英语4级/6级/考研（混合）

Beyond Convention: The Mystery Behind Our Drive for Creativity

超越传统：我们创造力源泉背后的秘密

What ignites our passion to pioneer, 什么点燃了我们创造的热情，even when it might cost us time, effort, and our standing, potentially culminating in a profound set back? 即使这将会花费我们的时间、精力和地位，或者潜在地以深远的挫折而告终？

• standing地位
• culminate in 以……为告终，到达顶点，

The roots of creativity are intricate and we’re just starting to unravel them，with motivation being a pivotal component . 创造力的根源是错综复杂的，我们才刚刚开始揭露它们，动机是它们的核心组成部分。

• intricate错综复杂的
• unravel揭露揭开
• pivotal关键核心的
• component组成部分

However, merely chasing an objective doesn’t fully clarify why we prioritize certain thoughts over others or if such selections contribute positively to the outcomes of our endeavors. 然而，仅仅追随目标并不能全面地阐明我们为什么优先将特定的想法置于其他想法之前，或者是否这样的选择将会对我们努力的结果做出积极的贡献。

• chase追赶追逐
• prioritize给…排出优先级、优先处理
• endeavor努力尽力

Researchers currently agree that the creative process consists of two successive phases: generating new ideas and evaluating their potential. 研究人员近期表明创造力过程由两个连续的阶段组成：产生新的想法，和评估它们的潜力。

• successive连续的
• phase阶段、时期、相位

But they have yet to learn how this evaluation is carried out and what leads us to retain some ideas rather than others. 但是他们已经了解了这种评估是如何产生的，并且什么导致我们保留一些主意而不是其他的主意。

• retain保留

Objectifying the inner movement of the blossoming of ideas

物化想法迸发的内在活动

• objectify 将……物化

• blossom 花朵、开花

Modeling the creative process as a sequence of operations involving distinct brain networks does not correspond to a popular conception of creativity, which is usually represented as a momentum that seizes, transports, and surpasses us. 将创造力过程建模为涉及大脑不同区域网络的一系列操作，和广受欢迎的创造力概念并不相符，普通创造力概念通常被认为抓住、运输和超越我们的动力。

• model建模、模型
• distinct不同的、有区别的
• correspond to和……相符的
• momentum动量、动力
• seize抓住
• transport运输
• surpass超越

On the contrary, 相反地，Emmanuelle Volle’s team believes that creativity has three fundamental dimensions that can be modeled using mathematical tools: Emmanuelle Volle 的团队相信创造力有三个基础的维度，是可以通过数学工具建模的：

• dimension：维度、方面

Exploration, which is based on personal knowledge and makes it possible to imagine possible options; evaluation, which consists of gauging the qualities of an idea; and selection, which allows us to choose the concept that will be verbalized. 探索，基于个人的知识，让想出可能的选择成为可能；评估，由评估一个想法的质量组成；选择，允许我们选择将要表达的概念。

To understand the reciprocal relationships between these three dimensions, the researchers reproduced them in a computational model — which they compared with the actual behavior of individuals recruited for the study. 为了理解三个维度的相互关系，研究人员在一个模拟计算的模型中再现了它们，与为研究而招募的个体们的实际行为作比较。

• reciprocal相互的、相应的、互惠的
• reproduce再现、再生产、再造、复现

“Our results indicate that the subjective evaluation of ideas plays an important role in creativity,” says Emmanuelle Volle, a neurologist. 神经科医生 Emmanuelle Volle 说：”我们的结果表明，想法的目标评估在创造力中扮演着重要的角色“。

• indicate表明
• neurologist 神经科医生、神经病学家

”We observed a relationship between the speed of production of new ideas and participants’ level of appreciation of these ideas. In other words, the more you like the idea you are about to formulate, the faster you come up with it." “我们观察了新的想法产生的速度和参与测试人员评估这些想法的水平之间的关系。换句话说，你越喜欢这个你将要构想的想法，你将会越快地产生它。”

• formulate构想

“Imagine, for example, a cook who intends to make a sauce: the more the combination of flavors seduces him in his mind, the faster he will throw himself on the ingredients! Our other discovery is that this assessment combines two subjective criteria: originality and relevance.” “想象一下，例如，一个厨师，想要制作一个料理：他脑海中的风味组合越吸引他，他就会更快地让自己投入到原料中！我们其他的发现是这种评估结合了两个主观标准：创意性和相关性。”

• sauce料理
• flavor风味、滋味、特色
• seduce引诱、吸引
• ingredient原料
• assessment评估
• subjective主观的
• criteria标准
• originality创意、独特性、创造性
• relevance相关性、关联、实用

What individuals preferences promote creativity？ 什么样的个人偏好促进创造力？

• promote促进

The team shows that the importance of these two criteria varies between individuals. It all depends on their experience, personality, and probably their environment, adds the researcher. 研究人员补充说道，团队表明这两个标准的重要性在个体之间是不同的。这完全取决于经验、个性，也可能与它们的环境有关。

Some favor the originality of an idea over its relevance; for others, it’s the other way around. 一些人偏爱一个想法的创意性胜过相关性；另一些人则相反。

• favor钟爱
• the other way around相反的

However, preferring either originality or relevance has a role in creative thinking: we have shown that individuals inclined to original ideas suggest more inventive concepts. 然而，偏爱创意性亦或者偏爱相关性在创造性思维中都发挥作用：我们已经表明倾向于原创想法的个体显示更多的创新概念。

• incline to倾向于
• inventive有创意的、创新的 词根invention发明

Can Listening To Podcasts Provide Social Fulfillment?

听播客能够提供社交满足感吗？

• podcast播客

These days, it seems like everyone has a podcast. In the podcasting boom of recent years, we’ve seen a rise in true crime series, news recap shows, nostalgia-baiting rewatches, call-in advice programs and more. Popular podcasts have been adapted into books, films and television shows. 这段时间，好像每个人都有听播客。在播客繁荣发展的近年，我们已经看到了在真实犯罪系列、新闻概要节目、激发怀旧的经典重播、电话求助节目等的兴起。广受欢迎的播客已经被改编成书籍、电影和电视节目。

• boom繁荣
• recap概要
• nostalgia怀旧、念旧
• bait激发、引诱
• be adapted into 被改编为……

The appeal of podcasts is easy to understand. They provide a source of entertainment, education and introspection to accompany us as we commute to work, clean our homes or engage in other mundane tasks. 播客的吸引力是容易理解的。它们提供了娱乐、教育和反省的资源，陪伴我们上下班通勤、打扫房屋或者从事一些其他平凡单调的任务。

• appeal吸引力、呼吁、诉求
• introspection反省、自省
• commute通勤
• engage in从事参加
• engage从事、交战
• mundane平凡单调的

Many people also compare the experience of listening to their favorite podcast to hanging out with a familiar friend. This is especially common for formats that involve multiple hosts in conversation with each other.许多人也把听他们最喜欢的播客比作跟熟悉的朋友出去玩一样。如果播客的形式涉及多个主持人相互聊天，那么这种感觉就显得尤为常见。

• compare除了有比较的意思，还有把……比作的意思
• hang out出去玩

But can listening to podcasts actually provide a sense of social fulfillment on par with spending time with loved ones? We asked experts to weigh in. 但是听播客真的能够提供一种和心爱的人共度时光相当的社交满足感吗？我们询问专家来考量。

