9、力扣刷题心得（七）队列和栈

下面是使用内置队列库及其常见操作的一些示例

// "static void main" must be defined in a public class.
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 1. Initialize a queue.
        Queue<Integer> q = new LinkedList();
        // 2. Get the first element - return null if queue is empty.
        System.out.println("The first element is: " + q.peek());
        // 3. Push new element.
        q.offer(5);
        q.offer(13);
        q.offer(8);
        q.offer(6);
        // 4. Pop an element.
        q.poll();
        // 5. Get the first element.
        System.out.println("The first element is: " + q.peek());
        // 7. Get the size of the queue.
        System.out.println("The size is: " + q.size());
    }
}

广度优先搜索 - 模板

/**
 * Return the length of the shortest path between root and target node.
 */
int BFS(Node root, Node target) {
    Queue<Node> queue;  // store all nodes which are waiting to be processed
    int step = 0;       // number of steps neeeded from root to current node
    // initialize
    add root to queue;
    // BFS
    while (queue is not empty) {
        step = step + 1;
        // iterate the nodes which are already in the queue
        int size = queue.size();
        for (int i = 0; i < size; ++i) {
            Node cur = the first node in queue;
            return step if cur is target;
            for (Node next : the neighbors of cur) {
                add next to queue;
            }
            remove the first node from queue;
        }
    }
    return -1;          // there is no path from root to target
}

栈的实现比队列容易。动态数组足以实现堆栈结构。这里我们提供了一个简单的实现供你参考：

// "static void main" must be defined in a public class.
class MyStack {
    private List<Integer> data;               // store elements
    public MyStack() {
        data = new ArrayList<>();
    }
    /** Insert an element into the stack. */
    public void push(int x) {
        data.add(x);
    }
    /** Checks whether the queue is empty or not. */
    public boolean isEmpty() {
        return data.isEmpty();
    }
    /** Get the top item from the queue. */
    public int top() {
        return data.get(data.size() - 1);
    }
    /** Delete an element from the queue. Return true if the operation is successful. */
    public boolean pop() {
        if (isEmpty()) {
            return false;
        }
        data.remove(data.size() - 1);
        return true;
    }
};

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MyStack s = new MyStack();
        s.push(1);
        s.push(2);
        s.push(3);
        for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
            if (!s.isEmpty()) {
                System.out.println(s.top());
            }
            System.out.println(s.pop());
        }
    }
}

大多数流行的语言都提供了内置的栈库，因此你不必重新发明轮子。

// "static void main" must be defined in a public class.
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 1. Initialize a stack.
        Stack<Integer> s = new Stack<>();
        // 2. Push new element.
        s.push(5);
        s.push(13);
        s.push(8);
        s.push(6);
        // 3. Check if stack is empty.
        if (s.empty() == true) {
            System.out.println("Stack is empty!");
            return;
        }
        // 4. Pop an element.
        s.pop();
        // 5. Get the top element.
        System.out.println("The top element is: " + s.peek());
        // 6. Get the size of the stack.
        System.out.println("The size is: " + s.size());
    }
}

有两种实现 DFS 的方法。第一种方法是进行递归，这一点你可能已经很熟悉了。这里我们提供了一个模板作为参考：

/*
 * Return true if there is a path from cur to target.
 */
boolean DFS(Node cur, Node target, Set<Node> visited) {
    return true if cur is target;
    for (next : each neighbor of cur) {
        if (next is not in visited) {
            add next to visted;
            return true if DFS(next, target, visited) == true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

递归解决方案的优点是它更容易实现。 但是，存在一个很大的缺点：如果递归的深度太高，你将遭受堆栈溢出。 在这种情况下，您可能会希望使用 BFS，或使用显式栈实现 DFS。

/*
 * Return true if there is a path from cur to target.
 * 感觉不太对
 */
boolean DFS(int root, int target) {
    Set<Node> visited;
    Stack<Node> s;
    add root to s;
    while (s is not empty) {
        Node cur = the top element in s;
        return true if cur is target;
        for (Node next : the neighbors of cur) {    // 这一行理解为寻找。。。。
            if (next is not in visited) {
                add next to s;
                add next to visited;
            }
        }
        remove cur from s;
    }
    return false;
}

再多说一些代码开发上的习惯问题，在工业级别代码开发中，最忌讳的就是 实现一个类似的函数，直接把代码粘过来改一改就完事了。

一定要懂得复用，功能相近的函数要抽象出来，不要大量的复制粘贴，很容易出问题！（踩过坑的人自然懂）

由于栈结构的特殊性，非常适合做对称匹配类的题目