<!-- @page { margin: 2cm } P { margin-bottom: 0.21cm } -->
那么从前面的教程中我们学习了如何创建一个简单的博客应用, 我个人觉得无论你是新手还是从rails2 过来, rails3 还是比较容易上手的, 现在我们就来看下rails3 相比rails2, 进步在哪里, 优势又在什么地方. ( 本来这章打算写ujs 的, 无奈工作繁忙只能推到周日了)
1. 脚本命令
旧的命令 新的用法
script/generate rails g
script/console rails c
script/server rails s
script/dbconsole rails db
2. 配置文件
rails2: config/environment.rb
-
Rails::Initializer.run do |config|
-
config.load_paths += %W( #{RAILS_ROOT}/extras )
-
config.gem "bj"
-
config.gem "sqlite3-ruby" , :lib => "sqlite3"
-
config.gem "aws-s3" , :lib => "aws/s3"
-
config.plugins = [ :exception_notification ]
-
config.time_zone = 'UTC'
-
end
rails3:config/application.rb
-
module APP_NAME
-
class Application < Rails::Application
-
config.load_paths += %W( #{RAILS_ROOT}/extras )
-
config.plugins = [ :exception_notification ]
-
config.time_zone = 'UTC'
-
end
-
end
这样就变成了一种架构式的应用, 我们可以根据方便的对config 进行操作
3. 路由
在rails3 中, 已经的路由可以继续工作, 而新的路由方式更加简洁.
在 rails2 中:
-
map.resources :posts do |post|
-
post.resources :comments
-
end
而在rails3 中, 表达更为形象:
-
resources :posts do
-
resources :comments
-
end
对于一些复杂的路由, rails2:
-
post.resources :comments ,
-
:member => { :preview => :post },
-
:collection => { :archived => :get }
在rails3 中可以这样表达:
-
resources :comments do
-
member do
-
post :preview
-
end
-
collection do
-
get :archived
-
end
-
end
不够简洁? 我们还可以这样做:
-
resources :comments do
-
post :preview , :on => :member
-
get :archived , :on => :collection
-
end
对于基本路由, rails2:
-
map.connect 'login' , :controller => 'session' , :action => 'new'
那么在rails3 中:
-
match 'login' => 'session#new'
对于具名路由, rails2:
-
map.login 'login' , :controller => 'session' , :action => 'new'
在rails3 中:
-
match 'login' => 'session#new' , :as => :login
对于程序根路由, rails2:
-
map.root :controller => 'users' , :action => 'index'
rails3:
-
root :to => 'users#index'
对于遗留路由, rails2:
-
map.connect ':controller/:action/:id'
-
map.connect ':controller/:action/:id.:format'
那么在rails3 中写法更优雅:
-
match ':controller(/:action(/:id(.:format)))'
对于路由参数, rals2:
-
map.connect '/articles/:year/:month/:day' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index'
rails3:
-
match '/articles/:year/:month/:day' => "posts#index"
那么对于存档请求, 比如rails2:
-
map.connect '/articles/:year/:month/:day' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index'
-
map.connect '/articles/:year/:month' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index'
-
map.connect '/articles/:year' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index'
在rails3 中:
-
match '/articles(/:year(/:month(/:day)))' => "posts#index"
指定请求方式, rails2:
-
map.connect '/articles/:year' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index' ,
-
:conditions => { :method => :get }
在rails3 中:
-
match '/articles/:year' => "posts#index" , :via => :get
-
# 或者更简单的:
-
get '/articles/:year' => "posts#index"
对于跳转, rails3:
-
match 'signin' , :to => redirect( "/login" )
-
match 'users/:name' , :to => redirect {|params| "/#{params[:name]}" }
-
match 'google' => redirect( 'http://www.google.com/' )
路由约束: rails2 中实际上使用了 :requirements 符号
-
map.connect '/:year' , :controller => 'posts' , :action => 'index' ,
-
:requirements => { :year => /\d{4}/ }
在rails3 中:
-
match '/:year' => "posts#index" , :constraints => { :year => /\d{4}/}
-
:constraints => { :user_agent => /iphone/ }
-
:constraints => { :ip => /192\.168\.1\.\d{1,3}/ }
-
constraints(:host => /localhost/) do
-
resources :posts
-
end
-
constraints IpRestrictor do
-
get 'admin/accounts' => "queenbee#accounts"
-
end
对于Rack 应用, rails3:
-
get 'hello' => proc { |env| [200, {}, "Hello Rack" ] }
-
-
get 'rack_endpoint' => PostsController.action( :index )
-
-
get 'rack_app' => CustomRackApp
4. Bundler 与 ActionController
一个典型的rails 应用, 我们一般需要在 environment.rb 指定你的 gems:
-
config.gem "haml"
-
config.gem "chronic" , :version => '0.2.3'
然后我们运行 $ rake gems:install, 该命令会取得并下载然后安装编译这些gems 到你的系统RubyGems 目录中.
