TCP/IP协议族 总结

几点注意：

1. 这篇文章是我复习KTH课程Internetworking时的学习笔记。主要的参考资料为课本与课件。

    课本：Behrouz A. Forouzan, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, 3nd Edition, 2005, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0-07-296772-2

2. 全文篇幅比较长，建议利用目录查找需要的内容

3. 由于课程是英文授课，所以许多地方中英混合出现，写的比较粗糙

4. 有可能会出现图片打不开的情况，翻墙会解决这个问题

5. 我在github上上传了pdf版，有需要可以下载

目录

Lecture 2 Link Layer

1. Basic introduction

2. Collision in Ethernet:

3. Ethernet (有线) address & MAC address

4. Collision in Wireless LAN (Problem 1. Hidden station problem)

5. 数据链路层还分MAC和LLC子层

Review of Lecture 2

Lecture 3 Network layer fundamentals - Basic forwarding IP addressing

1.In general

2. Forwarding

4. Allocate address

Lecture 4 IP

1. IPv4&IPv6 packet

2. IPv4&IPv6 Fragmentation

3. IPv4 header vs IPv6 header

Lecture 5 IP, ARP, more IP and ICMP  

1. ARP

2. IP options (extension header)

3. ICMP

Lecture 6&7 Routing

1.In general

2. Bellman-Ford Algorithm

3. Real network中的问题和解决

4. Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm

5. Link-state vs. Distance-vector

6. Routing Protocols

Lecture 8&9 Transport Layer－UDP, TCP and beyond

1.In general

2. UDP

3. TCP

Lecture 10 &11 Application Layer

1.In general

2.Creating network applications  

3.Web and HTTP  

4. Remote login--Telnet & SSH

5. Email

Lecture 12 DNS

Summary

Lecture 13 IP Configuration 分IP地址

1. BOOTP—Bootstrap Protocol  

2. DHCP—Dynamic Host Configuration  

3. Host Configuration—SLAAC－－Stateless Autoconfiguration

4. IPv6 Autoconfiguration—Plug and Play

5. Stateful and Stateless Autoconfiguration

Lecture 14 IP Security

1. Overview

2. Encapsulation Formats

3. IPsec and IPv6

4. IKE

Lecture 15 IP Gateways

1. Firewall

2. NAT－Network Address Translation

总图

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Lecture 2 Link Layer

1. Basic introduction

Data Link Layer has responsibility transferring datagram between adjacent nodes over a link. (Data link layer packet is a frame, encapsulates datagram into frame.)

Link addressing: MAC address

 

2. Collision in Ethernet:

CSMA: Listen before sending. Half-duplex link. But it cannot avoid all collision because there is propagation delay of each frame.

CSMA/CD: Listen while sending. If collision is detected, abort transmission and retry.

No collision (nowadays used):

Bridge learns location of MAC addresses by inspecting (检查) source address field in incoming frames.

 

3. Ethernet (有线) address & MAC address

The both are 48-bit number used to uniquely identify each computer in a network. The address is usually written in hexadecimal form.

The Ehernet address is the most common form of MAC address.

 

4. Collision in Wireless LAN (Problem 1. Hidden station problem)

To avoid collision (Now we cannot use CDMA/CD), we use CDMA/CA:

Problem 2 (RTS and CTS cannot solve this problem this time.)

C have to wait to send data to D until A finish sending data to B.

 

5. 数据链路层还分MAC和LLC子层

MAC连接LLC子层和下级物理层。从LLC子层接受数据，附加上MAC地址和控制信息后再校验一下放到物理层去。

其中最重要的概念是MAC address。

 

Review of Lecture 2

 

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Lecture 3 Network layer fundamentals - Basic forwarding IP addressing

1.In general

End-to-end delivery of packets independent of the underlying link layer technologies.

Connectionless (只规定destination, 不规定具体路线): Packets may arrive in different paths, and may not receive in order.

IP: Implemented using unicast addresses shared between several hosts.

