内连接
sql99标准【推荐】:支持内连接+外连接(左外和右外)+交叉连接
按功能分类:
内连接:
等值连接
非等值连接
自连接
外连接:
左外连接
右外连接
全外连接
交叉连接
SELECT * FROM beauty;
SELECT * FROM boys;
SELECT NAME,boyName FROM boys,beauty
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id= boys.id;
一. SQL99标准(重点)
概念:
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名 【连接类型】
join 表2 别名
on 连接条件
【where 筛选条件】
【group by 分组】
【having 筛选条件】
【order by 排序列表】
分类:
内连接(★):inner
外连接
左外(★):left 【outer】
右外(★):right 【outer】
全外:full【outer】
交叉连接:cross
1.内连接
应用场景:查询多表的交集
语法:
select 查询列表
from 表1 别名
inner join 表2 别名
on 连接条件;
分类:
等值
非等值
自连接
特点:
①添加排序、分组、筛选
②inner可以省略
③ 筛选条件放在where后面,连接条件放在on后面,提高分离性,便于阅读
④inner join连接和sql92语法中的等值连接效果是一样的,都是查询多表的交集
1.1等值连接
1、等值连接
#案例1.查询员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM departments d
JOIN employees e
ON e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
#案例2.查询名字中包含e的员工名和工种名(添加筛选)
SELECT last_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN jobs j
ON e.`job_id`= j.`job_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%e%';
#3. 查询部门个数>3的城市名和部门个数,(添加分组+筛选)
#①查询每个城市的部门个数
#②在①结果上筛选满足条件的
SELECT city,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city
HAVING COUNT(*)>3;
#案例4.查询哪个部门的员工个数>3的部门名和员工个数,并按个数降序(添加排序)
#①查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT COUNT(*),department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
#② 在①结果上筛选员工个数>3的记录,并排序
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,department_name
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d
ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
GROUP BY department_name
HAVING COUNT(*)>3
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
#5.查询员工名、部门名、工种名,并按部门名降序(添加三表连接)
SELECT last_name,department_name,job_title
FROM employees e
INNER JOIN departments d ON e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
INNER JOIN jobs j ON e.`job_id` = j.`job_id`
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
1.2 非等值连接
#查询员工的工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`;
#查询工资级别的个数>20的个数,并且按工资级别降序
SELECT COUNT(*),grade_level
FROM employees e
JOIN job_grades g
ON e.`salary` BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
GROUP BY grade_level
HAVING COUNT(*)>20
ORDER BY grade_level DESC;
1.3 自连接(同一个表中)
#查询员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`;
#查询姓名中包含字符k的员工的名字、上级的名字
SELECT e.last_name,m.last_name
FROM employees e
JOIN employees m
ON e.`manager_id`= m.`employee_id`
WHERE e.`last_name` LIKE '%k%';
2.外连接
应用场景:用于查询一个表中有,另一个表没有的记录
特点:
1、外连接的查询结果为主表中的所有记录
如果从表中有和它匹配的,则显示匹配的值
如果从表中没有和它匹配的,则显示null
外连接查询结果=内连接结果+主表中有而从表没有的记录
2、左外连接,left join左边的是主表
右外连接,right join右边的是主表
3、左外和右外交换两个表的顺序,可以实现同样的效果
4、全外连接=内连接的结果+表1中有但表2没有的+表2中有但表1没有的
如何确定主从表:(重要)
有可能没有记录的是从表
#左外连接
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM boys bo
LEFT OUTER JOIN beauty b
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id` IS NULL;(选主键)
#案例1:查询哪个部门没有员工
#左外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM departments d
LEFT OUTER JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#右外
SELECT d.*,e.employee_id
FROM employees e
RIGHT OUTER JOIN departments d
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE e.`employee_id` IS NULL;
#全外(mysql不支持)
USE girls;
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
FULL OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.id;
#交叉连接
SELECT b.*,bo.*
FROM beauty b
CROSS JOIN boys bo;(相当于普通查询,得到笛卡尔乘积的结果)
#sql92和 sql99pk
/*
功能:sql99支持的较多
可读性:sql99实现连接条件和筛选条件的分离,可读性较高
*/
练习:
一、查询编号>3的女神的男朋友信息,如果有则列出详细,如果没有,用null填充
SELECT b.id,b.name,bo.*
FROM beauty b
LEFT OUTER JOIN boys bo
ON b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`
WHERE b.`id`>3;
#二、查询哪个城市没有部门
SELECT city
FROM departments d
RIGHT OUTER JOIN locations l
ON d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
WHERE d.`department_id` IS NULL;
#三、查询部门名为SAL或IT的员工信息(部门肯定有,员工不一定有匹配的,所以部门为主表)
SELECT e.*,d.department_name,d.`department_id`
FROM departments d
LEFT JOIN employees e
ON d.`department_id` = e.`department_id`
WHERE d.`department_name` IN('SAL','IT');
SELECT * FROM departments
WHERE `department_name` IN('SAL','IT');
二. SQL92标准(了解)
1.等值连接
/*
① 多表等值连接的结果为多表的交集部分