之后我们运行 $ rake gems:unpack:dependencise, 把这些gem 打包到你应用程序的vendor/gems 目录中去.
这样做产生的问题:
1. 它直接绑定到Rails 中
2. 没有从本质上解决依赖问题
3. 运行时容易发生冲突
在rails3 中, 使用了 bundle 命令:
直接在你的 gemfile 中指定你的 gem
-
gem "haml"
-
gem "chronic" , '0.2.3'
然后运行 $ bundle, 该命令会会取得并下载然后安装编译这些gems
然后运行 $ bundle package 把gem 源移到/vendor/cache 中去.
这样rails 应用中的gem 与系统中的gem 就不会相冲突.
一般的控制器语法:
-
class UsersController < ApplicationController
-
def index
-
@users = User.all
-
respond_to do |format|
-
format.html
-
format.xml { render :xml => @users .to_xml }
-
end
-
end
-
-
def show
-
@user = User.find(params[ :id ])
-
respond_to do |format|
-
format.html # show.html.erb
-
format.xml { render :xml => @user }
-
end
-
end
-
-
...
改进的语法:
-
class UsersController < ApplicationController
-
respond_to :html , :xml , :json
-
def index
-
@users = User.all
-
respond_with(@users )
-
end
-
def show
-
@user = User.find(params[ :id ])
-
respond_with(@user )
-
end
-
...
5. ActionMailer
rails2: $ script/generate mailer UserMailer welcome forgot_password
这将创建 app/models/user_mailer.rb
那么在rails3 中: $ rails g mailer UserMailer welcome forgot_password
这将创建 app/mailers /user_mailer.rb
在实现部分, rails2:
-
def welcome(user, subdomain)
-
subject 'Welcome to TestApp'
-
recipients user.email
-
from 'admin@testapp.com'
-
body :user => user, :subdomain => subdomain
-
end
-
UserMailer.deliver_welcome(user, subdomain)
在rails3 中:
-
def welcome(user, subdomain)
-
@user = user
-
@subdomain = subdomain
-
mail(:from => "admin@testapp.com" ,
-
:to => user.email,
-
:subject => "Welcome to TestApp" )
-
end
-
UserMailer.welcome(user, subdomain).deliver
相比rails2, 我们在rails3 下实现一个mail 要简单的多:
-
class UserMailer < ActionMailer::Base
-
default :from => "admin@testapp.com" ,
-
:reply_to => "noreply@testapp.com" ,
-
"X-Time-Code" => Time .now.to_i.to_s
-
def welcome(user, subdomain)
-
@user = user
-
@subdomain = subdomain
-
attachments['test.pdf' ] = File .read( "#{Rails.root}/public/test.pdf" )
-
mail(:to => @user .email, :subject => "Welcome to TestApp" ) do |format|
-
format.html { render 'other_html_welcome' }
-
format.text { render 'other_text_welcome' }
-
end
-
end
-
end
6. ActiveRelation 以及 ActiveModel
在rails2 中, 我们经常使用下面的方法来进行查询:
-
@posts = Post.find( :all , :conditions => { :published => true })
该方式将立即查询数据库然后返回Posts 数组
而在rails3 中:
-
@posts = Post.where( :published => true )
该方法不会查询数据库, 仅仅返回一个 ActiveRecord::Relation 对象, 然后:
-
@posts = Post.where( :published => true )
-
if params[ :order ]
-
@posts = @posts .order(params[ :order ])
-
end
-
@posts . each do |p|
-
... # 在这里进行查询, 实现延迟加载
-
end
对于命名范围, 在rails2 中:
-
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-
default_scope :order => 'title'
-
named_scope :published , :conditions => { :published => true }
-
named_scope :unpublished , :conditions => { :published => false }
-
end
而在rails3 中:
-
class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
-
default_scope order('title' )
-
scope :published , where( :published => true )
-
scope :unpublished , where( :published => false )
-
end
对于查找方法, rails2:
-
Post.find( :all , :conditions => { :author => "Joe" }, :includes => :comments , :order => "title" , :limit => 10)
在rails3:
-
Post.where( :author => "Joe" ).include( :comments ).order( :title ).limit(10).<strong><span style= "font-size:16px;" >all</span></strong>
7. 跨站点脚本 (XSS)
在rails2 中, 一般我们输入一段文本的时候, 我们往往会这样写: <%= h @post.body %>
那么在rails3 中, <%= @post.body %> 默认输出的是一段safe html, 如果想输出XSS, 可以在前面加上 raw