java不能直接访问操作系统底层,而是通过本地方法来访问。Unsafe类提供了硬件级别的原子操作,主要提供了以下功能:
1、通过Unsafe类可以分配内存,可以释放内存;
类中提供的3个本地方法allocateMemory、reallocateMemory、freeMemory分别用于分配内存,扩充内存和释放内存,与C语言中的3个方法对应。
2、可以定位对象某字段的内存位置,也可以修改对象的字段值,即使它是私有的;
public native long allocateMemory(long l); public native long reallocateMemory(long l, long l1); public native void freeMemory(long l);
字段的定位:
JAVA中对象的字段的定位可能通过staticFieldOffset方法实现,该方法返回给定field的内存地址偏移量,这个值对于给定的filed是唯一的且是固定不变的。
getIntVolatile方法获取对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值,支持volatile load语义。
getLong方法获取对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值
数组元素定位:
Unsafe类中有很多以BASE_OFFSET结尾的常量,比如ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET,ARRAY_BYTE_BASE_OFFSET等,这些常量值是通过arrayBaseOffset方法得到的。arrayBaseOffset方法是一个本地方法,可以获取数组第一个元素的偏移地址。Unsafe类中还有很多以INDEX_SCALE结尾的常量,比如 ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE , ARRAY_BYTE_INDEX_SCALE等,这些常量值是通过arrayIndexScale方法得到的。arrayIndexScale方法也是一个本地方法,可以获取数组的转换因子,也就是数组中元素的增量地址。将arrayBaseOffset与arrayIndexScale配合使用,可以定位数组中每个元素在内存中的位置。
public final class Unsafe { public static final int ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET; public static final int ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE; public native long staticFieldOffset(Field field); public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long l); public native long getLong(Object obj, long l); public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class class1); public native int arrayIndexScale(Class class1); static { ARRAY_INT_BASE_OFFSET = theUnsafe.arrayBaseOffset([I); ARRAY_INT_INDEX_SCALE = theUnsafe.arrayIndexScale([I); } }
3、挂起与恢复
将一个线程进行挂起是通过park方法实现的,调用 park后,线程将一直阻塞直到超时或者中断等条件出现。unpark可以终止一个挂起的线程,使其恢复正常。整个并发框架中对线程的挂起操作被封装在 LockSupport类中,LockSupport类中有各种版本pack方法,但最终都调用了Unsafe.park()方法。
public class LockSupport { public static void unpark(Thread thread) { if (thread != null) unsafe.unpark(thread); } public static void park(Object blocker) { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); setBlocker(t, blocker); unsafe.park(false, 0L); setBlocker(t, null); } public static void parkNanos(Object blocker, long nanos) { if (nanos > 0) { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); setBlocker(t, blocker); unsafe.park(false, nanos); setBlocker(t, null); } } public static void parkUntil(Object blocker, long deadline) { Thread t = Thread.currentThread(); setBlocker(t, blocker); unsafe.park(true, deadline); setBlocker(t, null); } public static void park() { unsafe.park(false, 0L); } public static void parkNanos(long nanos) { if (nanos > 0) unsafe.park(false, nanos); } public static void parkUntil(long deadline) { unsafe.park(true, deadline); } }
4、CAS操作
是通过compareAndSwapXXX方法实现的
/** * 比较obj的offset处内存位置中的值和期望的值,如果相同则更新。此更新是不可中断的。 * * @param obj 需要更新的对象 * @param offset obj中整型field的偏移量 * @param expect 希望field中存在的值 * @param update 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值 * @return 如果field的值被更改返回true */ public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset, int expect, int update);
CAS操作有3个操作数,内存值M,预期值E,新值U,如果M==E,则将内存值修改为B,否则啥都不做。
参考资料:
注:转自http://blog.csdn.net/aesop_wubo/article/details/7537278
首先介绍一下什么是Compare And Swap(CAS)?简单的说就是比较并交换。
CAS 操作包含三个操作数 —— 内存位置(V)、预期原值(A)和新值(B)。如果内存位置的值与预期原值相匹配,那么处理器会自动将该位置值更新为新值。否则,处理器不做任何操作。无论哪种情况,它都会在 CAS 指令之前返回该位置的值。CAS 有效地说明了“我认为位置 V 应该包含值 A;如果包含该值,则将 B 放到这个位置;否则,不要更改该位置,只告诉我这个位置现在的值即可。” Java并发包(java.util.concurrent)中大量使用了CAS操作,涉及到并发的地方都调用了sun.misc.Unsafe类方法进行CAS操作。
在看一下volatile, Volatile修饰的成员变量在每次被线程访问时,都强迫从共享内存中重读该成员变量的值。而且,当成员变量发生变化时,强迫线程将变化值回写到共享内存。这样在任何时刻,两个不同的线程总是看到某个成员变量的值是相同的,更简单一点理解就是volatile修饰的变量值发生变化时对于另外的线程是可见的。
如何正确使用volatile可以参考下面这篇文章:
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/java/j-jtp06197.html Java 理论与实践: 正确使用 Volatile 变量
下面来看看java中具体的CAS操作类sun.misc.Unsafe。Unsafe类提供了硬件级别的原子操作,Java无法直接访问到操作系统底层(如系统硬件等),为此Java使用native方法来扩展Java程序的功能。具体实现使用c++,详见文件sun.misc.natUnsafe.cc();sun.misc包的源代码可以在这里找到:
http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/gcc-4.5.2/libjava/sun/misc
