Linux ~ 备份与恢复。

Linux ~ 备份与恢复。

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备份。

Linux 需要备份的数据。

• /root/

• /home/

• /var/spool/mail/

• /etc/

• 其他。

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服务器（eg. Apache）需要备份的数据。

• 配置文件。
• 网页主目录。
• 日志文件。

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MySQL 需要备份的数据。

• 源码包安装的 MySQL：/usr/local/mysql/data/ ——> 5.5 版本后。（5.5 前 ——> /usr/local/mysql/var）。
• RPM 包安装的 MySQL：/var/lib/mysql/

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备份策略。

• 完全备份。

把所有需要备份的数据全部备份。当然完全备份可以备份整块硬盘，整个分区或某个具体目录。

• 增量备份。

第一天备份全部数据，以后每天备份增量数据。
恢复麻烦。

• 差异备份。

每次都和完全备份的数据比较（第一天）。

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备份命令 ~ 适用于增量备份。

dump。

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep dump
tcpdump-4.0.0-11.20090921gitdf3cb4.2.el6.x86_64

默认没有安装。以上是抓包命令。

[root@localhost ~]# yum install dump

[root@localhost ~]# dump [选项] 备份之后的文件名 原文件或目录
选项。
-level。——> 0 ~ 9 十个备份级别。（-0 完全备份）。
-f 文件名。——> 指定备份之后的文件名。
-u。——> 备份成功之后，把备份时间记录在 /etc/dumpdates 文件。
-v。——> 显示备份过程中更多的输出信息。
-j。——> 调用 bzlib 库压缩备份文件。其实就是把备份文件压缩为 .bz2 格式。
-W。——> 显示允许被 dump 的分区备份等级助记词备份时间。

[root@localhost ~]# dump -0uj -f ~/boot.bak.bz2 /boot/
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/sda1 (/boot) to /root/boot.bak.bz2
  DUMP: Label: none
  DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: Compressing output at compression level 2 (bzlib)
  DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: estimated 51141 blocks.
  DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020
  DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Closing /root/boot.bak.bz2
  DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Mon Mar 16 21:38:31 2020
  DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:00:24
  DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 1934 kB/s
  DUMP: Volume 1 51290kB uncompressed, 46430kB compressed, 1.105:1
  DUMP: 51290 blocks (50.09MB) on 1 volume(s)
  DUMP: finished in 24 seconds, throughput 2137 kBytes/sec
  DUMP: Date of this level 0 dump: Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020
  DUMP: Date this dump completed:  Mon Mar 16 21:38:31 2020
  DUMP: Average transfer rate: 1934 kB/s
  DUMP: Wrote 51290kB uncompressed, 46430kB compressed, 1.105:1
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/dumpdates 
/dev/sda1 0 Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020 +0800

[root@localhost ~]# cp install.log /boot/
[root@localhost ~]# dump -1uj -f ~/boot1.bak.bz2 /boot/
  DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Mon Mar 16 21:41:01 2020
  DUMP: Date of last level 0 dump: Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020
  DUMP: Dumping /dev/sda1 (/boot) to /root/boot1.bak.bz2
  DUMP: Label: none
  DUMP: Writing 10 Kilobyte records
  DUMP: Compressing output at compression level 2 (bzlib)
  DUMP: mapping (Pass I) [regular files]
  DUMP: mapping (Pass II) [directories]
  DUMP: estimated 56 blocks.
  DUMP: Volume 1 started with block 1 at: Mon Mar 16 21:41:01 2020
  DUMP: dumping (Pass III) [directories]
  DUMP: dumping (Pass IV) [regular files]
  DUMP: Closing /root/boot1.bak.bz2
  DUMP: Volume 1 completed at: Mon Mar 16 21:41:02 2020
  DUMP: Volume 1 took 0:00:01
  DUMP: Volume 1 transfer rate: 13 kB/s
  DUMP: Volume 1 60kB uncompressed, 13kB compressed, 4.616:1
  DUMP: 60 blocks (0.06MB) on 1 volume(s)
  DUMP: finished in less than a second
  DUMP: Date of this level 1 dump: Mon Mar 16 21:41:01 2020
  DUMP: Date this dump completed:  Mon Mar 16 21:41:02 2020
  DUMP: Average transfer rate: 13 kB/s
  DUMP: Wrote 60kB uncompressed, 13kB compressed, 4.616:1
  DUMP: DUMP IS DONE

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/dumpdates 
/dev/sda1 0 Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020 +0800
/dev/sda1 1 Mon Mar 16 21:41:01 2020 +0800

[root@localhost ~]# dump -W
Last dump(s) done (Dump '>' file systems):
> /dev/mapper/VolGroup-lv_root	(     /) Last dump: never
  /dev/sda1	( /boot) Last dump: Level 1, Date Mon Mar 16 21:41:01 2020

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备份文件或目录。

dump -0j /root/etc.dump.bz2 /etc/
// 完成备份 /etc/ 目录。只能使用 0 级别进行完全备份，而不再支持增量备份。

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restore。

[root@localhost ~]# restore [模式选项] [选项]
模式选项：restore 命令常用模式有如下 4 种，不能混用。
-C。——> 比较备份数据和实际数据的变化。
-i。——> 进入交互模式，手工选择需要恢复的文件。
-t。——> 查看模式，用于查看备份文件中拥有哪些数据。
-r。——> 还原模式，用于还原数据。
选项。
-f。——> 指定备份文件的文件名。

[root@localhost ~]# restore -C -f ~/boot.bak.bz2 
Dump tape is compressed.
Dump   date: Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020
Dumped from: the epoch
Level 0 dump of /boot on localhost.localdomain:/dev/sda1
Label: none
filesys = /boot

[root@localhost ~]# restore -t -f ~/boot.bak.bz2 
Dump tape is compressed.
Dump   date: Mon Mar 16 21:38:07 2020
Dumped from: the epoch
Level 0 dump of /boot on localhost.localdomain:/dev/sda1
Label: none
         2	.
        11	./lost+found
     65025	./grub
     65031	./grub/grub.conf
     65026	./grub/splash.xpm.gz
     65032	./grub/menu.lst
     65033	./grub/device.map
     65034	./grub/stage1
     65035	./grub/stage2
     65036	./grub/e2fs_stage1_5
     65037	./grub/fat_stage1_5
     65038	./grub/ffs_stage1_5
     65039	./grub/iso9660_stage1_5
     65040	./grub/jfs_stage1_5
     65041	./grub/minix_stage1_5
     65042	./grub/reiserfs_stage1_5
     65043	./grub/ufs2_stage1_5
     65044	./grub/vstafs_stage1_5
     65045	./grub/xfs_stage1_5
     65027	./efi
     65028	./efi/EFI
     65029	./efi/EFI/redhat
     65030	./efi/EFI/redhat/grub.efi
        12	./.vmlinuz-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64.hmac
        13	./System.map-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64
        14	./config-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64
        15	./symvers-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64.gz
        16	./vmlinuz-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64
        17	./initramfs-2.6.32-754.el6.x86_64.img
        23	./initramfs-2.6.32-754.27.1.el6.x86_64.img
        18	./.vmlinuz-2.6.32-754.27.1.el6.x86_64.hmac
        19	./System.map-2.6.32-754.27.1.el6.x86_64
        20	./config-2.6.32-754.27.1.el6.x86_64
        21	./symvers-2.6.32-754.27.1.el6.x86_64.gz
        22	./vmlinuz-2.6.32-754.27.1.el6.x86_64
[root@localhost ~]#