回溯算法介绍

组合问题

class Solution:
    def combine(self, n: int, k: int) -> List[List[int]]:
        res=[]  #存放符合条件结果的集合
        path=[]  #用来存放符合条件结果
        def backtrack(n,k,startIndex):
            if len(path) == k:
                res.append(path[:])
                return
            for i in range(startIndex,n+1):
                path.append(i)  #处理节点
                backtrack(n,k,i+1)  #递归
                path.pop()  #回溯，撤销处理的节点
        backtrack(n,k,1)
        return res

求组合求和

class Solution:
    def combinationSum3(self, k: int, n: int) -> List[List[int]]:
        res = []  #存放结果集
        path = []  #符合条件的结果
        def findallPath(n,k,sum,startIndex):
            if sum > n: return  #剪枝操作
            if sum == n and len(path) == k:  #如果path.size() == k 但sum != n 直接返回
                return res.append(path[:])
            for i in range(startIndex,9-(k-len(path))+2):  #剪枝操作
                path.append(i)
                sum += i
                findallPath(n,k,sum,i+1)  #注意i+1调整startIndex
                sum -= i  #回溯
                path.pop()  #回溯

        findallPath(n,k,0,1)
        return res

电话号码的字母组合

class Solution:
    ans = []
    s = ''
    letterMap = {
        '2': 'abc',
        '3': 'def',
        '4': 'ghi',
        '5': 'jkl',
        '6': 'mno',
        '7': 'pqrs',
        '8': 'tuv',
        '9': 'wxyz'
    }

    def letterCombinations(self, digits):
        self.ans.clear()
        if digits == '':
            return self.ans
        self.backtracking(digits, 0)
        return self.ans

    def backtracking(self, digits, index):
        if index == len(digits):
            self.ans.append(self.s)
            return
        else:
            letters = self.letterMap[digits[index]]  # 取出数字对应的字符集
            for letter in letters:
                self.s = self.s + letter  # 处理
                self.backtracking(digits, index + 1)
                self.s = self.s[:-1]      # 回溯

求组合总和2

class Solution:
    def combinationSum(self, candidates: List[int], target: int) -> List[List[int]]:
        res = []
        path = []
        def backtrack(candidates,target,sum,startIndex):
            if sum > target: return
            if sum == target: return res.append(path[:])
            for i in range(startIndex,len(candidates)):
                if sum + candidates[i] >target: return  #如果 sum + candidates[i] > target 就终止遍历
                sum += candidates[i]
                path.append(candidates[i])
                backtrack(candidates,target,sum,i)  #startIndex = i:表示可以重复读取当前的数
                sum -= candidates[i]  #回溯
                path.pop()  #回溯
        candidates = sorted(candidates)  #需要排序
        backtrack(candidates,target,0,0)
        return res