[Stanford CS107] 个人笔记 Lecture 1

Lecture 1

What is Unix

a set of standards and tools commonly used in software development.

Command-line

cd
ls
mkdir
emacs
rm
man

C Programming

/*
 * hello.c
 * This program prints a welcome message
 * to the user.
 */
//Import statements
#include <stdio.h> //for printf

//Main function
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {//Main parameters
    
    bool b = true;
    
    printf("Hello, world!\n");
    
    printf("You are in %s%d", "CS", 161); //Placeholder
    
    return 0;
}

Writing, Debugging and Compiling

emacs

make

gdb

valgrind

B&O Ch.1

1.1 Information Is Bits + Context

newline character

1.2 Translate to Different Forms

to machine-level to executable object program

Compilation system

• preprocessor
• compiler
• assembler
• linker

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1.3 Why should we know compilation system

Optimizing program performance**

Understanding link-time errors

Avoiding security holes

buffer overflow vulnerabilities

1.4 Processors Read and Interpret Instructions Stored in Memory

1.4.1 Hardware Organization of a System

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Buses

Transfer fixed-sized chunks of bytes known as words

The number of bytes in a word

4 bytes - 32 bits

8 bytes - 64 bits

I/O Devices

Controller

Adapter - plugs into a slot on the motherboard

motherboard: main printed circuit board

Main Memory

temporary storage device

A collection of dynamic random access memory (DRAM)

Linear array of bytes

Processor

central processing unit (CPU)

Core: PC

word-sized storage device (register)

PC: program counter (a register)

• Read
• Interpret
• Perform
• Update

Instruction set architecture

register file

arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)

CPU:

• Load
• Store
• Operate
• Jump

1.5 Caches Matter

A major goal: make copy operations faster

processor-memory gap

To deal with it: cache memories

L1 L2 L3 cache

static random access memory(SRAM)

locality

1.6 Storage Devices Form a Hierarchy

Memory Hierarchy

Cache for the next level

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1.7 The Operating System Manages the Hardware

a layer of software interposed between the application program the hardware

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Processes

Operating system’s abstraction for a running program.

Concurrency

Context switching

Threads

The requirement for concurrency in network servers

Virtual Memory (Unix)

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Program code and data

Heap

Shared libraries

Stack

Kernel virtual memory

Files

A sequence of bytes.

1.8 Systems Communicate with Other Systems Using Networks

telnet

clients and servers

1.9 Important Themes

Concurrency and Parallelism

Thread-Level Concurrency

Instruction-Level Parallelism

Single-Instruction, Multiple-Data (SIMD) Parallelism

The Importance of Abstractions in Computer Systems

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Level Concurrency

Instruction-Level Parallelism

Single-Instruction, Multiple-Data (SIMD) Parallelism

The Importance of Abstractions in Computer Systems

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