4.MySQL查询

4.MySQL查询

-- 查询
    -- 查询所有字段
    -- select * from 表名;
    select * from students;

    -- 查询指定字段
    -- select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
    select name,age from students;

    -- 使用 as 给字段起别名
    -- select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;
    select name as "姓名",age as "年龄" from students;

    -- select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
    select students.name,students.age from students;


    -- 可以通过 as 给表起别名
    -- select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;
    select s.name,s.age from students as s;

    -- 失败的select students.name, students.age from students as s;


    -- 消除重复行(查性别)
    select gender from students;
    -- distinct 字段
    select distinct gender from students;


-- 条件查询
    -- 比较运算符
        -- select .... from 表名 where .....
        -- >
        -- 查询大于18岁的信息
        select * from students where age>18;

        -- <
        -- 查询小于18岁的信息
        select * from students where age<18;


        -- >=
        -- <=
        -- 查询小于或者等于18岁的信息
        select * from students where age<=18;
        -- =
        -- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
        select name from students where age=18;


        -- != 或者 <>
        select name from students where age !=18;


    -- 逻辑运算符
        -- and
        -- 18和28之间的所以学生信息
        select * from students where age>18 and age<28;

        -- 失败select * from students where age>18 and <28;


        -- 18岁以上的女性
        select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;


        -- or
        -- 18以上或者身高高过180(包含)以上
        select * from students where age>18 or height>=180;


        -- not
        -- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
        -- select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
        select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);

        -- 年龄不是小于或者等于18 并且是女性
        select * from students where not age<=18 and gender=2;



    -- 模糊查询(where name like 要查询的数据)
        -- like
        -- % 替换任意个
        -- _ 替换1个
        -- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
        select * from students where name like "小%";


        -- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字
        select * from students where name like "%小%";

        -- 查询有2个字的名字
        select * from students where name like "__";


        -- 查询有3个字的名字
        select * from students where name like "___";


        -- 查询至少有2个字的名字
        select * from students where name like "__%";



    -- 范围查询
        -- in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内
        -- 查询 年龄为18、34的姓名
        select name from students where age in (18,34);


        -- not in 不非连续的范围之内
        -- 年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
        select name from students where age not in (18,34);
        -- select name from students where not age in (18,34);


        -- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
        -- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息
        select * from students where age between 18 and 34;


        -- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
        -- 查询 年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息
        select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;
        -- 失败的select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);


    -- 空判断
        -- 判空is null
        -- 查询身高为空的信息
        select * from students where height is null;-- 注意

        -- 判非空is not null
        select * from students where height is not null;
        -- 失败select * from students where height not is  null;



-- 排序
    -- order by 字段
    -- asc从小到大排列，即升序
    -- desc从大到小排序，即降序

    -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到大到排序
    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;

    -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;


    -- order by 多个字段
    -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc;

    -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,
    -- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序
    select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc,id desc;


    -- 按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序
    select * from students order by age asc,height desc;


-- 聚合函数
    -- 总数
    -- count
    -- 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
    select count(*) from students where gender=1;
    select count(*) from students where gender=2;

    -- 最大值
    -- max
    -- 查询最大的年龄
    select max(age) from students;

    -- 查询女性的最高 身高
    select max(height) from students where gender=2;

    -- 最小值
    -- min
    select min(height) from students where gender=2;

    -- 求和
    -- sum
    -- 计算所有人的年龄总和
    select sum(age) from students ;


    -- 平均值
    -- avg
    -- 计算平均年龄
    select avg(age) from students;


    -- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
    select sum(age)/count(*) from students;


    -- 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
    -- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
    select round(avg(age),2) from students;

    -- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
    select round(avg(height),2) from students where gender=1;


-- 分组

    -- group by
    -- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别
    select gender from students group by gender;
    -- select name,gender from students group by gender;
    -- 失败select * from students group by gender;

    -- 计算每种性别中的人数
    select count(*),gender from students group by gender;


    -- 计算男性的人数
    select count(*) from students where gender=1;

    -- group_concat(...)
    -- 查询同种性别中的姓名
    select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;

    -- 查询每组性别的平均年龄
    select gender,avg(age) from students group by gender;

    -- having
    -- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
    -- 注意 having 后面一定是聚合函数
    select gender,avg(age),group_concat(name) from students group by gender having avg(age) >30;

    -- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
    select group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;



-- 分页
    -- limit start, count

    -- 限制查询出来的数据个数

    -- 查询前5个数据
    select * from students limit 5;

    -- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
    select * from students limit 0,2;

    -- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
    select * from students limit 2,2;

    -- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
    select * from students limit 4,2;

    -- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
    select * from students limit 6,2;


    -- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
    -- 错误 select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;
    select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;
    -- 工作错误的写法
    -- 失败select * from students limit 2*(6-1),2;
    -- 失败select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;
    -- limit 放在最后面
    select * from students where


-- 连接查询
    -- inner join ... on
    select * from students inner join classes;
    -- select ... from 表A inner join 表B;

    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
    select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

    -- 按照要求显示姓名、班级
    select students.name,classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

    -- 给数据表起名字
    select s.name,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息 students.*，只显示班级名称 classes.name.
    select c.name,s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;

    -- 在以上的查询中，将班级姓名显示在第1列
    select c.name,s.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级进行排序
    -- select c.xxx s.xxx from students as s inner join clssses as c on .... order by ....;
    select c.name,s.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;

    -- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
    select c.name,s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id asc;

    -- left join
    -- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
    select * from students left join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

    -- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生
    -- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... where .....
    -- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... having .....
    select * from students left join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id having classes.id is null;
    -- select * from students left join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id where classes.id is null;
    -- right join   on
    -- 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

-- 子查询
    -- 标量子查询
    -- 查询出高于平均身高的信息(height)
    select avg(height) from students;

    select * from students where height>(select avg(height) from students);
    -- 查询最高的男生信息


    -- 列级子查询
    -- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的 学生信息
    -- select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);
    select max(age) from students where gender=1;

    select * from students where age=59;

    select * from students where age=(select max(age) from students where gender=1);