• on par with: 与……相当的
• par：标准、价值相等的、一般水准的
• weigh in：称重

There is an undeniable element of social connection. 社交连接有一个无法否定的元素

• undeniable 无法否定的
• deny否定、拒绝

“Listening to a compelling podcast can absolutely provide a form of social fulfillment,” said Meg Gitlin, a New York City-based psychotherapist. “These conversations, especially those with multiple hosts, can be incredibly dynamic and thought-provoking.” ”听一个引人入胜的播客确实绝对能够提供一种社交满足感，“ 纽约市心理治疗师麦格·吉特林说，”这些交流，尤其是多主持的，是难以置信的动态和思维激发。

• compelling引人入胜的
• psychotherapist心理治疗师
• psychology心理学，therapy治疗
• therapist治疗师，psycho - therapy心理治疗
• provoke激发、引起

Podcast listeners who tune in regularly might develop a familiarity with the hosts’ personalities, daily routines, personal preferences and opinions. Popular hosts tend to be relatable and likely attract fans with similar worldviews. The result is that listeners feel affirmed and have a sense of intimacy. 定期收听播客的听众可能对主持的个性、日常生活、个人喜好和观点比较熟悉。受欢迎的主持比较有亲和力，更容易吸吸引有相似世界观的粉丝。结果就是听众感觉到肯定，有了亲密的感觉

• tune in 收听
• relatable相关的、有亲和力的
• intimacy n.亲密
• intimate adj.亲密的

“Podcasts may be particularly likely to foster these types of feelings because they tend to feature more naturalistic conversations and dialogues,” said T.Makana Chock, a media psychologist and communications professor at Syracuse University. “It may feel as if you were listening to your friends talking to each other.” Syracuse大学的一个媒体心理学家和传播学教授 T.马卡拿·乔克说：”播客或许更容易有这种类型的感觉，因为他们倾向于以自然的对话和对白为特点。就感觉好像你在听你的朋友们互相说话一样。“

• foster促进、促成。

A study published in 2022 concluded that podcasts can provide educational and social fulfillment, helping people satisfy that deep human need for connection with others. The informal and intimate nature of the discussion especially appeals to those who feel a strong need to belong.一个发表于2022年的研究得出结论：播客能够提供教育上的和社交上的满足感，帮助人们满足人类对互相联系的深度需求。不拘礼节、亲密无间的自然对话尤其吸引那些需要强烈归属感的人。

• formal正式的
• informal非正式的、不拘礼节的、友好随便的、日常的

“Podcasts can make us feel like we are a part of a great cocktail party conversation or a fly on the wall,” said Sue Varma, a clinical assistant professor of psychiatry at New York University Langone Health. “Humans are drawn to people talking — we want to be in the know. Podcasts can make us feel like we are a part of something bigger. We feel like we are being included. Feeling like we belong, like we matter, is one of our fundamental needs.” “播客让我们感觉好像我们就是鸡尾酒交流会的一部分或者一个观察者，” 一个纽约大学Langone健康临床精神病助理教授Sue Varma说:“人类会被人们的谈话所吸引——我们想要了解情况。播客让我们感觉我们是某个大事的一部分。我们感觉好像我们被包含在内。感觉我们有归属，我们很重要，是我们的基础需求之一。”

• cocktail: 鸡尾酒
• a fly on the wall: 一个观察者
• clinical: 临床的
• psychiatry n. 精神病学、精神病治疗
• be drawn to …… 被……吸引
• in the know: 知情的，了解情况的、消息灵通的

But this experience comes with limitations. 但是这种体验是有限制的。

“It is important to acknowledge there are limitations to the kind of socialization provided because the listener isn’t actually part of the conversation,” Gitlin said. “They may feel they are intimately involved in the podcasters’ lives, and yet, they have no voice and, thus, no real relevancy in the conversation. The podcasters may care about the issues and how they impact people’s lives, but there is no real relationship with the listeners themselves.” 吉特林说，意识到这种社交提供是有限制的，因为听众并不是交流的真实一部分，他们可能感觉亲密地涉及播客者的生活，然而他们没有发言权，除此之外，没有真实的交流关系。播客者可能关心这些问题和他们是如何影响人们的生活的，但是他们和听众本身并没有真实的关系。

Instead, many listeners form parasocial relationships with their favorite podcast hosts. These are inherently one-sided relationships that people develop with media figures, celebrities or even fictional characters. 相反，许多听众和他们最喜欢的主播之间构成了一种准社交关系。本质上说是一种人们和媒体人物、名人或者甚至是小说角色之间的单向关系。

• parasocial: 准社交
• inherently内在地、本质上地
• figure人物、数字、特征、图形、图表、认为、弄清楚

“You aren’t able to get complete social fulfillment because you, as the listener, aren’t sharing anything about yourself or what you’re going through,” said Kati Morton, a marriage and family therapist. “Feeling known by someone is what actually gives us that true fulfillment. what it can offer is a reminder that we aren’t alone and another resource for insights and guidance. It’s not the same at all because there isn’t any actual conversation, connection, or genuinely feeling known by another person.” 一个婚姻和家庭治疗师Kati Morton说，你不能获取完整的社交满足感，因为你，作为一个听众，不能分享任何关于你自己或者你正在经历什么，感觉被某个人熟知是真实给予我们真正的满足感。它可以提供一种提醒表明我们不是一个人，也是获得洞察、导向的另一种资源。这完全是不一样的，因为那没有任何真实的交流、关系或者真正的被人熟知的感觉。

• insight洞察

The 2022 study highlighted research showing that listeners form stronger parasocial relationships with podcast hosts who share personal information, show authenticity and unpredictability and use a more intimate communication style. 一项2022年的研究强调了一个发现，那些分享个人信息，展示真实和不可预测并用更亲密的交流风格的主播，更容易和听众形成一种强烈的准社交关系。

• highlight强调
• authenticity真实

“However, parasocial relationships are no substitute for real social relationships. They lack the benefits of true intimacy and friendship,” Chock said. “And there are some risks of people dismissing their own opinions or beliefs in favor of those of podcast hosts or prioritizing their parasocial relationships over their real ones.” 乔克说，“然而，准社交关系是不能替代真实社交关系的。它们缺少真实亲密和友谊的好处。那些抛弃自己的观点与信念而赞成主播的，亦或者将他们的准社交关系置于他们真实关系之上的人，是有很多风险的。”

• substitute替代品
• in favor of赞成
• prioritize置于优先

Morton emphasized that these parasocial relationships offer a false sense that you truly know the podcast host when they are, in fact, a stranger. Morton强调，这些准社交关系提供了一种错觉，让你以为真实认识这些主播，但实际上他们只是陌生人。

“Just remember that they are entertaining or possibly educating you,” she said. “You most likely don’t know who they are in their real life. Meeting people in person, getting to know them, and allowing them to get to know us is what true connection and social fulfillment are all about.” 她说：”只要记住，他们是娱乐或者可能在教育你。你很可能不知道他们在真实生活中是谁。面对面去见一些人，认识他们，并允许他们认识我们才是真正的联系和社交满足感的重点。“

• in person亲自、面对面

How the Overjustification Effect Reduces Motivation

过度合理化效应是如何降低我们的动机的

• overjustification n.过度合理化

The overjustification effect is a phenomenon in which being rewarded for doing someting actually diminishes intrinsic motivation to perform that action. Think about a few of the things that you love to do. 过度合理化效应是一种现象，这种现象出现在你因做了某事而被奖励的过程中。然而这种奖励却消减了你做这件事情的内在动力。想想看一些你热爱做的事情。

• intrinsic adj. 固有的、内在的、本身的

Is there a sport such as volleyball or basketball that you love to play? 是否有像排球或者篮球这样的运动是你热爱的？Are you passionate about knitting, reading, or collecting movie memorabilia? 你是否热衷于针织、读书或者收集电影纪念品？passionate adj.热衷于、热情的、热诚的 knitting n.针织，编织 memorabilia n.纪念品 Normally， you engage in these activities simply for the sheer joy and pleasure of it, not for some type of outside reinforcement. 通常情况下，你从事这些活动简单地仅仅是其中的爱好和快乐，而不是某种外在形式的强加。

