oracle常用命令收藏

第一章：日志管理 　　1.forcing log switches 　　sql> alter system switch logfile; 　　2.forcing checkpoints 　　sql> alter system checkpoint; 　　3.adding online redo log groups 　　sql> alter database add logfile [group 4] 　　sql> ('/disk3/log4a.rdo','/disk4/log4b.rdo') size 1m; 　　4.adding online redo log members 　　sql> alter database add logfile member 　　sql> '/disk3/log1b.rdo' to group 1, 　　sql> '/disk4/log2b.rdo' to group 2; 　　5.changes the name of the online redo logfile 　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log' 　　sql> to 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log'; 　　6.drop online redo log groups 　　sql> alter database drop logfile group 3; 　　7.drop online redo log members 　　sql> alter database drop logfile member 'c:/oracle/oradata/redo01.log'; 　　8.clearing online redo log files 　　sql> alter database clear [unarchived] logfile 'c:/oracle/log2a.rdo'; 　　9.using logminer analyzing redo logfiles 　　a. in the init.ora specify utl_file_dir = ' ' 　　b. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_d.build('oradb.ora','c:/oracle/oradb/log'); 　　c. sql> execute dbms_logmnr_add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo01.log', 　　 sql> dbms_logmnr.new); 　　d. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.add_logfile('c:/oracle/oradata/oradb/redo02.log', 　　 sql> dbms_logmnr.addfile); 　　e. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.start_logmnr(dictfilename=>'c:/oracle/oradb/log/oradb.ora'); 　　f. sql> select * from v$logmnr_contents(v$logmnr_dictionary,v$logmnr_parameters 　　 sql> v$logmnr_logs); 　　g. sql> execute dbms_logmnr.end_logmnr; 　　 　　第二章：表空间管理 　　1.create tablespaces 　　sql> create tablespace tablespace_name datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/file1.dbf' size 100m, 　　sql> 'c:/oracle/oradata/file2.dbf' size 100m minimum extent 550k [logging/nologging] 　　sql> default storage (initial 500k next 500k maxextents 500 pctinccease 0) 　　sql> [online/offline] [permanent/temporary] [extent_management_clause] 　　2.locally managed tablespace 　　sql> create tablespace user_data datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/user_data01.dbf' 　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 　　3.temporary tablespace 　　sql> create temporary tablespace temp tempfile 'c:/oracle/oradata/temp01.dbf' 　　sql> size 500m extent management local uniform size 10m; 　　4.change the storage setting 　　sql> alter tablespace app_data minimum extent 2m; 　　sql> alter tablespace app_data default storage(initial 2m next 2m maxextents 999); 　　5.taking tablespace offline or online 　　sql> alter tablespace app_data offline; 　　sql> alter tablespace app_data online; 　　6.read_only tablespace 　　sql> alter tablespace app_data read only|write; 　　7.droping tablespace 　　sql> drop tablespace app_data including contents; 　　8.enableing automatic extension of data files 　　sql> alter tablespace app_data add datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data01.dbf'size 200m 　　sql> autoextend on next 10m maxsize 500m; 　　9.change the size fo data files manually 　　sql> alter database datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf'resize 200m; 　　10.Moving data files: alter tablespace 　　sql> alter tablespace app_data rename datafile 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf' 　　sql> to 'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf'; 　　11.moving data files:alter database 　　sql> alter database rename file 'c:/oracle/oradata/app_data.dbf' 　　sql> to 'c:/oracle/app_data.dbf'; 　　 　　第三章：表 　　1.create a table 　　sql> create table table_name (column datatype,column datatype]....) 　　