ElasticSearch26：初识搜索引擎_用一个例子告诉你mapping到底是什么

1.准备数据

PUT /website/article/1
{
  "post_date":"2018-01-01",
  "title":"my first article",
  "content":"this is my first article in this website",
  "author_id":11400
}
PUT /website/article/2
{
  "post_date":"2018-01-02",
  "title":"my second article",
  "content":"this is my second article in this website",
  "author_id":11400
}
PUT /website/article/3
{
  "post_date":"2018-01-03",
  "title":"my third article",
  "content":"this is my third article in this website",
  "author_id":11400
}

2.尝试各种搜索

GET /website/article/_search?q=2018

{
  "took": 7,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": 0.28004453,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 0.28004453,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-02",
          "title": "my second article",
          "content": "this is my second article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 0.28004453,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-01",
          "title": "my first article",
          "content": "this is my first article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 0.28004453,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-03",
          "title": "my third article",
          "content": "this is my third article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

GET /website/article/_search?q=2018-01-01

搜索出了3条数据

{
  "took": 16,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 3,
    "max_score": 1.0566096,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1.0566096,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-01",
          "title": "my first article",
          "content": "this is my first article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "2",
        "_score": 0.84013355,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-02",
          "title": "my second article",
          "content": "this is my second article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      },
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "3",
        "_score": 0.84013355,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-03",
          "title": "my third article",
          "content": "this is my third article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

GET /website/article/_search?q=post_date:2018-01-01

搜索结果1条

{
  "took": 5,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-01",
          "title": "my first article",
          "content": "this is my first article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

GET /website/article/_search?q=post_date:2018

搜索结果1条

{
  "took": 5,
  "timed_out": false,
  "_shards": {
    "total": 5,
    "successful": 5,
    "failed": 0
  },
  "hits": {
    "total": 1,
    "max_score": 1,
    "hits": [
      {
        "_index": "website",
        "_type": "article",
        "_id": "1",
        "_score": 1,
        "_source": {
          "post_date": "2018-01-01",
          "title": "my first article",
          "content": "this is my first article in this website",
          "author_id": 11400
        }
      }
    ]
  }
}

3.为什么会出现上面的结果？认识mapping

自动或手动为index中的type建立一种数据结构和相关配置，简称mapping

dynamic mapping：自动为我们建立index，创建type，以及type对应的mapping，mapping中包含了每个field对应的数据类型，以及如何分词等设置。

当然，我们也可以手动在创建数据之前，先创建index和type，以及type对应的mapping

查看mapping的命令

格式：GET /index/_mapping/type

例子：

{
  "website": {
    "mappings": {
      "article": {
        "properties": {
          "author_id": {
            "type": "long"
          },
          "content": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          },
          "post_date": {
            "type": "date"
          },
          "title": {
            "type": "text",
            "fields": {
              "keyword": {
                "type": "keyword",
                "ignore_above": 256
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

那么搜索结果为什么不一致？因为es自动建立mapping的时候，设置了不同的field不同的data type。不同data type的分词、搜索等行为不一样的，所以出现了_all field和post_date field的搜索表现完全不一样。