java中线程池源码分析

线程池

java中通过Executors.newXXXThreadPool()来创建各种类型的线程池,最常见的有下面三种线程池

  1. CachedThreadPool
  2. FixedThreadPool
  3. SingleThreadPool
    下面看下三个方法的源码
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
                                      60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
                                      new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
    }
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
        return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
                                      0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
                                      new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
    }

上面三个方法都提供了指定ThreadFactory的重载版本,ThreadFactory是用来创建Thread的
简单地看一下上面的源码,都是创建并且返回了ThreadPoolExecutor对象,不同的是传入的参数
接着看一下ThreadPoolExecutor的源码来看一下这些参数都是用来做什么的
ThreadPoolExecutor主要有以下属性:

private final AtomicInteger ctl = new AtomicInteger(ctlOf(RUNNING, 0));
private static final int COUNT_BITS = Integer.SIZE - 3;
private static final int CAPACITY   = (1 << COUNT_BITS) - 1;

// runState is stored in the high-order bits
// 高三位为111
private static final int RUNNING    = -1 << COUNT_BITS;
// 高三位为000
private static final int SHUTDOWN   =  0 << COUNT_BITS;
// 高三位为001
private static final int STOP       =  1 << COUNT_BITS;
// 高三位为010
private static final int TIDYING    =  2 << COUNT_BITS;
// 高三位为011
private static final int TERMINATED =  3 << COUNT_BITS;
// 所以不同状态clt值排序为
// TERMINATED > TIDYING > STOP > SHUTDOWN > RUNNING

private volatile int corePoolSize;
private volatile int maximumPoolSize;
private final BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue;
private final HashSet<Worker> workers = new HashSet<Worker>();

使用一个AtomicInteger来同时表达线程池状态和当前线程池中线程的数量
使用AtomicInteger的高三位来表示线程池的状态,剩下的位数用来表示线程池中线程的个数
corePoolSize:代表线程池中存活线程的最少个数
maximumPoolSize:线程池的最大容量
workQueue:待执行任务队列,线程会从这个队列中获取接下来需要执行的任务
workers:保存着线程池中的所有线程
因为我们需要执行execute()来向线程池提交任务,所以我们看一下execute()方法,在该方法中可以理解上面这些参数的作用

public void execute(Runnable command) {
        if (command == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        /*
         * Proceed in 3 steps:
         *
         * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
         * start a new thread with the given command as its first
         * task.  The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
         * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
         * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
         *
         * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
         * to double-check whether we should have added a thread
         * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
         * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
         * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
         * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
         *
         * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
         * thread.  If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
         * and so reject the task.
         */
         // 获取线程池的状态
        int c = ctl.get();
        // 当前存活的线程个数少于corePoolSize,那么直接创建一个新的线程来执行当前的任务
        if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
        	// 将corePoolSize作为线程池容量的上限,向线程池中添加线程
            if (addWorker(command, true))
                return;
            c = ctl.get();
        }
        // 当前线程池正在运行并且当前线程池中的线程个数大于等于corePoolSize,那么将当前提交的任务添加到workQueue中
        if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
            int recheck = ctl.get();
            if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
                reject(command);
            else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
            	// 将maximumPoolSize作为线程池容量的上限,向线程池中添加线程
                addWorker(null, false);
        }
        // workQueue中已经满了,无法再添加任务,那么我们就接着创建线程
        // 如果创建线程失败,
        else if (!addWorker(command, false))
            reject(command);
    }

接着看addWorker

// firstTask最为新创建线程第一个执行的任务
// core如果为true,那么使用corePoolSize作为边界,否则使用maximumPoolSize作为边界
// 该方法主要目的就是创建一个线程,并将其添加到线程池中
private boolean addWorker(Runnable firstTask, boolean core) {
        retry:
        for (;;) {
            int c = ctl.get();
            int rs = runStateOf(c);

            // Check if queue empty only if necessary.
            // 判断线程池的状态是否可以继续添加线程           
            if (rs >= SHUTDOWN &&
                ! (rs == SHUTDOWN &&
                   firstTask == null &&
                   ! workQueue.isEmpty()))
                return false;

            for (;;) {
                int wc = workerCountOf(c);
                // 如果当前线程数量大于边界,那么返回false
                if (wc >= CAPACITY ||
                    wc >= (core ? corePoolSize : maximumPoolSize))
                    return false;
                // 这里使用cas来修改ctl
                if (compareAndIncrementWorkerCount(c))
                    break retry;
                c = ctl.get();  // Re-read ctl
                if (runStateOf(c) != rs)
                    continue retry;
                // else CAS failed due to workerCount change; retry inner loop
            }
        }

        boolean workerStarted = false;
        boolean workerAdded = false;
        Worker w = null;
        try {
        	// 创建一个线程
            w = new Worker(firstTask);
            final Thread t = w.thread;
            if (t != null) {
            	// 当向线程池汇总添加线程时,需要竞争mainLock
                final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
                mainLock.lock();
                try {
                    // Recheck while holding lock.
                    // Back out on ThreadFactory failure or if
                    // shut down before lock acquired.
                    int rs = runStateOf(ctl.get());

                    if (rs < SHUTDOWN ||
                        (rs == SHUTDOWN && firstTask == null)) {
                        if (t.isAlive()) // precheck that t is startable
                            throw new IllegalThreadStateException();
                        // 将线程添加到线程池中
                        workers.add(w);
                        int s = workers.size();
                        if (s > largestPoolSize)
                            largestPoolSize = s;
                        workerAdded = true;
                    }
                } finally {
                    mainLock.unlock();
                }
                // 如果线程添加成功,那么启动线程
                if (workerAdded) {
                    t.start();
                    workerStarted = true;
                }
            }
        } finally {
        	// 如果线程启动失败,会将该线程从线程池中移除
            if (! workerStarted)
                addWorkerFailed(w);
        }
        return workerStarted;
    }