The activity itself serves as its own reward. Would it surprise you to learn that when you are rewarded for things that you already enjoy doing, your desire to participate in those activities is sometimes lessened? 活动的本身就是一种奖励。你是否惊讶于，当你被你已经喜欢做的事情奖励之后，你参与这些活动的热情就会减少？

Edward Deci, a professor of psychology at the University of Rochester, first demonstrated the overjustification effect with a series of experiments in the 1970s. 罗切斯特大学的心理学教授 Edward Deci 在19世纪70年代首次通过一系列实验说明了过度合理化效应。

He compared the motivation of two groups of participants: one group was paid to complete a puzzle, and the other wasn’t paid to complete it. 他比较了两组参与者的动机：一组在完成测试题后付有现金，另一组没有现金奖励。

• puzzle n.谜、疑问、难题、智力游戏

After removing the extrinsic motivation (money), the group that was previously paid to play experienced less motivation to complete the task compared to the group that was never paid and did the puzzle only for enjoyment. 在去除了外在的奖励（钱）之后，和没有被奖励仅仅做测试为了娱乐的一组比较起来，先前被奖励的一组有更少的动机去完成任务。

• extrinsic adj.非固有的、外在的、外来的、非本质的

Another well-known study conducted by Mark Lepper observed the overjustification effect in children. Children were prompted to draw pictures with magic markers — some chose among various “rewards” they would receive for coloring, such as receiving a “good player” award. The award, in this experiment, acted as the extrinsic motivation. 另一个被人熟知的研究，由 Mark Lepper 所组织，观察了孩子们身上的过度合理化效应。孩子们被提示用魔法记号笔画画 —— 一些孩子选择了各种各样的奖励，例如获得一个优秀参与者的称号奖励。这种奖励，在这个实验中，就是外在的动机。

• prompt v.提示、激起、促进 adj.迅速的、立刻的、敏捷的 n.提示符、提词、提白

Those who had agreed to receive the award for their drawings displayed significantly less interest and put less effort into their drawings than those who weren’t contracted to receive any reward and were drawing for the fun of it. be contracted to……约定好……

Why does the overjustification effect occur? According to one theory, people tend to pay more attention to these external rewards rather than their own enjoyment of the activity. As a result, people think that their participation in the activity is the result of the external rewards rather than their own internal appreciation of the behavior. appreciation n.欣赏；鉴定；评价；感激

Another possible explanation is that people sometimes view external reinforcement as a coercive force. Since people feel like they are being “bribed” into performing the behavior, they assume that they are doing it only for this external reinforcement. 另外一种可能的解释是人们有时候将外部的加强视为一种强制力。人们往往觉得他们是被“贿赂”去执行这种行为的，他们自认为这样做仅仅是为了外部的奖励。

• bribe v.贿赂

According to the self-determination theory, there are three conditions needed in order to feel intrinsically motivated:

根据自我决策理论，感受内在动力需要三种条件：

Autonomy: Freedom of external constraints 自主性：摆脱外部约束的自由

Competence: The need to feel capable 能力感：感觉能够胜任的需求 competence n.能力、胜任、称职 capable adj.能够胜任的

Relatedness: The need to feel involved with others 相关性：和其他人相联系的需求

The three components above are needed in order for people to feel intrinsically motivated and perform at their best. intrinsically adv.内在地、固有地

The Simplicity and Joy of Recorded Conversations

记录对话的简单和乐趣

Recently I stumbled across a file of conversations I’d recorded with my seven-year-old son Frank back when he was four. 最近，我无意中发现我和我现今7岁儿子弗兰克在他4岁时候的录音文件。 stumble across 偶尔发现 stumble v.无意中发现、绊倒、跌跌撞撞地走、蹒跚而行

It was only by listening to these voice notes three years later that I understood just how precious audio recordings are, and also how under-used.只有三年后再听这些录音我才明白这些声音记录是多么的珍贵，并且是多么地没有被充分利用。precious adj.珍贵的 under-used adj.未被充分利用的 The converstions I taped illustrate the nuances of Frank’s four-year-old self more vividly than any photo or video could. 这些我曾经录制的对话比任何照片或视频更生动地说明4岁弗兰克的细致入微的生活。nuance n.细微差别

Listening to that old conversation with my son Frank, I so badly wish I’d made hundreds. In fact I would love nothing more than to listen to an archive of all my lost conversations with loved ones — it’s this that we miss most when people are gone. To be able to hear and replay the words they once said to us — in their actual voices — is comforting and exciting. It’s like digging up buried treasure from the past. 听着和我儿子弗兰克过去的对话，我如此地希望我能够录制上百份。实际上，我最爱听和爱的人对话的录音档案——尤其是人们去世以后，这些录音更加珍贵。为了能够再次听到和回放他们曾经对我们说过的话——以他们真实的声音——是令人舒适和激动的。就像是在过去的岁月中深挖珍贵的宝藏一样。 archive 档案（室）v. 把……存档 dig up:挖掘

I remember why I taped those early conversations with Frank. Frank loved talking in the bath (he still does). This was the place where his little mind fully opened up. He was at that magical point in childhood where he had just acquired a full grasp of language but had not yet learned to distinguish between fantasy and reality. I wanted to bottle him in a jar half the time; the other half I was so exhausted I wanted to cry. 我还记得我为什么记录早期和弗兰克的对话。弗兰克喜欢在浴室中说话（现在也是）。这是一个能够让他脑洞打开的地方。他童年时期就是在这里刚刚学会了一点语言，但仍然无法分清想象和现实。我有时候想把他装进瓶子里，有时候我又是如此地筋疲力尽以至于我想哭。bottle sth. in a bar 把……装进瓶子里 ……half the time, the other half …… 有时候……，有时候……

I noticed that if I was able to give Frank my full, undivided attention he would tell me the most astonishing things, but because bath time occurs at the end of the day I would often feel myself becoming impatient. I realised I was missing things, hurring him into the future. He could sense this, of course, and it irritated him. On the worst nights, what could have been a tender discursive chat devolved into pre-bedtime bickering, which never speeds anything up. 我注意到，如果我能给弗兰克我的全部的、集中的注意力，他就能告诉我最惊人的事情，但是因为浴室时间发生在每一天结束的时候，我经常感觉到我是没有耐心的。我意识到我丢失了很多事情，催促着他赶快长大。他也感受到了这点，当然，这激怒了他。在一个最坏的晚上，本该是一个慈爱的深夜闲聊变成了睡前争吵，反而并没有加速什么。 irritate激怒，tender adj.和善的、温柔的、纤细的、易碎的、慈爱的 v.投标、提供、提出 n.投标 discursive adj.东拉西扯的、离题的、不着边际的 devolve v.下放、移交 devolve into 变成 bicker：斗嘴；争吵 n. & v.