sql> tablespace tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [pctused integer] 　　sql> [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] 　　sql> storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) 　　sql> [logging|nologging] [cache|nocache] 　　2.copy an existing table 　　sql> create table table_name [logging|nologging] as subquery 　　3.create temporary table 　　sql> create global temporary table xay_temp as select * from xay; 　　 on commit preserve rows/on commit delete rows 　　4.pctfree = (average row size - initial row size) *100 /average row size 　　 pctused = 100-pctfree- (average row size*100/available data space) 　　5.change storage and block utilization parameter 　　sql> alter table table_name pctfree=30 pctused=50 storage(next 500k 　　sql> minextents 2 maxextents 100); 　　6.manually allocating extents 　　sql> alter table table_name allocate extent(size 500k datafile 'c:/oracle/data.dbf'); 　　7.move tablespace 　　sql> alter table employee move tablespace users; 　　8.deallocate of unused space 　　sql> alter table table_name deallocate unused [keep integer] 　　9.truncate a table 　　sql> truncate table table_name; 　　10.drop a table 　　sql> drop table table_name [cascade constraints]; 　　11.drop a column 　　sql> alter table table_name drop column comments cascade constraints checkpoint 1000; 　　 alter table table_name drop columns continue; 　　12.mark a column as unused 　　sql> alter table table_name set unused column comments cascade constraints; 　　 alter table table_name drop unused columns checkpoint 1000; 　　 alter table orders drop columns continue checkpoint 1000 　　 data_dictionary : dba_unused_col_tabs 　　 　　第四章：索引 　　1.creating function-based indexes 　　sql> create index summit.item_quantity on summit.item(quantity-quantity_shipped); 　　2.create a B-tree index 　　sql> create [unique] index index_name on table_name(column,.. asc/desc) tablespace 　　sql> tablespace_name [pctfree integer] [initrans integer] [maxtrans integer] 　　sql> [logging | nologging] [nosort] storage(initial 200k next 200k pctincrease 0 　　sql> maxextents 50); 　　3.pctfree(index)=(maximum number of rows-initial number of rows)*100/maximum number of rows 　　4.creating reverse key indexes 　　sql> create unique index xay_id on xay(a) reverse pctfree 30 storage(initial 200k 　　sql> next 200k pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 　　5.create bitmap index 　　sql> create bitmap index xay_id on xay(a) pctfree 30 storage( initial 200k next 200k 　　sql> pctincrease 0 maxextents 50) tablespace indx; 　　6.change storage parameter of index 　　sql> alter index xay_id storage (next 400k maxextents 100); 　　7.allocating index space 　　sql> alter index xay_id allocate extent(size 200k datafile 'c:/oracle/index.dbf'); 　　8.alter index xay_id deallocate unused; 　　 　　第五章：约束 　　1.define constraints as immediate or deferred 　　sql> alter session set constraint[s] = immediate/deferred/default; 　　 set constraint[s] constraint_name/all immediate/deferred; 　　2. sql> drop table table_name cascade constraints 　　 sql> drop tablespace tablespace_name including contents cascade constraints 　　3. define constraints while create a table 　　sql> create table xay(id number(7) constraint xay_id primary key deferrable 　　sql> using index storage(initial 100k next 100k) tablespace indx); 　　 primary key/unique/references table(column)/check 　　 4.enable constraints 　　sql> alter table xay enable novalidate constraint xay_id; 　　5.enable constraints 　　sql> alter table xay enable validate constraint xay_id; 　　 　　第六章：LOAD数据 　　1.loading data using direct_load insert 　　sql> insert /*+append */ into emp nologging 　　sql> select * from emp_old; 　　2.parallel direct-load insert 　　sql> alter session enable parallel dml; 　　sql> insert /*+parallel(emp,2) */ into emp nologging 　　sql> select * from emp_old; 　　3.using sql*loader 　　sql> sqlldr scott/tiger / 　　sql> control = ulcase6.ctl / 　　sql> log = ulcase6.log direct=true 　　 　　第七章：reorganizing data 　　1.using expoty 　　$exp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=c:/emp.dmp log=exp.log compress=n direct=y 　　2.using import 　　$imp scott/tiger tables(dept,emp) file=emp.dmp log=imp.log ignore=y 　　3.transporting a tablespace 　　sql>alter tablespace sales_ts read only; 　　$exp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y tablespace=sales_ts 　　triggers=n constraints=n 　　$copy