一、模版的执行
模版的创建过程,对于模版,其实就是读取模版(其中嵌套着模版标签),然后将 Model 中获取的数据插入到模版中,最后将信息返回给用户。
def current_time(request):
now = datetime.datetime.now()
html = "<html><body>It is now %s.</body></html>" % now
return HttpResponse(html)
from django import template
t = template.Template('My name is {{ name }}.')
c = template.Context({'name': 'Adrian'})
print t.render(c)
import datetime
from django import template
import DjangoDemo.settings
now = datetime.datetime.now()
fp = open(settings.BASE_DIR+'/templates/Home/Index.html')
t = template.Template(fp.read())
fp.close()
html = t.render(template.Context({'current_date': now}))
return HttpResponse(html)
from django.template.loader import get_template
from django.template import Context
from django.http import HttpResponse
import datetime
def current_datetime(request):
now = datetime.datetime.now()
t = get_template('current_datetime.html')
html = t.render(Context({'current_date': now}))
return HttpResponse(html)
return render_to_response('Account/Login.html',data,context_instance=RequestContext(request))
二、模版语言
模板中也有自己的语言,该语言可以实现数据展示
{{ item }}
{% for item in item_list %} <a>{{ item }}</a> {% endfor %}
forloop.counter
forloop.first
forloop.last
{% if ordered_warranty %} {% else %} {% endif %}
母板:{% block title %}{% endblock %}
子板:{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block title %}{% endblock %}
帮助方法:
{{ item.event_start|date:"Y-m-d H:i:s"}}
{{ bio|truncatewords:"30" }}
{{ my_list|first|upper }}
{{ name|lower }}
三、自定义simple_tag
(1)在app(也就是项目)中创建templatetags模块
(2)创建任意 .py 文件,如:xx.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
#coding:utf-8
from django import template
from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe
register = template.Library()
@register.simple_tag
def my_simple_time(v1,v2,v3):
return v1 + v2 + v3
@register.simple_tag
def my_input(id,arg):
result = "<input type='text' id='%s' class='%s' />" %(id,arg,)
return mark_safe(result)
(3)在使用自定义simple_tag的html文件中导入之前创建的 xx.py 文件名
{% load xx %}
(4)使用simple_tag
{% my_simple_time 1 2 3%}
{% my_input 'id_username' 'hide'%}
(5)在settings中配置当前app,不然django无法找到自定义的simple_tag
INSTALLED_APPS = (
'django.contrib.admin',
'django.contrib.auth',
'django.contrib.contenttypes',
'django.contrib.sessions',
'django.contrib.messages',
'django.contrib.staticfiles',
'app01',
)
更多见文档:https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.10/ref/templates/language/
四、中间件
django 中的中间件(middleware),在django中,中间件其实就是一个类,在请求到来和结束后,django会根据自己的规则在合适的时机执行中间件中相应的方法。
在django项目的settings模块中,有一个MIDDLEWARE 变量,其中每一个元素就是一个中间件,如下图。
与mange.py在同一目录下的文件夹 loan/middleware下的auth.py文件中的Authentication类
中间件中可以定义四个方法,分别是:
process_request(self,request)
process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs)
process_template_response(self,request,response) #如果views中的函数返回值中,具有render方法,才会执行此函数
process_exception(self, request, exception) #views函数出错,才会执行此方法,exception是异常信息
process_response(self, request, response)
以上方法的返回值可以是None和HttpResonse对象,如果是None,则继续按照django定义的规则向下执行,如果是HttpResonse对象,则直接将该对象返回给用户。
五、自定义中间件
1、创建中间件类
from django.utils.deprecation import MiddlewareMixin
class RequestExeute(MiddlewareMixin):
def process_request(self,request):
pass
def process_view(self, request, callback, callback_args, callback_kwargs):
i =1
pass
def process_exception(self, request, exception):
if isinstance(exception,ValueError):
print('xxx')
def process_response(self, request, response):
return response
def process_template_response(self,request,response):
return response
2、注册中间件
MIDDLEWARE = (
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.SessionAuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
'loan.middleware.auth.RequestExeute',
)
3、请求的生命周期
用户请求–>所有中间件的process_request方法–>URL–>函数–>到所有路由映射的匹配成功后,拿到对应的函数以及view函数里面的参数–>然后折回来,从第一个的中间件process_view方法以此执行–>所有中间件的process_response方法,返回给用户
六、admin
django amdin是django提供的一个后台管理页面,改管理页面提供完善的html和css,使得你在通过Model创建完数据库表之后,就可以对数据进行增删改查,而使用django admin 则需要以下步骤:
创建后台管理员
配置url
注册和配置django admin后台管理页面