②n表连接,至少需要n-1个连接条件
③ 多表的顺序没有要求
④一般需要为表起别名
⑤可以搭配前面介绍的所有子句使用,比如排序、分组、筛选
*/
#案例1:查询女神名和对应的男神名
SELECT NAME,boyName
FROM boys,beauty
WHERE beauty.boyfriend_id= boys.id;
#案例2:查询员工名和对应的部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name
FROM employees,departments
WHERE employees.`department_id`=departments.`department_id`;
1.1为表起别名
/*
①提高语句的简洁度
②区分多个重名的字段
注意:如果为表起了别名,则查询的字段就不能使用原来的表名去限定
*/
#查询员工名、工种号、工种名
SELECT e.last_name,e.job_id,j.job_title
FROM employees e,jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`;
1.2两个表的顺序是否可以调换:可以
#查询员工名、工种号、工种名
SELECT e.last_name,e.job_id,j.job_title
FROM jobs j,employees e
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`;
1.3可以加筛选
#案例:查询有奖金的员工名、部门名
SELECT last_name,department_name,commission_pct
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`commission_pct` IS NOT NULL;
#案例2:查询城市名中第二个字符为o的部门名和城市名
SELECT department_name,city
FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id` = l.`location_id`
AND city LIKE '_o%';
1.4可以加分组
#案例1:查询每个城市的部门个数
SELECT COUNT(*) 个数,city
FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY city;
#案例2:查询有奖金的每个部门的部门名和部门的领导编号和该部门的最低工资
SELECT department_name,d.`manager_id`,MIN(salary)
FROM departments d,employees e
WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
AND commission_pct IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY department_name,d.`manager_id`;
1.5可以加排序
#案例:查询每个工种的工种名和员工的个数,并且按员工个数降序
SELECT job_title,COUNT(*)
FROM employees e,jobs j
WHERE e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY job_title
ORDER BY COUNT(*) DESC;
1.6 可以实现三表连接?
#案例:查询员工名、部门名和所在的城市
SELECT last_name,department_name,city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
AND city LIKE 's%'
ORDER BY department_name DESC;
2.非等值连接
#案例1:查询员工的工资和工资级别
SELECT salary,grade_level
FROM employees e,job_grades g
WHERE salary BETWEEN g.`lowest_sal` AND g.`highest_sal`
AND g.`grade_level`='A';
/*
select salary,employee_id from employees;
select * from job_grades;
CREATE TABLE job_grades
(grade_level VARCHAR(3),
lowest_sal int,
highest_sal int);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('A', 1000, 2999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES ('B', 3000, 5999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('C', 6000, 9999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('D', 10000, 14999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('E', 15000, 24999);
INSERT INTO job_grades
VALUES('F', 25000, 40000);
*/
3.自连接
#案例:查询 员工名和上级的名称
SELECT e.employee_id,e.last_name,m.employee_id,m.last_name
FROM employees e,employees m
WHERE e.`manager_id`=m.`employee_id`;
练习:
#1.显示所有员工的姓名,部门号和部门名称。
USE myemployees;
SELECT last_name,d.department_id,department_name
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id` = d.`department_id`;
#2.查询90号部门员工的job_id和90号部门的location_id
SELECT job_id,location_id
FROM employees e,departments d
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`department_id`=90;
#3. 选择所有有奖金的员工的
last_name , department_name , location_id , city
SELECT last_name , department_name , l.location_id , city
FROM employees e,departments d,locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id=l.location_id
AND e.commission_pct IS NOT NULL;
#4.选择city在Toronto工作的员工的
last_name , job_id , department_id , department_name
SELECT last_name , job_id , d.department_id , department_name
FROM employees e,departments d ,locations l
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id
AND d.location_id=l.location_id
AND city = 'Toronto';
#5.查询每个工种、每个部门的部门名、工种名和最低工资
SELECT department_name,job_title,MIN(salary) 最低工资
FROM employees e,departments d,jobs j
WHERE e.`department_id`=d.`department_id`
AND e.`job_id`=j.`job_id`
GROUP BY department_name,job_title;
#6.查询每个国家下的部门个数大于2的国家编号
SELECT country_id,COUNT(*) 部门个数
FROM departments d,locations l
WHERE d.`location_id`=l.`location_id`
GROUP BY country_id
HAVING 部门个数>2;
#7、选择指定员工的姓名,员工号,以及他的管理者的姓名和员工号,结果类似于下面的格式
employees Emp# manager Mgr#
kochhar 101 king 100
SELECT e.last_name employees,e.employee_id "Emp#",m.last_name manager,m.employee_id "Mgr#"
FROM employees e,employees m
WHERE e.manager_id = m.employee_id
AND e.last_name='kochhar';