MySQL04--MySQL使用示例

1.数据的准备

1.创建一个数据库

create database python_test charset=utf8;

2.使用一个数据库

`use python_test;`

3.显示使用的当前数据库是哪个?

`select database();`

4.创建一个数据表

students表

    create table students(
        id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
        name varchar(20) default '',
        age tinyint unsigned default 0,
        height decimal(5,2),
        gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
        cls_id int unsigned default 0,
        is_delete bit default 0
    );

classes表

    create table classes (
        id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
        name varchar(30) not null
    );

2.查询

1.查询所有字段

select * from 表名;
select * from students;
select * from classes;
select id, name from classes;

2.查询指定字段

select 列1,列2,... from 表名;
select name, age from classes;

3.使用 as 给字段起别名

select 字段 as 名字.... from 表名;
select name as 姓名, age as 年龄 from classes;
select 表名.字段 .... from 表名;
select students.name, students.age from students;

4.通过 as 给表起别名

select 别名.字段 .... from 表名 as 别名;
select students.name, students.age from students;
select s.name, s.age from students as s;
– 失败的select students.name, students.age from students as s;

5.消除重复行

distinct 字段
select distinct gender from students;

6.条件查询

比较运算符
select … from 表名 where …
查询大于18岁的信息
select * from students where age>18;
select id,name,gender from students where age>18;

查询小于18岁的信息
select * from students where age<18;

查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
select * from students where age=18; --注意是1个=号

逻辑运算符and
18到28岁之间所有学生的信息
select * from students where age>18 and age<28;
– 失败select * from students where age>18 and <28;

18岁以上的女性
select * from students where age>18 and gender="女";
select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;

or
18岁以上或者身高查过180(包含)以上
select * from students where age>18 and height>=180;

not
不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);

年龄不是小于或者等于18 并且是女性
select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;

模糊查询
– like
– % 替换0个或者多个
– _ 替换1个
– 查询姓名中 以 “小” 开始的名字
select name from students where name=“小”;
select name from students where name like “小%”;

查询姓名中 有"小" 所有的名字
select name from students where name like "%小%";

查询有2个字的名字
select name from students where name like "__";

查询有3个字的名字
select name from students where name like "___";

查询至少有2个字的名字
select name from students where name like "__%";

rlike 正则
查询以 周开始的姓名
select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";

查询已 周开始、伦结尾的姓名
select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";

范围查询
in（1, 3，8 ）表示在一个非连续的范围内
查询 年龄为18、34的名字
select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34;
select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34 or age=12;
select name,age from students where age in (12, 18, 34);

not in 不非连续的范围之内
年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
select name,age from students where age not in (12, 18, 34);

between … and …表示在一个连续的范围内
查询 年龄在18到34之间的信息,包含18和34
select name,age from students where age between 18 and 34;

not between … and …表示不在一个连续的范围内
查询 年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息
select * from students where age not between 18 and 34; –记这种用法
select * from students where not age between 18 and 34;
– 失败的select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);–not between 是一个整体用法,所以不能用括号分开

空判断
判空is null
查询身高为空的信息
select * from students where height is null;
select * from students where height is NULL;
select * from students where height is Null;

判非空is not null
select * from students where height is not null;

排序
order by 字段
– asc从小到大排列，即升序
– desc从大到小排序，即降序

查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到到排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;

查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;

order by 多个字段
查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc, age asc;

查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,
如果年龄也相同那么按照id动大到小排序
select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc, age asc, id desc;

按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序
select * from students order by age asc, height desc;

聚合函数
总数
count
– 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
select * from students where gender=1;
select count(*) from students where gender=1;
select count(*) as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;

最大值
– max
– 查询最大的年龄
select age from students;
select max(age) from students;

查询女性的最高 身高
select max(height) from students where gender=2;

最小值
– min

求和
– sum
– 计算所有人的年龄总和
select sum(age) from students;

平均值
– avg
– 计算平均年龄
select avg(age) from students;

计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
select sum(age)/count(*) from students;

四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数
计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 2) from students;
select round(sum(age)/count(*), 3) from students;

计算男性的平均身高 2表示保留2位小数
select round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
select name,round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1; 错误,name有一个,avg有多个

分组
– group by
– 按照性别分组, 查询所有的性别
select name from students group by gender; --失败,不能唯一标记??
select * from students group by gender; --失败 ,不唯一标记
select gender from students group by gender;
– 失败select * from students group by gender; --???

计算每种性别中的人数
select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;

计算男性的人数
select gender,count(*) from students where gender=1 group by gender;

group_concat(…)
查询同种性别中的姓名
select gender, group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender, group_concat(name, age, id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
select gender, group_concat(name, "_", age, " ", id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;

having对前面筛选后的数据进行再过滤,where是对表进行筛选,where在前面
查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
select gender, group_concat(name), avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;

查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
select gender, group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;

– 分页
limit start, count

限制查询出来的数据格式
select * from students where gender=1 limit 2;

查询前5个数据, 0 表示开始的位置,5表示显示几个
select * from students limit 0,5;

查询id6-10（包含）的书序
select * from students limit 5,5;

每页显示2个，第1个页面
select * from students limit 0,2;

每页显示2个，第2个页面
select * from students limit 2,2;

每页显示2个，第3个页面
select * from students limit 4,2;

每页显示2个，第4个页面
select * from students limit 6,2; -- -----> limit (第N页-1)*每个的个数, 每页的个数;

每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
– 失败select * from students limit 2*(6-1),2;
– 失败select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;
select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;
select * from students where gender=2 order by age desc limit 0,2;

链接查询
– inner join … on on后面跟限制条件
– select * from 表A inner join 表B;
select * from students inner join classes;

查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

按照要求显示姓名、班级
select students.* classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
select students.name classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;

给数据表起名字
select s.name c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

查询 又能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 显示学生的所有信息, 只显示班级名称
select s.*,c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

在以上的查询中，将班级姓名显示在第1列
select c.name,s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级进行排序
– select c.xxx s.xxx from student as s inner join clssses as c on … order by …;
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;

当时同一个班级的时候, 按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id;

left join
– 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;

查询没有对应班级信息的学生
– select … from xxx as s left join xxx as c on… where …
– select … from xxx as s left join xxx as c on… having …
select s.*, c.name from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id where c.name is null;
select s.*, c.name from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id having c.name is null;

right join
– 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

– 自关联
– 省级联动 url:http://demo.lanrenzhijia.com/2014/city0605/

查询所有省份
select * from areas where pid is null;

查询出山东省有哪些市
select * from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";

查询出青岛市有哪些县城
select * from areas as city inner join areas as province on city.pid=province.aid where province.atitle="青岛市";

子查询
标量子查询
– 查询出高于平均身高的信息
select * from students where height > (select avg(height) from students);

查询最高的男生信息
select * from students where height = 188;
select * from students where height = (select max(height) from students);

列级子查询
– 查询学生的班级号能够对应的学生信息
select * from students where cls_id in (1, 2);
select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);