import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from pandas import Series,DataFrame
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
np.random.seed(123456789)
[对random.seed的理解]url(https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43901998/article/details/101602411)
random.seed() 会改变随机生成器的种子；传入的数值用于指定随机数生成时所用算法开始时所选定的整数值，如果使用相同的seed()值，则每次生成的随机数都相同；如果不设置这个值，则系统会根据时间来自己选择这个值，此时每次生成的随机数会因时间的差异而有所不同。
x = np.random.rand(500000,3)
x
array([[0.27544024, 0.37170215, 0.31980024],
[0.81093632, 0.25564292, 0.50185747],
[0.14973265, 0.31575346, 0.88972494],
...,
[0.15939898, 0.81425114, 0.35042418],
[0.38048023, 0.79058944, 0.73762802],
[0.28124613, 0.24244432, 0.82073114]])
y = x.dot(np.array([4.2,5.7,10.8]))
dot
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
lr = LinearRegression()
lr.fit(x,y)
LinearRegression(copy_X=True, fit_intercept=True, n_jobs=None, normalize=False)
lr.score(x,y)
1.0
lr.coef_
array([ 4.2, 5.7, 10.8])
x_test=np.array([2,4,6]).reshape(1,-1)
y_hat = lr.predict(x_test)
y_hat
array([96.])
x_test
array([[2, 4, 6]])
help(LinearRegression)
Help on class LinearRegression in module sklearn.linear_model.base:
class LinearRegression(LinearModel, sklearn.base.RegressorMixin, sklearn.base.MultiOutputMixin)
| LinearRegression(fit_intercept=True, normalize=False, copy_X=True, n_jobs=None)
|
| Ordinary least squares Linear Regression.
|
| Parameters
| ----------
| fit_intercept : boolean, optional, default True
| whether to calculate the intercept for this model. If set
| to False, no intercept will be used in calculations
| (e.g. data is expected to be already centered).
|
| normalize : boolean, optional, default False
| This parameter is ignored when ``fit_intercept`` is set to False.
| If True, the regressors X will be normalized before regression by
| subtracting the mean and dividing by the l2-norm.
| If you wish to standardize, please use
| :class:`sklearn.preprocessing.StandardScaler` before calling ``fit`` on
| an estimator with ``normalize=False``.
|
| copy_X : boolean, optional, default True
| If True, X will be copied; else, it may be overwritten.
|
| n_jobs : int or None, optional (default=None)
| The number of jobs to use for the computation. This will only provide
| speedup for n_targets > 1 and sufficient large problems.
| ``None`` means 1 unless in a :obj:`joblib.parallel_backend` context.
| ``-1`` means using all processors. See :term:`Glossary <n_jobs>`
| for more details.
|
| Attributes
| ----------
| coef_ : array, shape (n_features, ) or (n_targets, n_features)
| Estimated coefficients for the linear regression problem.
| If multiple targets are passed during the fit (y 2D), this
| is a 2D array of shape (n_targets, n_features), while if only
| one target is passed, this is a 1D array of length n_features.
|
| intercept_ : array
| Independent term in the linear model.
|
| Examples
| --------
| >>> import numpy as np
| >>> from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
| >>> X = np.array([[1, 1], [1, 2], [2, 2], [2, 3]])
| >>> # y = 1 * x_0 + 2 * x_1 + 3
| >>> y = np.dot(X, np.array([1, 2])) + 3
| >>> reg = LinearRegression().fit(X, y)
| >>> reg.score(X, y)
| 1.0
| >>> reg.coef_
| array([1., 2.])
| >>> reg.intercept_ # doctest: +ELLIPSIS
| 3.0000...
| >>> reg.predict(np.array([[3, 5]]))
| array([16.])
|
| Notes
| -----
| From the implementation point of view, this is just plain Ordinary
| Least Squares (scipy.linalg.lstsq) wrapped as a predictor object.
|
| Method resolution order:
| LinearRegression
| LinearModel
| sklearn.base.BaseEstimator
| sklearn.base.RegressorMixin
| sklearn.base.MultiOutputMixin
| builtins.object
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __init__(self, fit_intercept=True, normalize=False, copy_X=True, n_jobs=None)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| fit(self, X, y, sample_weight=None)
| Fit linear model.
|
| Parameters
| ----------
| X : array-like or sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features)
| Training data
|
| y : array_like, shape (n_samples, n_targets)
| Target values. Will be cast to X's dtype if necessary
|
| sample_weight : numpy array of shape [n_samples]
| Individual weights for each sample
|
| .. versionadded:: 0.17
| parameter *sample_weight* support to LinearRegression.
|
| Returns
| -------
| self : returns an instance of self.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __abstractmethods__ = frozenset()
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from LinearModel:
|
| predict(self, X)
| Predict using the linear model
|
| Parameters
| ----------
| X : array_like or sparse matrix, shape (n_samples, n_features)
| Samples.
|
| Returns
| -------
| C : array, shape (n_samples,)
| Returns predicted values.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from sklearn.base.BaseEstimator:
|
| __getstate__(self)
|
| __repr__(self, N_CHAR_MAX=700)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setstate__(self, state)
|
| get_params(self, deep=True)
| Get parameters for this estimator.
|
| Parameters
| ----------
| deep : boolean, optional
| If True, will return the parameters for this estimator and
| contained subobjects that are estimators.
|
| Returns
| -------
| params : mapping of string to any
| Parameter names mapped to their values.
|
| set_params(self, **params)
| Set the parameters of this estimator.
|
| The method works on simple estimators as well as on nested objects
| (such as pipelines). The latter have parameters of the form
| ``<component>__<parameter>`` so that it's possible to update each
| component of a nested object.
|
| Returns
| -------
| self
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data descriptors inherited from sklearn.base.BaseEstimator:
|
| __dict__
| dictionary for instance variables (if defined)
|
| __weakref__
| list of weak references to the object (if defined)
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Methods inherited from sklearn.base.RegressorMixin:
|
| score(self, X, y, sample_weight=None)
| Returns the coefficient of determination R^2 of the prediction.
|
| The coefficient R^2 is defined as (1 - u/v), where u is the residual
| sum of squares ((y_true - y_pred) ** 2).sum() and v is the total
| sum of squares ((y_true - y_true.mean()) ** 2).sum().
| The best possible score is 1.0 and it can be negative (because the
| model can be arbitrarily worse). A constant model that always
| predicts the expected value of y, disregarding the input features,
| would get a R^2 score of 0.0.
|
| Parameters
| ----------
| X : array-like, shape = (n_samples, n_features)
| Test samples. For some estimators this may be a
| precomputed kernel matrix instead, shape = (n_samples,
| n_samples_fitted], where n_samples_fitted is the number of
| samples used in the fitting for the estimator.
|
| y : array-like, shape = (n_samples) or (n_samples, n_outputs)
| True values for X.
|
| sample_weight : array-like, shape = [n_samples], optional
| Sample weights.
|
| Returns
| -------
| score : float
| R^2 of self.predict(X) wrt. y.
|
| Notes
| -----
| The R2 score used when calling ``score`` on a regressor will use
| ``multioutput='uniform_average'`` from version 0.23 to keep consistent
| with `metrics.r2_score`. This will influence the ``score`` method of
| all the multioutput regressors (except for
| `multioutput.MultiOutputRegressor`). To specify the default value
| manually and avoid the warning, please either call `metrics.r2_score`
| directly or make a custom scorer with `metrics.make_scorer` (the
| built-in scorer ``'r2'`` uses ``multioutput='uniform_average'``).
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