1、创建后台管理员
python manage.py createsuperuser
2、配置后台管理url
url(r'^admin/', include(admin.site.urls))
3、注册和配置django admin 后台管理页面
3.1 在admin中执行如下配置
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import models
admin.site.register(models.UserType)
admin.site.register(models.UserInfo)
admin.site.register(models.UserGroup)
admin.site.register(models.Asset)
3.2 设置数据表名称
class UserType(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
class Meta:
verbose_name = '用户类型'
verbose_name_plural = '用户类型'
3.3 打开表之后,设定默认显示,需要在model中作如下配置
class UserType(models.Model):
name = models.CharField(max_length=50)
def __str__(self):
return self.name
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import models
class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('username', 'password', 'email')
admin.site.register(models.UserType)
admin.site.register(models.UserInfo,UserInfoAdmin)
admin.site.register(models.UserGroup)
admin.site.register(models.Asset)
3.4 为数据表添加搜索功能
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import models
class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('username', 'password', 'email')
search_fields = ('username', 'email')
admin.site.register(models.UserType)
admin.site.register(models.UserInfo,UserInfoAdmin)
admin.site.register(models.UserGroup)
admin.site.register(models.Asset)
3.5 添加快速过滤
from django.contrib import admin
from app01 import models
class UserInfoAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('username', 'password', 'email')
search_fields = ('username', 'email')
list_filter = ('username', 'email')
admin.site.register(models.UserType)
admin.site.register(models.UserInfo,UserInfoAdmin)
admin.site.register(models.UserGroup)
admin.site.register(models.Asset)
3.6 admin中现在外键字段
class Configure(models.Model):
osinfo = models.CharField(max_length=128,default='Centos7',verbose_name='操作系统版本')
config = models.CharField(max_length=256,default='4核32G',verbose_name='配置信息')
brandwidth = models.CharField(max_length=12,default=None,null=True,blank=True,verbose_name='公网带宽')
disk = models.CharField(max_length=20,default='100G',verbose_name='磁盘空间')
price = models.IntegerField(null=True,blank=True,verbose_name='价格(元/年)',default=None)
note = models.CharField(max_length=50,verbose_name='备注',blank=True,null=True,default=None)
def __str__(self):
return "%s/%s" %(self.config,self.note)
class Meta:
verbose_name ="服务器配置表"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
class Host(models.Model):
outaddress = models.CharField(verbose_name='公网IP',blank=True,null=True,max_length=256,default='')
inaddress = models.CharField(verbose_name='内网IP',max_length=256,default='192.168.0.112')
configure = models.ForeignKey(Configure,on_delete=None,verbose_name='配置信息',blank=True,null=True)
duetime = models.CharField(verbose_name='到期时间',default=None,blank=True,null=True,max_length=30)
note = models.CharField(max_length=100,verbose_name='备注',blank=True,null=True,default=None)
def __str__(self):
return "%s/%s" %(self.inaddress,self.note)
class Meta:
verbose_name ="主机信息表"
verbose_name_plural = verbose_name
##admin.py
from django.contrib import admin
from services.models import Configure,Host
class ConfigAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ['osInfo','config','brandwidth','disk','price','note']
list_per_page = 30
class HostAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
list_display = ('outaddress','inaddress','brandwidth','configure','disk','price','duetime','note')
list_per_page = 30
def price(self, obj):
return obj.configure.price
price.short_description = '价格(元/年)'
price.admin_order_field = 'configure__price' #外键字段的值
def disk(self, obj):
return obj.configure.disk
disk.short_description = '磁盘空间'
disk.admin_order_field = 'configure__disk'
def brandwidth(self, obj):
return obj.configure.brandwidth
brandwidth.short_description = '公网带宽'
brandwidth.admin_order_field = 'configure__brandwidth'
admin.site.register(Configure,ConfigAdmin)
admin.site.register(Host,HostAdmin)