Django-5.1-允许用户输入

只有超级用户才能通过管理网站输入数据，因此需要使用Django的表单创建工具创建使用户输入数据的页面。

1、添加新主题（需导入包含表单的模块forms.py）

用户添加主题的表单：（用户输入并提交信息的页面统称表单，用户输入信息时需要进行验证，通过后再处理）

创建表单（使用ModelForm）文件/learning_log/learning_logs/forms.py

from django import forms
from .models import Topic

class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
	#告诉Django根据哪个模型创建表单,以及在表单中包含哪些字段
	class Meta:
		model = Topic
		fields = {'text'}
		#让Django不要为字段text生成标签
		labels = {'text':''}

URL模式new_topic

修改/learning_log/learning_logs/urls.py

"""定义learning_logs的URL模式"""

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views

app_name = 'learning_logs'

urlpatterns = [
	# 主页
	url(r'^$', views.index, name = 'index'),
	
	#显示所有主题
	url(r'^topics/$', views.topics, name = 'topics'),
	#显示特定主题
	url(r'^topics/(?P<topic_id>\d+)/$', views.topic, name = 'topic'),
	#添加新主题网页
	url(r'^new_topic/$', views.new_topic, name = 'new_topic'),
]

添加视图函数new_topic()

修改/learning_log/learning_logs/views.py，函数new_topic()需要处理两种情形：刚进入new_topic网页时应显示一个空表单；对提交的表单数据进行处理，并将用户重定向至网页topics。

from django.shortcuts import render
from .models import Topic
from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
#from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse
from django.urls import reverse
from .forms import TopicForm

# Create your views here.
def index(request):
	"""学习笔记的主页"""
	return render(request, 'learning_logs/index.html')

def topics(request):
	"""显示所有主题"""
	topics = Topic.objects.order_by('date_added')
	context = {'topics':topics}
	return render(request, 'learning_logs/topics.html', context)

def topic(request, topic_id):
	"""显示单个主题和所有相关条目"""
	topic = Topic.objects.get(id = topic_id)
	entries = topic.entry_set.order_by('-date_added')
	context = {'topic': topic, 'entries': entries}
	return render(request, 'learning_logs/topic.html', context)

def new_topic(request):
	"""添加新主题"""
	if request.method != 'POST':
		#未提交数据：创建一个新表单
		form = TopicForm()
	else:
		#POST提交的数据，对数据进行处理
		form = TopicForm(request.POST)
		if form.is_valid():
			form.save()
			return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topics'))
	context = {'form': form}
	return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_topic.html', context)

用户提交后使用HttpResponseRedirect类将用户重定向至网页topics；函数reverse()根据指定的URL模型确定URL。

创建模板/learning_log/learning_logs/templates/learning_logs/new_topic.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block content %}
  <p>Add a new topic:</p>
  <form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}" method='post'>
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button name="submit">add topic</button>
  </form>
{% endblock content %}

{% csrf_token %}防止攻击者利用表单获取对服务器未经授权的访问-跨站请求伪造；

{{ form.as_p }}显示表单；

链接到页面new_topic

修改/learning_log/learning_logs/templates/learning_logs/topics.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block content %}
  
  <p>Topics</p>
  
  <!-->创建无序列表</-->
  <ul>
    {% for topic in topics %}
      <li><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{topic}}</li>
    {% empty %}
      <li>No topics have been added yet.</li>
    {% endfor %}
  </ul>
  
  <a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_topic' %}">Add a new topic:</a>

{% endblock content %}

2、添加新条目（与上面相似）

用于添加新条目的表单

修改/learning_log/learning_logs/forms.py，创建一个与模型Entry相关联的表单

from django import forms
from .models import Topic, Entry

class TopicForm(forms.ModelForm):
	#告诉Django根据哪个模型创建表单,以及在表单中包含哪些字段
	class Meta:
		model = Topic
		fields = {'text'}
		#让Django不要为字段text生成标签
		labels = {'text':''}

class EntryForm(forms.ModelForm):
	class Meta:
		model = Entry
		fields = ['text']
		labels = {'text':''}
		#定义属性widgets（HTML表单元素），将文本区域默认宽度40列更改为80列
		widgets = {'text': forms.Textarea(attrs={'cols':80})}

URL模式new_entry

修改/learning_log/learning_logs/urls.py

"""定义learning_logs的URL模式"""

from django.conf.urls import url
from . import views

app_name = 'learning_logs'

urlpatterns = [
	# 主页
	url(r'^$', views.index, name = 'index'),
	
	#显示所有主题
	url(r'^topics/$', views.topics, name = 'topics'),
	#显示特定主题
	url(r'^topics/(?P<topic_id>\d+)/$', views.topic, name = 'topic'),
	#添加新主题网页
	url(r'^new_topic/$', views.new_topic, name = 'new_topic'),
	#添加新条目页面
	url(r'^new_entry/(?P<topic_id>\d+)/$', views.new_entry, name = 'new_entry'),
]

视图函数new_entry()

修改/learning_log/learning_logs/views.py

from .forms import TopicForm, EntryForm
 ...
 ...

def new_entry(request, topic_id):
	"""在特定主题中添加新项目"""
	topic = Topic.objects.get(id = topic_id)
	
	if request.method != 'POST':
		#未提交数据，创建一个新表单
		form = EntryForm()
	else:
		#对POST提交的数据进行处理
		form = EntryForm(data = request.POST)
		if form.is_valid():
			new_entry = form.save(commit = False)
			new_entry.topic = topic
			new_entry.save()
			return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('learning_logs:topic', args = [topic_id]))
	context = {'topic':topic, 'form':form}
	return render(request, 'learning_logs/new_entry.html', context)

创建模板/learning_log/learning_logs/templates/learning_logs/new_entry.html

{% extends "learning_logs/base.html" %}

{% block content %}
  <p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:topic' topic.id %}">{{topic}}</a></p>
  <p>Add a new entry:</p>
  <form action="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}" method='post'>
    {% csrf_token %}
    {{ form.as_p }}
    <button name="submit">add entry</button>
  </form>
{% endblock content %}

链接到new_entry

修改/learning_log/learning_logs/templates/learning_logs/topic.html

{% extends 'learning_logs/base.html' %}

{% block content %}
  <p>Topic:{{topic}}</p>
  <p>Entries:</p>
  <p><a href="{% url 'learning_logs:new_entry' topic.id %}">add new entry</a></p>
  
  <ul>
    {% for entry in entries %}
      <li>
        <p>{{entry.date_added|date:'M d, Y H:i'}}</p>
        <p>{{entry.text|linebreaks}}</p>
      </li>
    {% empty %}
      <li>There are no entries for this topic yet.</li>
    {% endfor %}
  </ul>
{% endblock content %}