//下面是sun.misc.Unsafe.java类源码 package sun.misc; import java.lang.reflect.Field; /*** * This class should provide access to low-level operations and its * use should be limited to trusted code. Fields can be accessed using * memory addresses, with undefined behaviour occurring if invalid memory * addresses are given. * 这个类提供了一个更底层的操作并且应该在受信任的代码中使用。可以通过内存地址 * 存取fields,如果给出的内存地址是无效的那么会有一个不确定的运行表现。 * * @author Tom Tromey (tromey@redhat.com) * @author Andrew John Hughes (gnu_andrew@member.fsf.org) */ public class Unsafe { // Singleton class. private static Unsafe unsafe = new Unsafe(); /*** * Private default constructor to prevent creation of an arbitrary * number of instances. * 使用私有默认构造器防止创建多个实例 */ private Unsafe() { } /*** * Retrieve the singleton instance of <code>Unsafe</code>. The calling * method should guard this instance from untrusted code, as it provides * access to low-level operations such as direct memory access. * 获取<code>Unsafe</code>的单例,这个方法调用应该防止在不可信的代码中实例, * 因为unsafe类提供了一个低级别的操作,例如直接内存存取。 * * @throws SecurityException if a security manager exists and prevents * access to the system properties. * 如果安全管理器不存在或者禁止访问系统属性 */ public static Unsafe getUnsafe() { SecurityManager sm = System.getSecurityManager(); if (sm != null) sm.checkPropertiesAccess(); return unsafe; } /*** * Returns the memory address offset of the given static field. * The offset is merely used as a means to access a particular field * in the other methods of this class. The value is unique to the given * field and the same value should be returned on each subsequent call. * 返回指定静态field的内存地址偏移量,在这个类的其他方法中这个值只是被用作一个访问 * 特定field的一个方式。这个值对于 给定的field是唯一的,并且后续对该方法的调用都应该 * 返回相同的值。 * * @param field the field whose offset should be returned. * 需要返回偏移量的field * @return the offset of the given field. * 指定field的偏移量 */ public native long objectFieldOffset(Field field); /*** * Compares the value of the integer field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an integer field. * 在obj的offset位置比较integer field和期望的值,如果相同则更新。这个方法 * 的操作应该是原子的,因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新integer field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 希望field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 如果field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object obj, long offset, int expect, int update); /*** * Compares the value of the long field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating a long field. * 在obj的offset位置比较long field和期望的值,如果相同则更新。这个方法 * 的操作应该是原子的,因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新long field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 希望field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 如果field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapLong(Object obj, long offset, long expect, long update); /*** * Compares the value of the object field at the specified offset * in the supplied object with the given expected value, and updates * it if they match. The operation of this method should be atomic, * thus providing an uninterruptible way of updating an object field. * 在obj的offset位置比较object field和期望的值,如果相同则更新。这个方法 * 的操作应该是原子的,因此提供了一种不可中断的方式更新object field。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param expect the expected value of the field. * 希望field中存在的值 * @param update the new value of the field if it equals <code>expect</code>. * 如果期望值expect与field的当前值相同,设置filed的值为这个新值 * @return true if the field was changed. * 如果field的值被更改 */ public native boolean compareAndSwapObject(Object obj, long offset, Object expect, Object update); /*** * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putIntVolatile(Object,long,int)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the integer field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者 * 有延迟的<code>putIntVolatile</cdoe>方法,并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候 * 使用才有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putIntVolatile(Object,long,int) */ public native void putOrderedInt(Object obj, long offset, int value); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putLongVolatile(Object,long,long)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the long field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者 * 有延迟的<code>putLongVolatile</cdoe>方法,并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候 * 使用才有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long) */ public native void putOrderedLong(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. This is an ordered or lazy * version of <code>putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object)</code>, which * doesn't guarantee the immediate visibility of the change to other * threads. It is only really useful where the object field is * <code>volatile</code>, and is thus expected to change unexpectedly. