Functional MRI (second edition) -- 4. Basic Principles of MR Image Formation

Bloch Equation
$\frac{d\vec{M}}{dt}=\gamma \vec{M} \times \vec{B}+\frac{1}{T_{1}}(\vec{M_{0}}-\vec{M_{z}})-\frac{1}{T_{2}}(\vec{M_{x}}+\vec{M_{y}})$————————–1
可以分解为三个标量方程：
$\frac{dM_{x}}{dt}=M_{y}\gamma B-\frac{M_{x}}{T_{2}}$————–2
$\frac{dM_{y}}{dt}=-M_{x}\gamma B-\frac{M_{y}}{T_{2}}$————–3
$\frac{dM_{z}}{dt}=-\frac{(M_{z}-M_{0})}{T_{1}}$—————-4
求解4得到
$M_{z}=M_{0}(1-e^{-t/T_{1}})$———————5
求解2、3的解为
$M_{x}=(M_{x0}cos\omega t+M_{y0}sin\omega t)e^{-t/T_{2}}$—————6
$M_{y}=(-M_{x0}sin\omega t+M_{y0}cos\omega t)e^{-t/T_{2}}$——————7
写成
$M_{xy}=M_{x}+iM_{y}=(M_{x0}+iM_{y0})e^{-t/T_{2}}(cos\omega t-isin\omega t)=M_{xy0}e^{-t/T_{2}}e^{-i\omega t}$——————8
磁场不是均匀稳定磁场而是
$B(\tau)=B_{0}+G_{x}(\tau)x+G_{y}(\tau)y+G_{z}(\tau)z$————–9
由于$\omega=\gamma B$————-10
得到
$M_{xy}(x,y,z,t)=M_{xy0}(x,y,z)e^{-t/T_{2}}e^{-i\gamma B_{0}t}e^{-i\gamma \int_{0}^{t}(G_{x}(\tau)x+G_{y}(\tau)y+G_{z}(\tau)z)d\tau}$
接收到的MR信号为
$S(t)=\int_{x}\int_{y}\int_{z}M_{xy}(x,y,z,t)dxdydz$
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Slice Selection
$\omega +- \Delta \omega/2=\gamma G_{z}(z+-\Delta z/2)$
一层中的
$M(x,y)=\int_{z_{0}-\frac{\Delta z}{2}}^{z_{0}+\frac{\Delta z}{2}}M_{xy0}(x,y,z)dz$
由于已经选取了一层，所以在2D下的信号
$S(t)=\int_{x}\int_{y}M(x,y)e^{-i\gamma \int_{0}^{t}(G_{x}(\tau)x+G_{y}(\tau )y)d\tau}$

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k-space
定义:
$k_{x}(t)=\frac{\gamma}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{t}G_{x}(\tau)d\tau$
$k_{y}(t)=\frac{\gamma}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{t}G_{y}(\tau)d\tau$
所以
$S(t)=\int_{x}\int_{y}M(x,y)e^{-i2\pi k_{x}(t)x}e^{-i2\pi k_{y}(t)y}dxdy$
因此S(t)与k之间的关系是2-D傅里叶变换。

Field of view:
$FOV_{x}=\frac{1}{\Delta k_{x}}=$sampling rate along $k_{x}=\frac{1}{\frac{\gamma}{2\pi}(G_{x}\Delta t)}$
$FOV_{y}=\frac{1}{\Delta k_{y}}=$sampling rate along $k_{y}=\frac{1}{\frac{\gamma}{2\pi}(G_{y}\Delta t)}$

voxel size:
$\frac{FOV_{x}}{M_{x}}=\frac{1}{M_{x}\Delta k_{x}}=\frac{1}{2k_{xmax}}$
$\frac{FOV_{y}}{M_{y}}=\frac{1}{M_{y}\Delta k_{y}}=\frac{1}{2k_{ymax}}$