Aware of what I was missing, and that I would come later to regret it, I tried making bath-time videos. But Frank’s awareness of the camera changed the way he behaved. He’d eigher become self-consciously cute and performative or crabby — the videos just didn’t work. The voice notes were a discovery. They did not alter Frank’s behaviour, but hitting record did force me to slow down and be a better listener. performative 表述行为的 crabby adj.易怒的，脾气乖戾的

With the tape rolling I became more aware of myself, in a way that helped me to be present. 当磁带转动时，我更加清楚地认识自己，在某种程度上帮助我活在当下。The result was that Frank opened up and gave me a full tour of his amazing four-year-old brain — a lost landscape I will never get to visit again but, through the magic of audio, was miraculously able to preserve. miraculously adv.神奇地；非凡地

After finding the ‘Frank bath file’, I’ve resolved to try to record more everyday family conversations just for posterity — a resolution of sorts. 在找到弗兰克的沐浴文件之后，我下定决心录制更多的每日家庭对话，仅仅为了子孙后代，这也是我的一个决定。resolve v.决定；下定决心；坚定 posterity n.后代、子孙、后世、后裔 resolution n.决心、决议、分辨率 revolution n.革命 of sorts ：各种各样的

When a Major Life Change Upends Your Sense of Self

当生活中的巨大变化颠覆了你对自己的感觉

• upend v.翻倒，倒放，使颠倒，颠覆

Human beings have a complicatd relationship with change. While it is both inevitable and essential for growth, change can also be deeply uncomfortable — especially if it feels involuntary, or out of our control.

• inevitable不可避免的
• essential至关重要的
• involuntary 非自愿的

Interestingly, regardless of whether the changes were ostensibly positive or negative, many of the people we talked to struggled to move on from their past identities and embrace their new selves. This feeling of stuck-ness — a phenomenon we call identity paralysis — often left people feeling angry, frustrated, and hopeless about their current situations. 有趣的是，不管改变是表面上是积极的还是消极的，许多我们采访的人努力从他们过去的身份中继续，并拥抱他们崭新的自己。这种深陷泥潭的感觉，一种我们称之为身份瘫痪的现象，经常让人们对他们当前的状况感到愤怒、沮丧和无助。

• ostensibly 表面上地adv.
• struggle to do 努力做某事
• stuck-ness 深陷
• paralysis n. 麻痹、瘫痪、能力完全丧失
• frustrated adj.沮丧的，失败的

Through our interviews, we identified four strategies that can help anyone come to terms with a new identity (whether you’re happy about the change or not) and move forward on a path of identity growth rather than identity paralysis. 通过我们的采访，我们确定了四个策略以帮助任何和新的身份达成协议（不管你对改变是否开心或者不开心）并向身份成长前进而不是身份瘫痪。come to terms with … 和……达成协议

Mark a Distinct Break with the Past

和过去做一个明显的界限

• distinct明显的
• break休息、间歇、停息

Even if we know, logically, that our situation has changed, it can be difficult to get that change to really sink in. Many of interviewees described a key event that “flipped a switch” for them: a tipping point that empowered them to make (and truly accept) a change. 即使我们逻辑上知道，我们的情况已经改变，并且让改变充分被理解是非常困难的。很多受采访者讲述了一个关键的事件为他们按下了一个开关：一个提示点赋予他们力量去改变（事实上接受）。

• sink in 被充分理解、被领会、渗入
• flip v. 按下开关、翻动、快速翻动 switch 开关

To be clear, the actual event that marks the break is not what is important. Rather, the people we interviewed expressed a strong need for something that symbolically represented the end of a chapter in their life. 清楚地说，标记这个分界点的实际事件并不是什么重要的事。而是我们采访的这些人们表达了一种强烈需要一件事情，标志着他们人生一个篇章的结束。

• symbolically adv.象征性地、象征意义地

So, if you’re struggling to disentangle your past and present selves, see if you can define a moment that can be imbued with significance, and articulate that to yourself and those around you. 所以，如果你努力使你自己摆脱过去和现在的自我，看看你是否可以定义一个时刻，这个时刻拥有一个重大的意义，并且想你自己和周围的人表达这个时刻。

• disentangle v. 使脱出、使摆脱
• imbue v.使拥有、使充满、灌输

Simply recognizing a specific moment as a divider between the past and the present can help you extricate yourself from an identity that is no longer relevant to your life. 就认为一个特殊的时刻，作为一个过去和现在的分割点，这样可以帮助你从一个不在和你生活相关的身份中摆脱出来。

• extricate v. 摆脱、解救、挣脱

Craft a Story to Tie the Past and Present Together

编造一个故事将过去和现在连接起来

• craft v.精神制作，起草 n.手工艺品、飞行器

Of course, marking a distinct break with the past doesn’t make the past disappear — nor should it. Your past is part of you, and a new identity can only take hold if it’s connected to your prior identities. 然而标记一个和过去分割的界限并不能够让过去消失——它也不应该消失。你的过去是你的一部分，并且新的身份只有和先前的身份联系起来才能固定下来。

• take hold 生根、固定下来、确立

As such, it is important to link your present to your past by crafting a narrative that’s compelling, believable, and easy to share with others. 因此，通过编造一个引人入胜的、可信的、容易分享的的故事，连接你的现在和过去是重要的。

• narrative n.讲故事、叙述 adj. 叙述的、叙事体的
• compelling adj. 引人入胜的

We found that those who were able to tell their own stories in a way that aligned with a widely-recognizable narrative were better able to make peace with their transitions and leave behind their old identities, expressing more positive sentiment about their current situations than those who did not craft such stories. 我们发现，那些能够以一种被广泛认可的叙述方法讲述他们自己故事的人，会比没有编造这种故事的人更好地平稳转换身份，并把过去的身份抛在身后，表达更多关于他们现在情况的积极情感。

• align 使一致
• transition n. 过度、转换、变迁
• sentiment n.情感、情绪、感情、伤感、观点

Acknowledge and Work Through Challenging Emotions

意识到并攻克挑战性的情绪

Even if you have decided rationally that you want to move on, emotions can linger — and getting stuck in powerful negative emotions such as shame or anger can be paralyzing. 即使你已经理性地决定你想要继续，情绪仍然挥之不去——深陷强大的消极情绪中，例如羞愧或者愤怒可以是令人瘫痪的。

• rationally 理性地adv.
• linger v.徘徊、逗留、继续存留
• paralyze v. 麻痹、瘫痪

Our identities are shaped by how we feel about them, so to make a successful transition, we have to acknowledge and actively work on our emotions. 我们的身份会更加明显通过我们如何感知他们，所以，为了做一个成功的身份转变，我们不得不承认并积极处理我们自己的情绪。

• actively 积极地

Across our interviews, we found that the people who were best able to embrace their new identities were those who recognized the emotions holding them back and proactively worked through those feelings. 通过我们的采访，我们发现，那些能最好地拥抱他们新身份的人，也是那些能够认清令他们后退的情绪 并 先发制人地处理这些情绪的人。

• pro-actively 先发制人地，积极主动地

There are many strategies that can help when it comes to transforming negative emotions, but we found that one of the most effective ones was to intentionally activate an opposing, positive emotion. 当谈论到转换消极情绪，有很多的策略。但是我们发现一个最有效的方法是有意识地激活相反的、积极的情绪。

• intentionally 故意地、有意地
• opposing adj.相反的、对立的

For example, one worker who was forced to change careers due to an injury described how she was able to move past her shame by focusing on taking pride in how she had established and was running her own business. 例如，一个因受伤而被强制改变工作的工人描述说，她通过集中注意力自豪于创立并运行了她自己的公司，而走过她曾经羞耻的过去。

Importantly, it’s not about pushing negative emotions away — rather, moving forward necessitates truly acknowledging these difficult feelings, and then refocusing on more-helpful ones. 重要的是，并不是要把所有的消极情绪全部推开，相反，向前进有必要真正地意识到这些困难的感觉，并重新集中注意力在更有帮助的上面。

• necessitate vt. 使成为必要，有必要

Don’t Be Afraid to Fantasize

不要害怕去想象

• fantasize vt.幻想、想象 vi.沉溺于幻想

While focusing on the concrete positives in your life can be helpful, our research alse revealed that there is great power in the imaginary. 在生活中将注意力集中在具体的积极的事情上是非常有帮助的，我们的研究也揭示了想象也是有很强大的力量的。