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。这是一个有序或者 * 有延迟的<code>putObjectVolatile</cdoe>方法,并且不保证值的改变被其他线程立 * 即看到。只有在field被<code>volatile</code>修饰并且期望被意外修改的时候 * 使用才有用。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 */ public native void putOrderedObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Sets the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 */ public native void putIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset, int value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the integer field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的整型field的值,支持volatile load语义。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含需要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the integer field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中整型field的偏移量 */ public native int getIntVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putLong(Object,long,long) */ public native void putLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Sets the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值为指定值。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putLongVolatile(Object,long,long) */ public native void putLong(Object obj, long offset, long value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值,支持volatile load语义。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含需要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @see #getLong(Object,long) */ public native long getLongVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Retrieves the value of the long field at the specified offset in the * supplied object. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的long型field的值 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含需要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the long field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中long型field的偏移量 * @see #getLongVolatile(Object,long) */ public native long getLong(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value, with volatile store semantics. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。支持volatile store语义 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putObject(Object,long,Object) */ public native void putObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Sets the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object to the given value. * 设置obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值为指定值。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to modify. * 包含需要修改field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 * @param value the new value of the field. * field将被设置的新值 * @see #putObjectVolatile(Object,long,Object) */ public native void putObject(Object obj, long offset, Object value); /*** * Retrieves the value of the object field at the specified offset in the * supplied object with volatile load semantics. * 获取obj对象中offset偏移地址对应的object型field的值,支持volatile load语义。 * * @param obj the object containing the field to read. * 包含需要去读取的field的对象 * @param offset the offset of the object field within <code>obj</code>. * <code>obj</code>中object型field的偏移量 */ public native Object getObjectVolatile(Object obj, long offset); /*** * Returns the offset of the first element for a given array class. * To access elements of the array class, this value may be used along with * with that returned by * <a href="#arrayIndexScale"><code>arrayIndexScale</code></a>, * if non-zero. * 获取给定数组中第一个元素的偏移地址。 * 为了存取数组中的元素,这个偏移地址与<a href="#arrayIndexScale"><code>arrayIndexScale * </code></a>方法的非0返回值一起被使用。 * @param arrayClass the class for which the first element's address should * be obtained. * 第一个元素地址被获取的class * @return the offset of the first element of the array class. * 数组第一个元素 的偏移地址 * @see arrayIndexScale(Class) */ public native int arrayBaseOffset(Class arrayClass); /*** * Returns the scale factor used for addressing elements of the supplied * array class. Where a suitable scale factor can not be returned (e.g. * for primitive types), zero should be returned. The returned value * can be used with * <a href="#arrayBaseOffset"><code>arrayBaseOffset</code></a> * to access elements of the class. * 获取用户给定数组寻址的换算因子.一个合适的换算因子不能返回的时候(例如:基本类型), * 返回0.这个返回值能够与<a href="#arrayBaseOffset"><code>arrayBaseOffset</code> * </a>一起使用去存取这个数组class中的元素 * * @param arrayClass the class whose scale factor should be returned. * @return the scale factor, or zero if not supported for this array class. */ public native int arrayIndexScale(Class arrayClass); /*** * Releases the block on a thread created by * <a href="#park"><code>park</code></a>. This method can also be used * to terminate a blockage caused by a prior call to <code>park</code>. * This operation is unsafe, as the thread must be guaranteed to be * live. This is true of Java, but not native code. * 释放被<a href="#park"><code>park</code></a>创建的在一个线程上的阻塞.这个 * 方法也可以被使用来终止一个先前调用<code>park</code>导致的阻塞. * 这个操作操作时不安全的,因此线程必须保证是活的.这是java代码不是native代码。 * @param thread the thread to unblock. * 要解除阻塞的线程 */ public native void unpark(Thread thread); /*** * Blocks the thread until a matching * <a href="#unpark"><code>unpark</code></a> occurs, the thread is * interrupted or the optional timeout expires. If an <code>unpark</code> * call has already occurred, this also counts. A timeout value of zero * is defined as no timeout. When <code>isAbsolute</code> is * <code>true</code>, the timeout is in milliseconds relative to the * epoch. Otherwise, the value is the number of nanoseconds which must * occur before timeout. This call may also return spuriously (i.e. * for no apparent reason). * 阻塞一个线程直到<a href="#unpark"><code>unpark</code></a>出现、线程 * 被中断或者timeout时间到期。如果一个<code>unpark</code>调用已经出现了, * 这里只计数。timeout为0表示永不过期.当<code>isAbsolute</code>为true时, * timeout是相对于新纪元之后的毫秒。否则这个值就是超时前的纳秒数。这个方法执行时 * 也可能不合理地返回(没有具体原因) * * @param isAbsolute true if the timeout is specified in milliseconds from * the epoch. * 如果为true timeout的值是一个相对于新纪元之后的毫秒数 * @param time either the number of nanoseconds to wait, or a time in * milliseconds from the epoch to wait for. * 可以是一个要等待的纳秒数,或者是一个相对于新纪元之后的毫秒数直到 * 到达这个时间点 */ public native void park(boolean isAbsolute, long time); }
注:转自http://blog.csdn.net/zgmzyr/article/details/8902683
下面这个例子演示了简单的修改一个byte[]的数据。
这个例子在eclipse里不能直接编译,要到项目的属性,Java Compiler,Errors/Warnings中Forbidden reference(access rules)中设置为warning。
另外,因为sun.misc.Unsafe包不能直接使用,所有代码里用反射的技巧得到了一个Unsafe的实例。
import java.lang.reflect.Field; import java.util.Arrays; import sun.misc.Unsafe; public class Test { private static int byteArrayBaseOffset; public static void main(String[] args) throws SecurityException, NoSuchFieldException, IllegalArgumentException, IllegalAccessException { Field theUnsafe = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe"); theUnsafe.setAccessible(true); Unsafe UNSAFE = (Unsafe) theUnsafe.get(null); System.out.println(UNSAFE); byte[] data = new byte[10]; System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data)); byteArrayBaseOffset = UNSAFE.arrayBaseOffset(byte[].class); System.out.println(byteArrayBaseOffset); UNSAFE.putByte(data, byteArrayBaseOffset, (byte) 1); UNSAFE.putByte(data, byteArrayBaseOffset + 5, (byte) 5); System.out.println(Arrays.toString(data)); } }
运行结果:
sun.misc.Unsafe@6af62373 [0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0] 24 [1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5, 0, 0, 0, 0]
注:转自http://blog.csdn.net/hengyunabc/article/details/7657934
本文转自:https://www.cnblogs.com/mickole/articles/3757278.html
Unsafe类中除了这些方法之外还有许多,例如:
defineClass:加载类。allocateInstance:实例化一个类。monitorEnter:加锁 (synchronized 同步方法底层就是通过monitorEnter,monitorExit实现的)monitorExit:去掉锁allocateMemory:分配内存reallocateMemory:重新分配内存如果想要使用unsafe可以使用反射实现,代码如下:copyMemory:内存复制freeMemory:释放内存 等等操作,总之Unsafe类就是一个直接操作内存的类,因为可以对内存进行分配,设置等各种操作,所以Unsafe类是一个可以做任何事情的类,但是我们不建议在工作中使用 Unsafe,因为它极有可能因为一点点操作失误,就造成内存泄漏,引起很大的问题。Field f = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredField("theUnsafe"); // Internal reference f.setAccessible(true); Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) f.get(null);