第2条:遇到多个构造器参数时要考虑使用构造器
对于多个可选构造器参数时,有以下几种方式编写类:
1)重叠构造器模式。
在该模式下,第一个构造器只有必要的参数,第二个构造器有一个可选参数,后面的构造器依次递增可选参数。
缺点:参数多的时候,客户端代码难写,不便于阅读。
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize; // (mL) required
private final int servings; // (per container) required
private final int calories; // (per serving) optional
private final int fat; // (g/serving) optional
private final int sodium; // (mg/serving) optional
private final int carbohydrate; // (g/serving) optional
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings) {
this(servingSize, servings, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
int calories) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
int calories, int fat) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
int calories, int fat, int sodium) {
this(servingSize, servings, calories, fat, sodium, 0);
}
public NutritionFacts(int servingSize, int servings,
int calories, int fat, int sodium, int carbohydrate) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
this.calories = calories;
this.fat = fat;
this.sodium = sodium;
this.carbohydrate = carbohydrate;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
NutritionFacts cocaCola =
new NutritionFacts(240, 8, 100, 0, 35, 27);
}
}
2)JavaBean 模式。
在这种模式下,先调用一个无参构造器来创建对象,再调用setter方法来设置每个必要的参数,及相关的可选参数。
缺点:
- 在构造过程中 JavaBean 可能处于不一致的状态。
- JavaBean 模式使得把类做成不可变的可能性不复存在。(详见第17条)
public class NutritionFacts {
// Parameters initialized to default values (if any)
private int servingSize = -1; // Required; no default value
private int servings = -1; // Required; no default value
private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
private int carbohydrate = 0;
public NutritionFacts() { }
// Setters
public void setServingSize(int val) { servingSize = val; }
public void setServings(int val) { servings = val; }
public void setCalories(int val) { calories = val; }
public void setFat(int val) { fat = val; }
public void setSodium(int val) { sodium = val; }
public void setCarbohydrate(int val) { carbohydrate = val; }
public static void main(String[] args) {
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts();
cocaCola.setServingSize(240);
cocaCola.setServings(8);
cocaCola.setCalories(100);
cocaCola.setSodium(35);
cocaCola.setCarbohydrate(27);
}
}
3)建造者(Builder)模式。
它不直接生成想要的对象,而是让客户端利用所有必要的参数
调用构造器(或者静态工厂),得到一个builder对象
。然后客户端在builder对象上调用类似于 setter 的方法
,来设置每个相关的可选参数
。最后,客户端调用无参的 build 方法
来生成通常是不可变的对象。
这个 builder 通常是它构建的类的静态成员类(详见第24条)。
public class NutritionFacts {
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
private final int calories;
private final int fat;
private final int sodium;
private final int carbohydrate;
public static class Builder {
// Required parameters
private final int servingSize;
private final int servings;
// Optional parameters - initialized to default values
private int calories = 0;
private int fat = 0;
private int sodium = 0;
private int carbohydrate = 0;
public Builder(int servingSize, int servings) {
this.servingSize = servingSize;
this.servings = servings;
}
public Builder calories(int val)
{ calories = val; return this; }
public Builder fat(int val)
{ fat = val; return this; }
public Builder sodium(int val)
{ sodium = val; return this; }
public Builder carbohydrate(int val)
{ carbohydrate = val; return this; }
public NutritionFacts build() {
return new NutritionFacts(this);
}
}
private NutritionFacts(Builder builder) {
servingSize = builder.servingSize;
servings = builder.servings;
calories = builder.calories;
fat = builder.fat;
sodium = builder.sodium;
carbohydrate = builder.carbohydrate;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
NutritionFacts cocaCola = new NutritionFacts.Builder(240, 8)
.calories(100).sodium(35).carbohydrate(27).build();
}
}
简而言之,如果类的构造器或者静态工厂中具有多个参数,设计这种类时,Builder 模式就是一种不错的选择,
特别是当大多数参数都是可选或者类型相同的时候。
Reference:
- 《Effective Java(第三版)》Chapter 2:创建和销毁对象