罗马数字转整数

罗马数字包含以下七种字符: I， V， X， L，C，D 和 M。

字符          数值
I             1
V             5
X             10
L             50
C             100
D             500
M             1000
例如， 罗马数字 2 写做 II ，即为两个并列的 1。12 写做 XII ，即为 X + II 。 27 写做  XXVII, 即为 XX + V + II 。

通常情况下，罗马数字中小的数字在大的数字的右边。但也存在特例，例如 4 不写做 IIII，而是 IV。数字 1 在数字 5 的左边，所表示的数等于大数 5 减小数 1 得到的数值 4 。同样地，数字 9 表示为 IX。这个特殊的规则只适用于以下六种情况：

I 可以放在 V (5) 和 X (10) 的左边，来表示 4 和 9。
X 可以放在 L (50) 和 C (100) 的左边，来表示 40 和 90。 
C 可以放在 D (500) 和 M (1000) 的左边，来表示 400 和 900。
给定一个罗马数字，将其转换成整数。输入确保在 1 到 3999 的范围内。

示例 1:

输入: "III"
输出: 3
示例 2:

输入: "IV"
输出: 4
示例 3:

输入: "IX"
输出: 9
示例 4:

输入: "LVIII"
输出: 58
解释: L = 50, V= 5, III = 3.
示例 5:

输入: "MCMXCIV"
输出: 1994
解释: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90, IV = 4.

package com.ljm.easy.onetofifty;

/**
 * Created by linjiaming
 * Roman numerals are represented by seven different symbols: I, V, X, L, C, D and M.
 *
 * Symbol       Value
 * I             1
 * V             5
 * X             10
 * L             50
 * C             100
 * D             500
 * M             1000
 * For example, two is written as II in Roman numeral, just two one's added together. 
 * Twelve is written as, XII, which is simply X + II. The number twenty seven is written as XXVII, which is XX + V + II.
 *
 * Roman numerals are usually written largest to smallest from left to right. 
 * However, the numeral for four is not IIII. Instead, the number four is written as IV. 
 * Because the one is before the five we subtract it making four. The same principle applies to the number nine, 
 * which is written as IX. There are six instances where subtraction is used:
 *
 * I can be placed before V (5) and X (10) to make 4 and 9. 
 * X can be placed before L (50) and C (100) to make 40 and 90. 
 * C can be placed before D (500) and M (1000) to make 400 and 900.
 * Given a roman numeral, convert it to an integer. Input is guaranteed to be within the range from 1 to 3999.
 *
 * Example 1:
 *
 * Input: "III"
 * Output: 3
 * Example 2:
 *
 * Input: "IV"
 * Output: 4
 * Example 3:
 *
 * Input: "IX"
 * Output: 9
 * Example 4:
 *
 * Input: "LVIII"
 * Output: 58
 * Explanation: L = 50, V= 5, III = 3.
 * Example 5:
 *
 * Input: "MCMXCIV"
 * Output: 1994
 * Explanation: M = 1000, CM = 900, XC = 90 and IV = 4.
 *
 *
 */
public class RomanToInteger {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int iv = romanToInt2("ICD");
        System.out.println(iv);
    }

    /**
     * 方法一
     * @param s
     * @return
     */
    public static int romanToInt1(String s) {
        int result = 0;
        if (s.contains("IV")) {
            result = result + 4;
            s = s.replace("IV","");
        }
        if (s.contains("IX")) {
            result = result + 9;
            s = s.replace("IX","");
        }
        if (s.contains("XL")) {
            result = result + 40;
            s = s.replace("XL","");
        }
        if (s.contains("XC")) {
            result = result + 90;
            s = s.replace("XC","");
        }
        if (s.contains("CD")) {
            result = result + 400;
            s = s.replace("CD","");
        }
        if (s.contains("CM")) {
            result = result + 900;
            s = s.replace("CM","");
        }
        char[] chars = s.toCharArray();
        for (int i = 0; i < chars.length; i++) {
            switch (chars[i]) {
                case 'I' : result = result +1;break;
                case 'V' : result = result +5;break;
                case 'X' : result = result +10;break;
                case 'L' : result = result +50;break;
                case 'C' : result = result +100;break;
                case 'D' : result = result +500;break;
                case 'M' : result = result +1000;break;
            }
        }
        return result;
    }


    /**
     * 方法二
     * @param s
     * @return
     */
    public static int romanToInt2(String s) {
        int result = 0;
        for (int i = s.length()-1, rLast = 0; i >= 0; i--) {
            char c = s.charAt(i);
            int r = romanCharToInt(c);
            if (r < rLast) {
                result -= r;
            } else {
                result += r;
            }
            rLast = r;
        }
        return result;
    }

    private static int romanCharToInt(char c) {
        int result = 0;
        switch (c){
            case 'I': return 1;
            case 'V': return 5;
            case 'X': return 10;
            case 'L': return 50;
            case 'C': return 100;
            case 'D': return 500;
            case 'M': return 1000;
        }
        return result;
    }
}