• concrete adj.具体的
• reveal v.揭示、揭露、展露
• imaginary 想象

The surprising element of this strategy is that it still seemed to work even if the world they imagined was truly a fantasy: an abstract future they could daydream about, often without much basis in reality. 这个策略比较惊人的一点就是，即使他们想象的世界真的就只是幻想，也仍然是有用的：一个他们白日梦的抽象未来，经常没有什么现实的支撑。

Of course, this should not be misconstrued as an argument against working to improve a bad stituation. But the practical work of planning and implementing positive change can be draining, time-consuming, and if overdone, paralyzing. 当然，这也不应该被误导为一种论点反对工作为了改善坏的生活情况。但是计划并实现积极改变的实际工作可能会是令人筋疲力尽、时间开销，并且如果过了火，是令人瘫痪的。

• misconstrue v.误解

Balancing the difficult tasks of accepting and improving reality with a healthy dose of fantasy can be critical in ensuring you stay motivated. 保持接受提升现实的困难任务和健康剂量的幻想之间的平衡是至关重要的，以保证你保持充满动力。

Why Having Too Many Hobbies Isn’t a Bad Thing

为什么有很多的兴趣爱好并不是一件坏事？

“Why do I feel so scattered, hopping from one interest to another?”

为什么我感觉如此分散的，希望一个兴趣到另一个兴趣？

• scattered adj.发散的、零散的、疏落的

“Is it normal to want to learn so many things, or am I just avoiding commitment?”

”想要学很多东西，这是正常的吗？还是说我只是为了避免投入？“‘

• commitment n.承诺、投入、现身

“Why do I feel like I’m not truly excelling in any one area despite my many pursuits?”

”为什么我感觉我并不真正地在某个领域杰出，尽管我这么多的追求？“

• excel in 擅长
• pursuit 追求

The pervasive cultural narrative often celebrates specialization, making those with multifaceted interests feel out of place. Society has long valued depth over breadth, equating mastery in a single field with success and purpose. 主流的文化经常讲述庆祝专攻某个领域，让那些多面兴趣的人感到与时代所不容。社会有很长时间的价值观在专业的深度而非广度，将精通某个单一领域与成功和目标划为等号。

• pervasive adj.主流的
• narrative n.叙述、讲故事 adj.叙述的
• specialization n.专门化，精通化，专攻，精通
• multifaceted adj.多方面的、要从多方面考虑的
• equate v.同等看待、使等同
• mastery n.精通、控制、熟练掌握、驾驭

This has led to collective anxiety: the fear of missing out on becoming an expert. 这已经导致集体的焦虑：恐惧失去称为一名专家的机会。

• colletive adj.集体的

Because of this, we feel an underlying pressure to find that “one true calling,” whether or not it exists for us, and stick to it, fearing that a broad spectrum of interests indicates a lack of focus or dedication. 正因为如此，我们感觉到潜在的压力去寻找真正的使命，不管它是否真正存在，并坚持它。我们害怕一个宽泛的喜好预示着缺少专注力和投入。

• underlying adj.潜在的
• calling n.使命、责任
• stick to 坚持
• spectrum n.光谱
• indicate 暗示着、预示
• dedication 献身、投入

Multiple Hobbies? Crafting the “Good Life” with Each One

爱好广泛？为每一个人打造美好生活

• craft 打造

Traditionally, our notions of a good life have been rooted in hedonic (pleasure-seeking) or eudaimonic (meaning-centered) well-being. However, this paper introduces the concept of psychological richness as an integral component of a fulfilling life. 传统地，我们对美好生活的观念已经扎根于享乐主义（寻求快乐）或者幸福主义（意义为中心）的基础之上。然而，这篇文章介绍了心理富足的概念，是富足人生不可或缺的组成部分。

• notion：观念
• be rooted in ：扎根于、立足于
• hedonic adj.享乐主义的、享乐的
• eudaimonic 幸福主义
• psychological adj.心灵的、心理的、精神上的
• integral adj.不可或缺的、完整的、整体的、构成整体所必需的

So, what is a psychologically rich life, and how are hobbies related to this concept?

所以，什么是心理富足生活？并且爱好和这个概念又怎样的关联？

Rather than focusing solely on happiness or meaning, psychologically rich lives are characterized by a mosaic of intriguing, transformative experiences. 和仅仅专注于幸福或者意义相比，心里富足生活以一个非常有趣的、颠覆性的体验的结合体为特征。

• solely adv.仅仅、只、唯、单独地
• be characterized by…… 以……为特点、特点是……
• mosaic n.嵌合体、马赛克
• intriguing adj.有趣的、迷人的
• transformative adj.颠覆性的、彻底改变的、有改革能力的

The patience imbibed from knitting, the discipline from martial arts, or the shift in perspective from photography frees our minds and spirits. With every new hobby, we diversify our life’s narrative and experience liberation from seeing the world through multiple lenses. 无论是从针织中吸收的耐心，从武术中学会的纪律，还是从摄影中的视角转变，都会解放我们的思想和心灵。通过每一个新的爱好，我们使我们生活故事更加多样化，并从不同的视角看待这个世界体验自由与解脱。

• imbibe v.吸收、喝
• discipline n. 纪律、自律、训练
• martial art 武术
• martial adj.战争的、军事的
• perspective n.视角、观点、看法、透视画法
• diversify v.使多样化
• narrative n.故事
• liberation n.解放、挣脱束缚、自由
• lens n. 透镜、镜片、晶状体

Critical indicators of those leading psychologically rich lives include heightened curiosity, and holistic thinking. 主语indicators (迹象、指针、指示器)，谓语 include (包含)，宾语 heightened curiosity and holistic thinking (heilghtened adj.增强的，强烈的好奇心和全面的整体思维，holistic adj.整体的、全面的) 主干：迹象包含强烈的好奇心和全面的整体思维。those leading psychologically rich lives 定语修饰 indicators，那些过着心理富足生活的人的重要特征就是有强烈的好奇心和全面的整体思维。

The study’s findings demonstrate that while interrelated, happiness, meaning, and psychological richness are distinct paradigms of a rewarding life. 研究的发现表明，人际关系、幸福、意义和心理富足是人生奖励的不同形式。

• demonstrate表明
• interrelated 人际关系
• paradigm n.范例、模型、模范

Notably, many study participants globally preferred a psychologically rich life, even if it came at the cost of happiness or meaning. 值得注意的是，全球范围内许多研究参与者偏爱心理富足的生活，即使结果是以幸福或者意义为代价。

• it comes at the cost of sth. 以……为代价
• notable adv.值得注意的是、特别、尤其

This suggests that individuals with a wide range of hobbies, always eager to learn and explore, aren’t forgetful or indecisive. They’re perpetually appreciative of the journey. 这表明，那些爱好广泛的个人，通常渴望学习和探索，并不是健忘或者优柔寡断的。他们永远欣赏这段旅程。

• forgetful adj.健忘的
• indecisive adj. 优柔寡断的
• perpetually adv.永恒地、持久地

More Hobbies with Age Lower Risk for Dementia

随着年龄的增长，更多的爱好可以降低患老年痴呆的风险。

• dementia n. 痴呆

Please think of the brain like a muscle: The more we use and challenge it, the stronger and more resilient it becomes. So while engaging in hobbies is a way to pass the time, it might also be a protective shield against some forms of dementia. 请把大脑想象成肌肉：我们越是使用和挑战它，它就会变得给强壮和更加有韧性。所以，当我们参与到爱好中时，也是一种方法去度过时间，这也许会成为对抗某种形式的痴呆症的保护盾。

