c++中的细节知识点（三）

1、知识图谱

2、举例

例1：静态成员变量的访问

//通过类类访问 static 成员变量
Student::m_total = 10;
//通过对象来访问 static 成员变量
Student stu("小明", 15, 92.5f);
stu.m_total = 20;
//通过对象指针来访问 static 成员变量
Student *pstu = new Student("李华", 16, 96);
pstu -> m_total = 20;

例2：静态成员函数的使用举例

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student{
public:
    Student(char *name, int age, float score);
    void show();
public:  //声明静态成员函数
    static int getTotal();
    static float getPoints();
private:
    static int m_total;  //总人数
    static float m_points;  //总成绩
private:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
    float m_score;
};
int Student::m_total = 0;
float Student::m_points = 0.0;
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): m_name(name), m_age(age), m_score(score){
    m_total++;
    m_points += score;
}
void Student::show(){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是"<<m_age<<"，成绩是"<<m_score<<endl;
}
//定义静态成员函数
int Student::getTotal(){
    return m_total;
}
float Student::getPoints(){
    return m_points;
}
int main(){
    (new Student("小明", 15, 90.6)) -> show();
    (new Student("李磊", 16, 80.5)) -> show();
    (new Student("张华", 16, 99.0)) -> show();
    (new Student("王康", 14, 60.8)) -> show();
    int total = Student::getTotal();
    float points = Student::getPoints();
    cout<<"当前共有"<<total<<"名学生，总成绩是"<<points<<"，平均分是"<<points/total<<endl;
    return 0;
}

例3：友元函数举例
（1）将非成员函数声明为友元函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Student{
public:
    Student(char *name, int age, float score);
public:
    friend void show(Student *pstu);  //将show()声明为友元函数
private:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
    float m_score;
};
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): m_name(name), m_age(age), m_score(score){ }
//非成员函数
void show(Student *pstu){
    cout<<pstu->m_name<<"的年龄是 "<<pstu->m_age<<"，成绩是 "<<pstu->m_score<<endl;
}
int main(){
    Student stu("小明", 15, 90.6);
    show(&stu);  //调用友元函数
    Student *pstu = new Student("李磊", 16, 80.5);
    show(pstu);  //调用友元函数
    return 0;
}

错误写法（注意友元函数和成员函数的区别）：

void show(){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是 "<<m_age<<"，成绩是 "<<m_score<<endl;
}

（2）其他类的成员函数声明为友元函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Address;  //提前声明Address类
//声明Student类
class Student{
public:
    Student(char *name, int age, float score);
public:
    void show(Address *addr);
private:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
    float m_score;
};
//声明Address类
class Address{
private:
    char *m_province;  //省份
    char *m_city;  //城市
    char *m_district;  //区（市区）
public:
    Address(char *province, char *city, char *district);
    //将Student类中的成员函数show()声明为友元函数
    friend void Student::show(Address *addr);
};
//实现Student类
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): m_name(name), m_age(age), m_score(score){ }
void Student::show(Address *addr){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是 "<<m_age<<"，成绩是 "<<m_score<<endl;
    cout<<"家庭住址："<<addr->m_province<<"省"<<addr->m_city<<"市"<<addr->m_district<<"区"<<endl;
}
//实现Address类
Address::Address(char *province, char *city, char *district){
    m_province = province;
    m_city = city;
    m_district = district;
}
int main(){
    Student stu("小明", 16, 95.5f);
    Address addr("陕西", "西安", "雁塔");
    stu.show(&addr);
   
    Student *pstu = new Student("李磊", 16, 80.5);
    Address *paddr = new Address("河北", "衡水", "桃城");
    pstu -> show(paddr);
    return 0;
}

例4：友元类

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Address;  //提前声明Address类
//声明Student类
class Student{
public:
    Student(char *name, int age, float score);
public:
    void show(Address *addr);
private:
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
    float m_score;
};
//声明Address类
class Address{
public:
    Address(char *province, char *city, char *district);
public:
    //将Student类声明为Address类的友元类
    friend class Student;
private:
    char *m_province;  //省份
    char *m_city;  //城市
    char *m_district;  //区（市区）
};
//实现Student类
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): m_name(name), m_age(age), m_score(score){ }
void Student::show(Address *addr){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是 "<<m_age<<"，成绩是 "<<m_score<<endl;
    cout<<"家庭住址："<<addr->m_province<<"省"<<addr->m_city<<"市"<<addr->m_district<<"区"<<endl;
}
//实现Address类
Address::Address(char *province, char *city, char *district){
    m_province = province;
    m_city = city;
    m_district = district;
}
int main(){
    Student stu("小明", 16, 95.5f);
    Address addr("陕西", "西安", "雁塔");
    stu.show(&addr);
   
    Student *pstu = new Student("李磊", 16, 80.5);
    Address *paddr = new Address("河北", "衡水", "桃城");
    pstu -> show(paddr);
    return 0;
}

例5：类其实是作用域

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
class A{
public:
    typedef char* PCHAR;
public:
    void show(PCHAR str);
private:
    int n;
};
void A::show(PCHAR str){
    cout<<str<<endl;
    n = 10;
}
int main(){
    A obj;
    obj.show("http://c.biancheng.net");
    return 0;
}

在上面的show（）函数的定义中，指明类名A::其实就规定了其后出现的数据类型以及数据的范围。
例如下面的写法是错误的（因为编译器在遇到PCHAR时无法处理）

PCHAR A::show(PCHAR str){
    cout<<str<<endl;
    n = 10;
    return str;
}

修改：

A::PCHAR A::show(PCHAR str){
    cout<<str<<endl;
    n = 10;
    return str;
}

例6：struct在c++中可以有成员函数

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Student{
    Student(char *name, int age, float score);
    void show();
    char *m_name;
    int m_age;
    float m_score;
};
Student::Student(char *name, int age, float score): m_name(name), m_age(age), m_score(score){ }
void Student::show(){
    cout<<m_name<<"的年龄是"<<m_age<<"，成绩是"<<m_score<<endl;
}
int main(){
    Student stu("小明", 15, 92.5f);
    stu.show();
    Student *pstu = new Student("李华", 16, 96);
    pstu -> show();
    return 0;
}