RestTemplate与Ribbon

RestTemplate是Spring Web模块提供的一个基于Rest规范提供Http请求的工具。
Ribbon是springcloud中客户端负载均衡的组件。
我们在微服务架构中，往往通过RestTemplate发送RPC请求，然后通过Ribbon做客户端负载均衡。那么它们是如何配合工作的。

1、注册RestTemplate的Bean

    @Bean
    @LoadBalanced
    RestTemplate restTemplate() {
        return new RestTemplate();
    }

2、@LoadBalanced

这个注解主要是通过拦截器在RestTemplate工作前进行负载均衡。该拦截器中注入了LoadBalancerClient（负载均衡客户端）的实现。当一个被@LoadBalanced注解修饰的RestTemplate对象向外发起HTTP请求时，会执行LoadBalancerInterceptor类的intercept函数。由于我们在使用RestTemplate时候采用了服务名作为host，所以直接从HttpRequest的URI对象中通过getHost()就可以拿到服务名，然后调用execute函数去根据服务名来选择实例并发起实际的请求。

public class LoadBalancerInterceptor implements ClientHttpRequestInterceptor {

    private LoadBalancerClient loadBalancer;

    public LoadBalancerInterceptor(LoadBalancerClient loadBalancer) {
        this.loadBalancer = loadBalancer;
    }

    @Override
    public ClientHttpResponse intercept(final HttpRequest request, final byte[] body,
            final ClientHttpRequestExecution execution) throws IOException {
        final URI originalUri = request.getURI();
        String serviceName = originalUri.getHost();
        return this.loadBalancer.execute(serviceName,
                new LoadBalancerRequest<ClientHttpResponse>() {
                    @Override
                    public ClientHttpResponse apply(final ServiceInstance instance)
                            throws Exception {
                        HttpRequest serviceRequest = new ServiceRequestWrapper(request,
                                instance);
                        return execution.execute(serviceRequest, body);
                    }
                });
    }

    private class ServiceRequestWrapper extends HttpRequestWrapper {

        private final ServiceInstance instance;

        public ServiceRequestWrapper(HttpRequest request, ServiceInstance instance) {
            super(request);
            this.instance = instance;
        }

        @Override
        public URI getURI() {
            URI uri = LoadBalancerInterceptor.this.loadBalancer.reconstructURI(
                    this.instance, getRequest().getURI());
            return uri;
        }
    }
}

上述源码中LoadBalancerClient 是一个负载均衡的接口，有不同的负载均衡客户端实现，这里的实现是RibbonLoadBalancerClient

public <T> T execute(String serviceId, LoadBalancerRequest<T> request) throws IOException {
    ILoadBalancer loadBalancer = getLoadBalancer(serviceId);
    Server server = getServer(loadBalancer);
    if (server == null) {
        throw new IllegalStateException("No instances available for " + serviceId);
    }
    RibbonServer ribbonServer = new RibbonServer(serviceId, server, isSecure(server,
            serviceId), serverIntrospector(serviceId).getMetadata(server));

    RibbonLoadBalancerContext context = this.clientFactory
            .getLoadBalancerContext(serviceId);
    RibbonStatsRecorder statsRecorder = new RibbonStatsRecorder(context, server);

    try {
        T returnVal = request.apply(ribbonServer);
        statsRecorder.recordStats(returnVal);
        return returnVal;
    }
    catch (IOException ex) {
        statsRecorder.recordStats(ex);
        throw ex;
    }
    catch (Exception ex) {
        statsRecorder.recordStats(ex);
        ReflectionUtils.rethrowRuntimeException(ex);
    }
    return null;
}

该客户端中通过工厂方法获取对应serviceId的负载均衡器，该负载均衡器接口的实现类是DynamicServerListLoadBalancer，通过负载均衡器获取请求的实例（server），然后进行访问。

3、负载均衡策略

事实上，DynamicServerListLoadBalancer是通过父类BaseLoadBalancer注入的负载均衡规则IRule接口的实现类完成负载均衡策略的。该接口的实现类是RoundRobinRule，它实现的策略是轮询规则。（这里是通过拉取server的列表，然后通过索引的原子性操作来完成轮询）

    public Server choose(ILoadBalancer lb, Object key) {
        if (lb == null) {
            log.warn("no load balancer");
            return null;
        }

        Server server = null;
        int count = 0;
        while (server == null && count++ < 10) {
            List<Server> reachableServers = lb.getReachableServers();
            List<Server> allServers = lb.getAllServers();
            int upCount = reachableServers.size();
            int serverCount = allServers.size();

            if ((upCount == 0) || (serverCount == 0)) {
                log.warn("No up servers available from load balancer: " + lb);
                return null;
            }

            int nextServerIndex = incrementAndGetModulo(serverCount);
            server = allServers.get(nextServerIndex);

            if (server == null) {
                /* Transient. */
                Thread.yield();
                continue;
            }

            if (server.isAlive() && (server.isReadyToServe())) {
                return (server);
            }

            // Next.
            server = null;
        }

        if (count >= 10) {
            log.warn("No available alive servers after 10 tries from load balancer: "
                    + lb);
        }
        return server;
    }