• think of A like B : 把A想象成B。
• The more …… the 形容词比较级…… 越……，越……
• engage in 参与
• protective shield 保护盾

A 2022 study published in the Journal of Epidemiology tracked older participants over a median period of 11 years. During this time, 3095 of the participants were diagnosed with disabling dementia. But here’s where things get interesting: Those who reported having hobbies were significantly less risky. 一项发布在流行病学杂志的研究，跟踪了年老的参与者长达11年中位数期间。在这期间，3095名参与者被诊断为生活无法自理的痴呆症。但是这里有个有趣的现象：那些有些爱好的老年人明显有更低的痴呆风险。

• epidemiology n.流行病学
• track 跟踪
• median adj.中值的、中间的、通过中点的 n.中位数
• diagnose v.诊断
• significantly adv.重要地、显著地

Chinese Manager’s Viral English Presentation with “Chinese Accent”

一位中国经理的“中国式口音”的英语表达在网上火爆

• viral adj.在网络上病毒式传播的、病毒的

A video of a Chinese manager delivering a fluent presentation in English with a “Chinese accent” during a meeting with African staff has become viral on the internet, amusing many netizens. 一位中国经理对非洲员工的流利“中国式口音”演讲在网络上走红，让许多网友捧腹大笑。

• delivering a fluent presentation 传达一个流利的表达
• netizen n. 网民

Hu Zhenxing, hailing from Xuchang, Henan, has been working for nearly 10 years in a Chinese-owned enterprise in Ghana, progressing from an entry-level manager to the factory’s general manager. 胡振兴，来自河南许昌，已经在一个所属中国的戛纳公司工作了10年了，从一个入门级经理发展到工厂的总经理。

• hail from 来自、出生于
• hail v. 招手、打招呼
• progress v. 进步、发展、前进
• entry-level 入门级

“I feel like I’m just an ordinary person. My main priority is to excel in my job, and making short videos is simply a form of entertainment and a hobby in my life.” ”我觉得我只是一个普通人。我主要的优势就是擅长我的工作，和制作短视频只是一种形式的娱乐和爱好。“

• feel like 感觉
• excel in …… 擅长……

“As a foreigner working in Africa, I believe that communication is of the utmost importance. Effective management hinges on good communication. If I can’t learn the local language, it becomes very chanllenging to organize daily work schedules and assign tasks to employees.” “作为一名工作在非洲的外国人，我相信沟通是最重要的。高效率的经理取决于好的沟通。如果我不能学会当地的语言，那么组织每日的工作日程和分配员工任务将会成为一项挑战。”

• be of the utmost importance. be动词+of+the 形容词的名词化
• hinge on v.取决于；依赖；随……而定

During his journey of learning English, He received encouragement and assistance from many African colleagues, forging a strong brotherly bond with them. 在他学习英语的旅程中，他收到了来自许多非洲同事的鼓励和帮助，和他们促成了强烈的兄弟般的情谊。

• forge v. 锻造；伪造；努力加强

Some netizens resonated with his English learning experience, leaving comments such as, “The primary function of language is communication, and his experience has boosted my confidence in learning English.” 一些网友与他的英语学习经历有了共鸣，留下了类如以下这样的留言：”语言主要的功能就是交流，他的经历促进了我学习英语的信心。“

• resonate vi.产生共鸣；引起共鸣；回响；回荡 + with …… 和……产生共鸣

Does Cutting Out Staples Have a Positive Impact on Health?

排除主食对健康是否有积极的影响？

• cut out 切断；关掉；戒除某事物
• staple n.主食；基本食物 adj.主要的；基本的

In our daily diet, staples like rice and noodles are essential. There’s a growing concern about claims that excessive staple consumption leads to weight gain and diabetes. Does cutting out staples have a positive impact on health? 在我们日常饮食中，像米饭、面条这样的主食是至关重要的。有一个日益增长的关切对于声称过度地主食消费会导致体重增加和糖尿病。如果戒除主食，对健康是否有积极的影响呢？

• daily diet 日常饮食
• excessive adj.过度的
• diabetes 糖尿病

If you consistently avoid consuming staple foods and have insufficient carbohydrate intake, your body will need to convert fats or proteins to maintain stable blood sugar levels. This can lead to certain adverse effects on the body, such as metabolic disruptions. 如果你持续避免吃主食并且摄入的碳水化合物不足，你的身体将需要转化脂肪或者蛋白质，以维持稳定的血糖水平。这会对身体导致确切的负面影响，例如新陈代谢紊乱。

• insufficient adj.不充分的；不足的
• carbohydrate n. 碳水化合物（糖）
• intake n. 摄入
• protein n.蛋白质
• adverse adj.不利的；有害的；反面的
• meatbolic adj.新陈代谢的
• disruption n. 打断；扰乱；混乱
• metabolic disorders 新陈代谢紊乱
• disorder n.混乱；紊乱；失调 v.混乱；使失调

In fact, certain brain tissues and red blood cells in the body rely solely on glucose for energy supply. When blood sugar levels are not maintained steadily, it can result in symptoms such as low mood, irritability, and restlessness. 实际上，一些指定的大脑组织和身体中的红细胞只依靠葡萄糖来提供能量供应。当血糖水平没有保持稳定时，这将会导致诸如情绪低落、易怒和不安这样的症状。

• tissue n. 人体组织
• rely on sth. 依靠某物
• solely adv. 仅仅；只
• glucose n.葡糖糖
• symptom n.症状
• irritability n.易怒；过敏性；应激性
• restless adj.不安的 +ness n. 不安

The brain requires a daily intake of 130 grams of starch to fuel its energy needs. Prolonged avoidance of staple foods can lead to a decline in brain function. Therefore, the long-term avoidance of staple foods is not a recommended practice. 大脑需要每天摄入130 克的淀粉以提供能量消耗。持续很久不吃主食会导致大脑功能的下降。除此之外，长期不吃主食也是不被建议的习惯。

• starch n.淀粉
• prolong vt.延长
• prolonged adj.延长的；持续很久的
• practice除了有 练习实践 的意思还有 习惯（habit） 的意思

In China, our staple foods typically encompass cereals and root vegetables, with miscellaneous legumes often playing a supplementary role. 在中国，我们的主食典型地包含谷物和根茎类蔬菜，各种各样的豆科作物作为补充角色。

• encompass v.包含；包括；涉及
• cereal n. 谷物；谷类食物
• miscellaneous adj. 各种各样的 a variety of
• legume n. 豆类；豆科作物
• supplementary adj.补充的；额外的 n.补充者；增补物

Cereals: This category can be further classified into staple grains and miscellaneous grains. Staple grains mainly include rice and wheat, while miscellaneous grains comprise crops such as corn, millet, sorghum, buckwheat, and oats. 谷物：这种类别可以进一步地分为主食粮食和各种各样的粮食。主食粮食主要包括米饭和小麦，各种各样的粮食主要有玉米、粟米、高粱、荞麦和燕麦。

• category n. 种类；类别
• further adv. 进一步地；更深一步地
• be classified into …… 被分类为……
• classify vt. 分类；归类
• grain n. 粮食
• crop n.作物
• comprise vt.包括；包含；组成

Root Vegetables: These include potatoes, sweet potatoes (yams), cassava. 根茎类蔬菜：这些包含土豆、红薯（山药）、甜木薯。

Legumes: The primary varieties encompass green beans, red beans, soybeans, lima beans, fava beans, and cowpeas. 豆科类：主要的种类包含绿豆、红豆、黄豆、利马豆、蚕豆和豇豆。

We recommend a balanced combination of staple foods, incorporating a variety of grains to ensure diversity. Therefore, when selecting staple foods, it’s advisable to choose from a wide range of options. 我们建议一个平衡的主食结合，包括多种谷物以保证多样性。除此之外，当选择主食时，选择更广范围的选择是明智的。

• combination n.结合
• incorporate v. 包含；合并
• diversity n.多样性
• advisable adj.明智的；可取的

An adult typically consumes between 250 and 400 grams of staple foods daily. We recommend allocating approximately 50 to 150 grams for whole grains and miscellaneous legumes, and 50 to 100 grams for root vegetables. Additionally, it’s advisable to regularly monitor changes in body weight and make necessary adjustments to your dietary intake.