Direct Dilivery	Indirect Dilivery
Host to host or router to host	Host to router or router to router
– Destination and sender connected to the same physical network • Last delivery is direct – Destination address and local interface have same network address (use netmask)	– From host to router or from router to router – Destination address and forwarding table: forwarding

2. Forwarding

The last one is using nowadays.

No.1

No.2

No.3

3. IPv4 Addressing

(IPv6 address is 128 bit long.)

 

– Address & Mask = NetID (network address)

– Address & !Mask = HostID (host address)

– Address | !Mask = Directed broadcast address

（limited broadcast address是都set to 1，255.255.255.255）

 

4. Allocate address

Address range 是从 network address 到 broadcast address 的.

 

Reading instruction:

Ch 5,12.2,26

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Lecture 4 IP

1. IPv4&IPv6 packet

Packet contains source and destination addresses.

IPv6 没有 header length field (因为长度(不包括extension header)是固定的).

 

2. IPv4&IPv6 Fragmentation

MTU是数据链路层的限制，但是fragmentation发生在网络层

注意UDPheader只有8 bytes长

Flags:

– RF (Reserved Fragment) – for future use (set to 0)

– DF (Dont Fragment).

• Set to 1 if datagram should not be fragmented.

• If set and fragmentation needed, datagram will be discarded and an error message will be returned to the sender

– MF (More Fragments)

• Set to 1 for all fragments, except the last.

IPv6只能在source，不能再中间的router上面做fragmentation

 

3. IPv4 header vs IPv6 header

	IPv4	IPv6
header length	20-60 bytes	40 bytes
header length field	有	没有 (header length fixed)
name of down-counter lifetime of every datagram (可以自行设置, Default initial value: 64)	TTL (8 bit) 每经过router, -1. =0时丢弃 Every router holding a datagram for more than 1 second should decrement the TTL by the number of seconds	Hop Limit (8 bit)
	connectionless	connection-oriented Because of the adding of flow label (textbook P830)

 

IP Network layer functions	IPv4实现方法	IPv6实现方法
Logical addressing	Locating hosts
Routing	Path determination
Forwarding	Move Packet from input to output of the routers
Fragmentation	Adaption to lower layer
Multiplexing/demultiplexing （多路复用和解复用）	Many transport layer protocols
Error detection + avoidance	checksum	-
QoS (Quality of Service)	ToS (Type of Service): 8 bit	Traffic Class: 8 bit Flow Label: 20 bit

[1] The flow label field allows labeling packets belonging to a particular flow for which the sender requests the same handling. A flow is identified by the source address, destination address, and a nonzero flow label, and packets belonging to a flow should be treated the same way by a router (rfc6437)

The first 6 bits of the traffic class field hold the DiffServ Code Points (DSCP), which can be used for classifying packets in order to implement priorities. The last 2 bits are used for ECN, and serve for signaling congestion in the network. (rfc3260)

Reading instruction:

Ch 6,7,27

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Lecture 5 IP, ARP, more IP and ICMP  

1. ARP

已知IP address，想得到MAC address：ARP （Address Resolution Protocol）  

已知Name（域名，比如kth.se)，想得到IP address： DNS

注意这个过程在高速缓存cache中存储了，所以第二次传输datagram的时候不需要再进行APR request (broadcast) 和APR reply (unicast)。

[2] Address Resolution的方式包括：

(用于IPv4的Address Resolution Protocol – ARP，这一部分中介绍)

(用于IPv6的Neighbor Discovery Protocol – ICMPv6，单独在3. ICMP中介绍)

代理ARP：

 

2. IP options (extension header)

	IPv4	IPv6
Purpose	Control, testing and debugging of the network functionality
Length	IPv4: Max 40 bytes (Max header length is 60 bytes in IPv4)	IPv6: No limitations
Option Format
Option Type	End of option	Hop-by-hop options (Pad1&PadN&jumbao payload) 用于当source需要把信息传递给datagram经过的所有routers时. eg,.if the length of the datagram is more than the usual 65535 bytes.
	No operation	Routing
	Loose source route	Fragment
	Timestamp	Authentication Header
	Record route	Encapsulating Security Payload