一、前言
还是老话,本篇以实战为主,详细的算法步骤和公式推导很重要,必须同时找多篇对比才能融会贯通,以下是我看过的几篇博客,很牛逼,网址如下:
机器学习实战: https://www.cnblogs.com/zy230530/p/6780836.html
二、算法原理总结
1. 综述
1.1 Cover和Hart在1968年提出了最初的邻近算法
1.2 分类(classification)算法
1.3 输入基于实例的学习(instance-based learning), 懒惰学习(lazy learning)
2. 例子:
未知电影属于什么类型?
3. 算法详述
3.1 步骤:
为了判断未知实例的类别,以所有已知类别的实例作为参照
选择参数K
计算未知实例与所有已知实例的距离
选择最近K个已知实例
根据少数服从多数的投票法则(majority-voting),让未知实例归类为K个最邻近样本中最多数的类别
3.2 细节:
关于K
关于距离的衡量方法:
3.2.1 Euclidean Distance 定义
其他距离衡量:余弦值(cos), 相关度 (correlation), 曼哈顿距离 (Manhattan distance)
3.3 举例
4. 算法优缺点:
4.1 算法优点
简单
易于理解
容易实现
通过对K的选择可具备丢噪音数据的健壮性
4.2 算法缺点
需要大量空间储存所有已知实例
算法复杂度高(需要比较所有已知实例与要分类的实例)
当其样本分布不平衡时,比如其中一类样本过大(实例数量过多)占主导的时候,新的未知实例容易被归类为这个主导样本,因为这类样本实例的数量过大,但这个新的未知实例实际并木接近目标样本
5. 改进版本
考虑距离,根据距离加上权重
比如: 1/d (d: 距离)
* 解决问题: 给路径距离增加权重
三、实例项目介绍展示
1 数据集介绍:
虹膜
150个实例
萼片长度,萼片宽度,花瓣长度,花瓣宽度
(sepal length, sepal width, petal length and petal width)
类别:
Iris setosa, Iris versicolor, Iris virginica.
接下来进行实战代码部分,首先总结核心思想
1. KNN算法比较简单,核心就是距离公式,代码表示如下:
# 算法核心思想,就是一个公式,计算距离
import math
def ComputeEuclideanDistance(x1, y1, x2, y2):
d = math.sqrt(math.pow((x1-x2), 2) + math.pow((y1-y2), 2))
return d
d_ag = ComputeEuclideanDistance(3, 104, 18, 90)
print (d_ag) # 20.518284528683193
四、下面一个是利用sklearn自带的库进行实现
# 这是第一种方法, 依赖库实现
from sklearn import neighbors
from sklearn import datasets
knn = neighbors.KNeighborsClassifier()
iris = datasets.load_iris()
# print(iris)
# print(iris.target)
knn.fit(iris.data, iris.target)
predictedLabel = knn.predict([[6.9, 5.9, 8.9, 4.8]])
print(predictedLabel) # [2]
五、 自己从零实现KNN算法(*)
import csv # 操作数据的模块
import random
import math
import operator # operator导入运算符模块
# 1 加载数据
def loadDataset(filename, split, trainingSet = [], testSet = []): # 参数分别:文件名,训练和测试集合的分割点,训练和测试集
# _csv.Error: iterator should return strings, not bytes
# 这里会报错 -- open(fn, r/rt/rb) -- r/ 默认 。rt/ 文本模式
# 因为此csv文件并非二进制文件, 只是一个文本文件。
with open(filename, 'rt') as csvfile:
lines = csv.reader(csvfile)
dataset = list(lines) # 循环每行保存到 dataset
for x in range(len(dataset)-1): # len(dataset)-1 是数据的行数
for y in range(4): # 4 是特征的格式, 列数
dataset[x][y] = float(dataset[x][y]) # 格式化数据
if random.random() < split: # 随机生成 0 - 1 的数,数据集分为训练和测试集
trainingSet.append(dataset[x])
else:
testSet.append(dataset[x])
# 2 计算两个数据的距离
def euclideanDistance(instance1, instance2, length): # instance1, instance2, 两行数据 length:是特征的个数,本例四个
distance = 0 # 两点之间的距离初始化
for x in range(length): # 循环遍历计算每个特征之间的距离
distance += pow((instance1[x]-instance2[x]), 2) # 多维下, 两点之间的距离
return math.sqrt(distance)
# 3 从trainingSet集合中返回距离testInstance这个实例最近的k个label,
def getNeighbors(trainingSet, testInstance, k): # trainingSet: , testInstance:一个测试实例, k:k个值
distances = [] # 装载所有的距离,数组初始化
length = len(testInstance)-1 # 这个测试实例的维度
print(length)
for x in range(len(trainingSet)): # 遍历训练集,每次拿出训练集中的一条计算
#对于testInstance这个未知的数据,要计算它到每个训练元素数据的距离,
dist = euclideanDistance(testInstance, trainingSet[x], length)
distances.append((trainingSet[x], dist))
#distances.append(dist)
#将这些数据按距离进行排序
distances.sort(key=operator.itemgetter(1))
neighbors = [] # 存放前k个值
for x in range(k):
neighbors.append(distances[x][0])
return neighbors # 将这k个值返回
# 统计这前几个中每个分类的个数,并排序
def getResponse(neighbors):
classVotes = {} # 保存每一个分类的投票数有多少个
for x in range(len(neighbors)):
response = neighbors[x][-1] # 取所有行的最后一列。即所有的类别
if response in classVotes:
classVotes[response] += 1
else:
classVotes[response] = 1
# 按分类个数多少排序
# AttributeError: 'dict' object has no attribute 'iteritems'
# 之所以会出现上述错误是因为python3中已经没有这个属性,直接改为items即可:
# sortedVotes = sorted(classVotes.iteritems(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
sortedVotes = sorted(classVotes.items(), key=operator.itemgetter(1), reverse=True)
return sortedVotes[0][0]
# 计算误差
def getAccuracy(testSet, predictions): # 1测试集合, 预期的结果集合
correct = 0
for x in range(len(testSet)): # 遍历测试数据集合的每行
if testSet[x][-1] == predictions[x]: # 取测试数据集合的每个数据对应得结果和预期的标签结果对比
correct += 1 # 统计出错数量
return (correct/float(len(testSet)))*100.0 # 错误数 / 测试总数
def main():
#prepare data
trainingSet = []
testSet = []
split = 0.67
loadDataset(r'irisdata.csv', split, trainingSet, testSet)
print( 'Train set: ' + repr(len(trainingSet)) )
print( 'Test set: ' + repr(len(testSet)) )
#generate predictions
predictions = []
k = 3
for x in range(len(testSet)):
# trainingsettrainingSet[x]
neighbors = getNeighbors(trainingSet, testSet[x], k)
# print(neighbors)
result = getResponse(neighbors)
predictions.append(result)
print ('>predicted=' + repr(result) + ', actual=' + repr(testSet[x][-1]))
print ('predictions: ' + repr(predictions))
accuracy = getAccuracy(testSet, predictions)
print('Accuracy: ' + repr(accuracy) + '%')
main()
六、打印运行结果
Train set: 89
Test set: 61
4
>predicted='Iris-setosa', actual='Iris-setosa'
4
>predicted='Iris-setosa', actual='Iris-setosa'
。。。。。
4
>predicted='Iris-virginica', actual='Iris-virginica'
4
>predicted='Iris-virginica', actual='Iris-virginica'
predictions: ['Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-setosa', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-versicolor', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica', 'Iris-virginica']
Accuracy: 96.72131147540983%
Process finished with exit code 0
七、实验所需的数据集
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.7,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.4,2.9,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.3,3.0,1.1,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.8,4.0,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.7,4.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.9,1.3,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.5,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.7,3.8,1.7,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.5,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.7,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.7,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.6,1.0,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.3,1.7,0.5,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.4,1.9,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.0,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.4,1.6,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.5,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.2,3.4,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.7,3.2,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.1,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.4,3.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