• dietary adj.饮食的；膳食的

Whole grains and miscellaneous grains, due to their high dietary fiber content, may sometimes have an undesirable tasts and could potentially impact digestion and absorption. This is particularly important for middle-aged and elderly individuals, as well as seniors, who may experience reduced chewing ability and digestive function.

• dietary fiber 膳食纤维
• undesirable adj.不受欢迎的 tasts 味道
• digestion n.消化
• absorption n.吸收
• chewing ability 咀嚼能力
• digestive adj.消化的

During this stage, it’s crucial to focus on the palatability of staple foods, choose finely processed whole grains, adopt a habit of smaller, more frequent meals, and avoid excessive intake of rough dietary fiber to prevent irritation to the gastrointestinal tract.

• palatable adj.可口的；适口的
• palatability n.味道；可口性
• adopt a habit of …… 采取……的习惯
• rough dietary fiber 粗糙的膳食纤维
• fiber纤维
• irritation n.刺激；激怒
• gastrointestinal adj.肠胃的
• gastrointestinal tract 肠胃道
• tract n.（连通身体器官或组织的）道；地带；大片土地

2005 PEE Text 4

Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English. 美国人不再希望哪一个公众人物能够熟练掌握英语，无论是在演讲或是写作上。他们也不再渴望自己也会有这样熟练（掌握英语）。约翰·麦克怀特，一位语言学家，同时也是持有开明和保守观点的混合争议论者，在他最新的书《做我们自己的事：语言和音乐的退化以及我们为什么关心》中，认为20时机60年代的反文化运动的胜利应当为官方英语的衰败而负责任。

• figure：人物
• command：掌握
• degradation：退化
• linguist：语言学家
• controversialist：争议论者
• liberal：adj.开明的
• conservative：保守的
• see：认为
• triumph：胜利
• counter-culture：反文化（运动）
• decline：下降；衰退
• formal：正式的

Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. 指责宽容的20世纪60年代并不是什么新鲜事，但这并不是对教育衰退的又一次批评。McWhorter先生的学术专长是语言历史和变化，例如，他认为“谁”的逐渐消失是自然的，并不比古英语失去格尾更令人遗憾。

• permissive：放纵的；放任的
• speciality：专业；专长

But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing”, has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen on to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft. 但是对真实和个人主义的崇拜，“做自己的事”，导致了正式演讲、写作、诗歌和音乐的消亡。尽管在20世纪60年代之前，受过适度教育的人在落笔时都会寻求一种高昂的语调，但自那时以来，最受推崇的写作方式也不过是尝试在纸面上捕捉口语英语。同样，在诗歌中，高度个性化的表演形式是唯一能称得上真正生动活泼的形式。在口语和书面英语中，说话正取代讲话，自然正取代工艺。

While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen on to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.

这个句子是一个复合句，由1个主句（While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen on to paper before the 1960s,）和1个从句（even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.）构成。

主句是“While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen on to paper before the 1960s”。在这个主句中，“while”是一个连词，表示对比或转折关系，引导了一个时间状语从句。“even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone”是主句的主体部分，意思是“即使是受过适度教育的人在20世纪60年代之前也会寻求一种高昂的语调”。其中，“even”表示强调，“the modestly educated”是一个形容词短语，修饰“people”，表示“受过适度教育的人”。“sought an elevated tone”是一个动词短语，表示“寻求一种高昂的语调”。

从句是“even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page”。在这个从句中，“even the most well regarded writing since then”是主语，“has sought”是谓语，“to capture spoken English on the page”是宾语。其中，“even”表示强调，“the most well regarded writing since then”是一个名词短语，表示“自那时以来最受推崇的写作”，“has sought”表示“寻求”，“to capture spoken English on the page”是一个动词不定式短语，表示“在纸面上捕捉口语英语”。

Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture , the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable . But it is less clear , to take the question of his subtitle , why we should , like , care . As a linguist , he acknowledges that all varieties of human language , including non - standard ones like Black English , can be powerfully expressive - there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas . He is not arguing , as many do , that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper . 用一系列有趣的例子来说明高文化和低文化的趋势。麦克沃特的文件是明确无误的。但就他的副标题而言，我们为什么应该关心这个问题还不太清楚。作为一名语言学家，他承认人类语言的所有变体，包括黑人英语等非标准语言，都可以具有强大的表达能力——世界上没有任何语言或方言不能传达复杂的思想。他并不像许多人那样认为，我们不能再因为说话不得体而直接思考。

Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads , while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old - fashioned to most English - speakers , Mr . McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary , and proposes no radical education reforms - he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful . We now take our English " on paper plates instead of china ". A shame , perhaps , but probably an inevitable one . 俄罗斯人对自己的语言有着深厚的热爱，他们的脑海中会记住大量的诗歌，而意大利的政客们则倾向于精心制作对大多数英语使用者来说似乎过时的演讲。McWhorter承认，正式语言并不是绝对必要的，也不建议进行激进的教育改革——他真的为失去一些美丽而非有用的东西而悲伤。我们现在把英语“放在纸盘子里，而不是瓷器上”。也许这是一种耻辱，但可能是不可避免的。

2005 PEE Translation

It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history , History and news become confused , and one ’ s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism .(46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed - and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe . The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples , their cultures and national identities . With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene .(47) In Europe , as elsewhere , multi - media groups have been increasingly successful : groups which bring together television , radio , newspapers , magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another . One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group , while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind .

在欧洲历史上这个极其重要的阶段，谈论大众媒体的作用并不容易。历史和新闻变得混乱，人们的印象往往是怀疑和乐观的混合。（46）电视是创造和传达这些情感的手段之一，也许以前从未像最近在欧洲发生的事件那样，为不同的民族和国家之间的联系发挥过如此大的作用。现在正在形成的欧洲除了其人民、文化和民族特征之外，什么都不是。考虑到这一点，我们可以开始分析欧洲的电视场景。（47）在欧洲，与其他地方一样，多媒体集团越来越成功：将电视、广播、报纸、杂志和出版社相互联系在一起的集团。意大利的一个例子是贝卢斯科尼集团，而国外的马克斯韦尔和默多克则在脑海中浮现。

Clearly , only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly - contested market .(48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in , a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks , no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.

显然，只有最大、最灵活的电视公司才能在如此丰富、竞争激烈的市场中竞争。（48）仅凭这一点就表明，电视业并不是一个容易生存的世界，统计数据显示，1989年，在80家欧洲电视网中，至少有50%的电视网亏损。

Moreover , the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution .

此外，欧洲共同体的一体化将迫使电视公司在制作和发行方面进行更密切的合作。

(49) Creating a " European identity " that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice - that of producing programs in Europe for Europe . This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market , whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own .