datafile 　　$imp sys/.. file=xay.dmp transport_tablespace=y datafiles=(/disk1/sles01.dbf,/disk2 　　/sles02.dbf) 　　sql> alter tablespace sales_ts read write; 　　4.checking transport set 　　sql> DBMS_tts.transport_set_check(ts_list =>'sales_ts' ..,incl_constraints=>true); 　　在表transport_set_violations 中查看 　　sql> dbms_tts.isselfcontained 为true 是， 表示自包含 　　 　　第八章： managing password security and resources 　　1.controlling account lock and password 　　sql> alter user juncky identified by oracle account unlock; 　　 　　 2.user_provided password function 　　sql> function_name(userid in varchar2(30),password in varchar2(30), 　　 old_password in varchar2(30)) return boolean 　　3.create a profile : password setting 　　sql> create profile grace_5 limit failed_login_attempts 3 　　sql> password_lock_time unlimited password_life_time 30 　　sql>password_reuse_time 30 password_verify_function verify_function 　　sql> password_grace_time 5; 　　4.altering a profile 　　sql> alter profile default failed_login_attempts 3 　　sql> password_life_time 60 password_grace_time 10; 　　5.drop a profile 　　sql> drop profile grace_5 [cascade]; 　　6.create a profile : resource limit 　　sql> create profile developer_prof limit sessions_per_user 2 　　sql> cpu_per_session 10000 idle_time 60 connect_time 480; 　　7. view => resource_cost : alter resource cost 　　dba_Users,dba_profiles 　　8. enable resource limits 　　sql> alter system set resource_limit=true; 　　 　　第九章：Managing users 　　1.create a user: database authentication 　　sql> create user juncky identified by oracle default tablespace users 　　sql> temporary tablespace temp quota 10m on data password expire 　　sql> [account lock|unlock] [profile profilename|default]; 　　2.change user quota on tablespace 　　sql> alter user juncky quota 0 on users; 　　3.drop a user 　　sql> drop user juncky [cascade]; 　　4. monitor user 　　view: dba_users , dba_ts_quotas 　　 　　第十章：managing privileges 　　1.system privileges: view => system_privilege_map ,dba_sys_privs,session_privs 　　2.grant system privilege 　　sql> grant create session,create table to managers; 　　sql> grant create session to scott with admin option; 　　with admin option can grant or revoke privilege from any user or role; 　　3.sysdba and sysoper privileges: 　　sysoper: startup,shutdown,alter database open|mount,alter database backup controlfile, 　　alter tablespace begin/end backup,recover database 　　alter database archivelog,restricted session 　　sysdba: sysoper privileges with admin option,create database,recover database until 　　4.password file members: view:=> v$pwfile_users 　　5.O7_dictionary_accessibility =true restriction access to view or tables in other schema 　　6.revoke system privilege 　　sql> revoke create table from karen; 　　sql> revoke create session from scott; 　　7.grant object privilege 　　sql> grant execute on dbms_pipe to public; 　　sql> grant update(first_name,salary) on employee to karen with grant option; 　　8.display object privilege : view => dba_tab_privs, dba_col_privs 　　9.revoke object privilege 　　sql> revoke execute on dbms_pipe from scott [cascade constraints]; 　　10.audit record view :=> sys.aud$ 　　11. protecting the audit trail 　　sql> audit delete on sys.aud$ by access; 　　12.statement auditing 　　sql> audit user; 　　13.privilege auditing 　　sql> audit select any table by summit by access; 　　14.schema object auditing 　　sql> audit lock on summit.employee by access whenever successful; 　　15.view audit option : view=> all_def_audit_opts,dba_stmt_audit_opts,dba_priv_audit_opts, 　　dba_obj_audit_opts 　　16.view audit result: view=> dba_audit_trail,dba_audit_exists,dba_audit_object, 　　dba_audit_session,dba_audit_statement 　　 　　第十一章： manager role 　　1.create roles 　　sql> create role sales_clerk; 　　sql> create role hr_clerk identified by bonus; 　　sql> create role hr_manager identified externally; 　　2.modify role 　　sql> alter role sales_clerk identified by commission; 　　sql> alter role hr_clerk identified externally; 　　sql> alter role hr_manager not identified; 　　3.assigning