接下来看一下Worker的构造函数


Worker(Runnable firstTask) {
     setState(-1); // inhibit interrupts until runWorker
     this.firstTask = firstTask;
     // 使用线程工厂创建一个新的线程
     // 另外因为Worker类本身实现了Runnable接口,可以作为线程执行的任务
     this.thread = getThreadFactory().newThread(this);
 }
public void run() {
  runWorker(this);
 }
 // 线程实际执行的方法
final void runWorker(Worker w) {
      Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
      Runnable task = w.firstTask;
      w.firstTask = null;
      w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
      boolean completedAbruptly = true;
      try {
    	  // 首先会执行调用构造函数时传入的第一个任务,如果第一个任务完成了,就会调用getTask()从workQueue中获取新的任务
          while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
              w.lock();
              // If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;
              // if not, ensure thread is not interrupted.  This
              // requires a recheck in second case to deal with
              // shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt
              if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
                   (Thread.interrupted() &&
                    runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
                  !wt.isInterrupted())
                  wt.interrupt();
              try {
                  beforeExecute(wt, task);
                  Throwable thrown = null;
                  try {
                      task.run();
                  } catch (RuntimeException x) {
                      thrown = x; throw x;
                  } catch (Error x) {
                      thrown = x; throw x;
                  } catch (Throwable x) {
                      thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
                  } finally {
                      afterExecute(task, thrown);
                  }
              } finally {
                  task = null;
                  w.completedTasks++;
                  w.unlock();
              }
          }
          completedAbruptly = false;
      } finally {
          processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
      }
  }

接下来看一下getTask()

private Runnable getTask() {
    boolean timedOut = false; // Did the last poll() time out?

    for (;;) {
        int c = ctl.get();
        int rs = runStateOf(c);

        // Check if queue empty only if necessary.
        // 检查线程池状态
        if (rs >= SHUTDOWN && (rs >= STOP || workQueue.isEmpty())) {
            decrementWorkerCount();
            return null;
        }

        int wc = workerCountOf(c);

        // Are workers subject to culling?
        // 判是否需要使用计时
        // 从这里可以看出当设置了allowCoreThreadTimeOut或者当前线程数量大于corePoolSize时会进行计时
        boolean timed = allowCoreThreadTimeOut || wc > corePoolSize;

		//  线程数量大于maximumPoolSize 或者 需要使用计时并且计时时间已经到了
		// 并且
		// 线程数量大于1 或者 等待任务队列空了
		// 这个时候就会返回null,注意以为getTask是线程执行主体的while循环中调用的,如果这里返回Null
		// 那么runWorker()就会结束,而runWorker在结束的时候会将当前的worker从线程池中移除,相当于消除了一个线程
        if ((wc > maximumPoolSize || (timed && timedOut))
            && (wc > 1 || workQueue.isEmpty())) {
            if (compareAndDecrementWorkerCount(c))
                return null;
            continue;
        }

        try {
        	// 如果设置了等待计时
        	// 那么就会调用poll方法,等待一段时间,如果成功获取任务就返回,否则计时到时就会返回null
        	// 如果没有设置等待计时,就会一直等待下去
            Runnable r = timed ?
                workQueue.poll(keepAliveTime, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) :
                workQueue.take();
            if (r != null)
                return r;
            // 如果这次没有获得任务,就会标志等待超时
            // 从而在一次新的循环中影响前面关于计时的判断
            /*
				if ((wc > maximumPoolSize || (timed && timedOut))
			      && (wc > 1 || workQueue.isEmpty())) {
			         if (compareAndDecrementWorkerCount(c))
			             return null;
			         continue;
			     }
			*/
            timedOut = true;
        } catch (InterruptedException retry) {
            timedOut = false;
        }
    }
}

总结一下任务提交的流程:
(1)首先判断线程池中的线程数量是否小于corePoolsize,如果是,那么就会创建一个新的线程,而不会去管当前线程池中是否有空闲线程,否则,跳到(2)
(2)会尝试向任务等待队列中添加新的任务,如果任务等待队列已满就会跳到(3)
(3)如果当前线程池中的线程个数已经达到了maximumPoolSize,那么任务添加失败,会继而执行拒绝策略
通过上个面的分析,可以得出三种线程池的特点:
(1)FixedThreadPool
因为使用的是LinekedBlockingQueue,并且设置corePoolSize等于maximumPoolSize,并且不使用超时,因此每提交一个任务,首先判断线程池中的线程数量是否达到corePoolSize,如果没有达到,那么就创建一个新的线程来运行当前任务,否则将新的任务添加到任务等待队列中,并且这个队列是无界队列
(2)SingleThreadPool
是FixedThreadPool的特殊情况
(3)CachedThreadPool
corePoolSize设置为0,maximumPoolSize设置为Integer.MAX_VALUE,设置超时时间为60s
使用的是SynchronousQueue,该队列的特点是对该队列的插入操作和移除操作必须是成对的,向该队列进行插入操作会等待另外一个线程对该队列执行移除操作。最终的效果是,如果有新的任务到来时,首先使用当前空闲的线程来执行该任务,如果没有空闲的线程,那么就会创建新的线程,如果一个线程在60s内都没有接收到新的任务,那么就会销毁该线程

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