5.2,4.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.5,4.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.2,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.5,3.5,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.0,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.5,2.3,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
4.4,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.5,1.6,0.6,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.9,0.4,Iris-setosa
4.8,3.0,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
5.1,3.8,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
4.6,3.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.3,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.5,2.8,4.6,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,4.7,1.6,Iris-versicolor
4.9,2.4,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.6,2.9,4.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.2,2.7,3.9,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.0,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.0,4.2,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.2,4.0,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.9,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.9,3.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.6,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,4.1,1.0,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.5,3.9,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.9,3.2,4.8,1.8,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.5,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.1,2.8,4.7,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.4,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.6,3.0,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.8,2.8,4.8,1.4,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.0,5.0,1.7,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.9,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.6,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.8,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.4,3.7,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.7,3.9,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.0,2.7,5.1,1.6,Iris-versicolor
5.4,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.0,3.4,4.5,1.6,Iris-versicolor
6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5,Iris-versicolor
6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.6,3.0,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.5,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.5,2.6,4.4,1.2,Iris-versicolor
6.1,3.0,4.6,1.4,Iris-versicolor
5.8,2.6,4.0,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.0,2.3,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
5.6,2.7,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.7,3.0,4.2,1.2,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.9,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.2,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
5.1,2.5,3.0,1.1,Iris-versicolor
5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.9,5.6,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.8,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.6,3.0,6.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
4.9,2.5,4.5,1.7,Iris-virginica
7.3,2.9,6.3,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,2.5,5.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.6,6.1,2.5,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.2,5.1,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.7,5.3,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.8,3.0,5.5,2.1,Iris-virginica
5.7,2.5,5.0,2.0,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.8,5.1,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.4,3.2,5.3,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
7.7,3.8,6.7,2.2,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.6,6.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.0,2.2,5.0,1.5,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.2,5.7,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.6,2.8,4.9,2.0,Iris-virginica
7.7,2.8,6.7,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.7,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.3,5.7,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.2,6.0,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.2,2.8,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.1,3.0,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.8,5.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
7.2,3.0,5.8,1.6,Iris-virginica
7.4,2.8,6.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
7.9,3.8,6.4,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.4,2.8,5.6,2.2,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.8,5.1,1.5,Iris-virginica
6.1,2.6,5.6,1.4,Iris-virginica
7.7,3.0,6.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.3,3.4,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.4,3.1,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.0,3.0,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.1,5.4,2.1,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.1,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
6.9,3.1,5.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.8,3.2,5.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.3,5.7,2.5,Iris-virginica
6.7,3.0,5.2,2.3,Iris-virginica
6.3,2.5,5.0,1.9,Iris-virginica
6.5,3.0,5.2,2.0,Iris-virginica
6.2,3.4,5.4,2.3,Iris-virginica
5.9,3.0,5.1,1.8,Iris-virginica