roles 　　sql> grant sales_clerk to scott; 　　sql> grant hr_clerk to hr_manager; 　　sql> grant hr_manager to scott with admin option; 　　4.establish default role 　　sql> alter user scott default role hr_clerk,sales_clerk; 　　sql> alter user scott default role all; 　　sql> alter user scott default role all except hr_clerk; 　　sql> alter user scott default role none; 　　5.enable and disable roles 　　sql> set role hr_clerk; 　　sql> set role sales_clerk identified by commission; 　　sql> set role all except sales_clerk; 　　sql> set role none; 　　6.remove role from user 　　sql> revoke sales_clerk from scott; 　　sql> revoke hr_manager from public; 　　7.remove role 　　sql> drop role hr_manager; 　　8.display role information 　　view: =>dba_roles,dba_role_privs,role_role_privs,dba_sys_privs, 　　role_sys_privs,role_tab_privs,session_roles 　　 　　第十二章: BACKUP and RECOVERY 　　1. v$sga,v$instance,v$process,v$bgprocess,v$database,v$datafile,v$sgastat 　　2. Rman need set dbwr_IO_slaves or backup_tape_IO_slaves and large_pool_size 　　3. Monitoring Parallel Rollback 　　> v$fast_start_servers , v$fast_start_transactions 　　4.perform a closed database backup (noarchivelog) 　　> shutdown immediate 　　> cp files /backup/ 　　> startup 　　5.restore to a different location 　　> connect system/manager as sysdba 　　> startup mount 　　> alter database rename file '/disk1/../user.dbf'to '/disk2/../user.dbf'; 　　> alter database open; 　　6.recover syntax 　　--recover a mounted database 　　>recover database; 　　>recover datafile '/disk1/data/df2.dbf'; 　　>alter database recover database; 　　--recover an opened database 　　>recover tablespace user_data; 　　>recover datafile 2; 　　>alter database recover datafile 2; 　　7.how to apply redo log files automatically 　　>set autorecovery on 　　>recover automatic datafile 4; 　　8.complete recovery: 　　--method 1(mounted databae) 　　>copy c:/backup/user.dbf c:/oradata/user.dbf 　　>startup mount 　　>recover datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf; 　　>alter database open; 　　--method 2(opened database,initially opened,not system or rollback datafile) 　　>copy c:/backup/user.dbf c:/oradata/user.dbf (alter tablespace offline) 　　>recover datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' or 　　>recover tablespace user_data; 　　>alter database datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' online or 　　>alter tablespace user_data online; 　　--method 3(opened database,initially closed not system or rollback datafile) 　　>startup mount 　　>alter database datafile 'c:/oradata/user.dbf' offline; 　　>alter database open 　　>copy c:/backup/user.dbf d:/oradata/user.dbf 　　>alter database rename file 'c:/oradata/user.dbf'to 'd:/oradata/user.dbf' 　　>recover datafile 'e:/oradata/user.dbf' or recover tablespace user_data; 　　>alter tablespace user_data online; 　　--method 4(loss of data file with no backup and have all archive log) 　　>alter tablespace user_data offline immediate; 　　>alter database create datafile 'd:/oradata/user.dbf'as 'c:/oradata/user.dbf'' 　　>recover tablespace user_data; 　　>alter tablespace user_data online 　　9.perform an open database backup 　　> alter tablespace user_data begin backup; 　　> copy files /backup/ 　　> alter database datafile '/c:/../data.dbf' end backup; 　　> alter system switch logfile; 　　10.backup a control file 　　> alter database backup controlfile to 'control1.bkp'; 　　> alter database backup controlfile to trace; 　　11.recovery (noarchivelog mode) 　　> shutdown abort 　　> cp files 　　> startup 　　12.recovery of file in backup mode 　　>alter database datafile 2 end backup; 　　13.clearing redo log file 　　>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1; 　　>alter database clear unarchived logfile group 1 unrecoverable datafile; 　　14.redo log recovery 　　>alter database add logfile group 3 'c:/oradata/redo03.log'size 1000k; 　　>alter database drop logfile group 1; 　　>alter database open; 　　or >cp c:/oradata/redo02.log' c:/oradata/redo01.log 　　>alter database clear logfile 'c:/oradata/log01.log';