（49）创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的“欧洲身份”，这些文化和传统构成了旧大陆的连接结构，这不是一项容易的任务，需要一个战略选择——在欧洲为欧洲制作节目。这需要减少我们对北美市场的依赖，北美市场的项目涉及不同于我们自己的体验和文化传统。

In order to achieve these objectives , we must concentrate more on co - productions , the exchange of news , documentary services and training . This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which , on the model of the European Investments Bank , will handle the finances necessary for production costs .(50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale , it is no exaggeration to say ," United we stand , divided we fall “- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be " Unity in our diversity ,” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country .

为了实现这些目标，我们必须更加集中于合作制作、新闻交流、纪录片服务和培训。这还涉及欧洲国家之间关于建立欧洲电视制作银行的协议，该银行将以欧洲投资银行的模式处理制作成本所需的资金。（50）在应对如此规模的挑战时，可以毫不夸张地说，“团结我们站着，分裂我们倒”——如果我必须选择一个口号，那就是“多样性中的团结”，这是一个目标的统一，但要尊重每个国家的不同特点。

2007 PEE Translation

The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. However, only in recent years has it become a feature of undergraduate programs in Canadian universities. (46) Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers, rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person. Happily, the older and more continental view of legal education is establishing itself in a number of Canadian universities and some have even begun to offer undergraduate degrees in law.

几个世纪以来，法律研究一直被公认为欧洲大学的一门基本知识学科。然而，直到最近几年，它才成为加拿大大学本科生项目的一个特色。（46）传统上，在此类机构中，法律学习被视为律师的专属领域，而不是受过教育的人的智力装备的必要组成部分。令人高兴的是，对法律教育的古老和更为大陆化的看法正在加拿大的一些大学中确立，有些大学甚至开始提供法律学士学位。

If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. Law is a discipline which encourages responsible judgment. On the one hand, it provides opportunities to analyze such ideas as justice, democracy and freedom. (47) On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. For example, notions of evidence and fact, of basic rights and public interest are at work in the process of journalistic judgment and production just as in courts of law. Sharpening judgment by absorbing and reflecting on law is a desirable component of a journalist ’ s intellectual preparation for his or her career.

如果法律研究开始成为普通教育的一部分，那么它的目标和方法应该直接吸引新闻教育工作者。法律是一门鼓励负责任的判断的学科。一方面，它提供了分析正义、民主和自由等思想的机会。（47）另一方面，它将这些概念与日常现实联系起来，其方式与记者在报道和评论新闻时每天建立的联系类似。例如，证据和事实、基本权利和公共利益的概念在新闻判断和制作过程中发挥作用，就像在法庭上一样。通过吸收和反思法律来提高判断力是记者为其职业生涯做好智力准备的一个可取组成部分。

(48) But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. Politics or, more broadly, the functioning of the state, is a major subject for journalists. The better informed tey are about the way the state works, the better their reporting will be. (49) In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.

（48）但是，记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律，这一观点建立在对新闻媒体既定惯例和特殊责任的理解之上。政治，或者更广泛地说，国家的运作，是记者的一个主要话题。tey对国家的运作方式了解得越多，他们的报道就越好。（49）事实上，很难看出那些对加拿大宪法的基本特征没有清晰理解的记者如何能够胜任政治报道。

Furthermore, the legal system and the events which occur within it are primary subjects for journalists. While the quality of legal journalism varies greatly, there is an undue reliance amongst many journalists on interpretations supplied to them by lawyers. (50) While comment and reaction from lawyers may enhance stories, it is preferable for journalists to rely on their own notions of significance and make their own judgments. These can only come from a well - grounded understanding of the legal system.

此外，法律制度及其内部发生的事件是记者的主要主题。虽然法律新闻的质量差异很大，但许多记者过度依赖律师提供的解释。（50）虽然律师的评论和反应可能会加强报道，但记者最好依靠自己的意义观念并做出自己的判断。这些只能来自于对法律体系有充分的理解。

2012 1~20

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently.最高法院的伦理道德判决最近已经变成一个重要的问题。ethical：adj.伦理道德的。 judgment n.判断；判决。supreme adj.最高的；至高无上的。court：法院；庭院。 The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law when justices behave like politicians.当法官行为像政客一样时，法院无法维持它的合法性，作为法律规则的守护者。legitimacy:合法性；正统性；正统；嫡系。guardian：监护人；保护人；守卫者；保卫者；adj.守护的。justice：公正；法官；公平；司法制度；正义。 Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weakened the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.然而，在一些案例中，法官的某些行为方式消弱了法院本该独立、公正的名声。yet: conj.然而；但是 adv.还；现在；迄今为止；用于否定句和疑问句，谈论尚未发生但可能发生的事情；早晚；总有一天。

Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events.例如，法官Antonin Scalia，出现在政治事件中。 That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as impartial judgments.那种类型的行为让法院的判决被认为是公正的判决变得更没有可能。make it less likely让它没有可能。be accepted as …… 被认为是…………。 Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code.有一部分的问题出在法官没有受到伦理道德规范的约束。be bound by…… 受到…………的约束。ethic n.伦理道德。 code n.规范准则；代码；法典。 At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.最起码，法院应该服从应用于联邦司法部其余的行为规范。at the very least最起码，subject to:服从、遵守。the rest of：其余的、剩余的；federal：联邦的。judiciary：n.司法系统；司法部；审判人员；adj.法院的；司法的。

This and other similar cases raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics.这个和其他一些相似的案例产生了一个问题：在法院和政治之间是否仍然有一个界限。politic:adj.谨慎的；明智的；得当的；v.（贬义）从事政治活动。+s变为复数的时候才表示名词n.政治；政治事务或活动；政见。

The framers of the Constitution envisioned law as having authority apart from politics.宪法的制定者设想法律具有政治之外的权威。framer制定者；创作者；成帧器。constitution：n.宪法；构成；组成；章程；构造。envision：想象；展望；预见。

• constitution：宪法；构成；组成
• institution：机构；制度；建立；慈善机构；社会福利机构

They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support.他们给与法官永久的职位，这样他们就可以自由扰乱当权者，也不需要获取政治支持。permanent：adj.永久的。position：位置；职位。be free to do：自由做某事。cultivate：vt.获得（支持）；培养；栽培；种植；培育。

Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied.我们的法律系统就是被设计成法律和政治精确地分离，因为他们是如此地紧密联系。legal：adj.法律的；合法的；法律允许的；法律要求的；n.法定权利。precisely adv.准确地；精确地；precise adj.准确的；精确的。

• precious adj.珍贵的；贵重的；宝贵的

• precise adj.精确的

Consititutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property.宪法是政治性的，因为它来自植根于基础社会概念像自由与财产的选择的结果。constitutional adj.宪法的；章程的。liberty:n.自由。property：n.财产；性质；房地产；不动产。

• liberal：adj.自由的；文明的；开化的；n.开明的人
• liberty：n.自由；许可权；放肆；无礼

When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as unjust.当法院处理社会政策决定时，它所塑造的法律不可避免地具有政治性——这就是为什么按照意识形态划分的决定很容易被视为不公正。shape：塑造。inescapably：adv.不可避免地；split：v.分裂；划分。split along沿着 ideological lines 意识形态线划分。be dismissed as :被视为；被解雇为。unjust：adj.不公平的；不公正的；非正义的。

The justices must address doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct.法官们必须通过对行为准则负责来解决对法院合法性的质疑。address:v.设法解决。accountable：adj.负有责任的。

That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, as a result, convincing as law.这将使他们的裁决更有可能被视为独立于政治，因此，作为法律具有说服力。ruling ：n.裁决；判决。

Are You Expecting Much From People

Expecting much from people

A reader told me that even though he is treating people nicely he is getting bad treatment in return. I am pretty sure you have also experienced a similar situation before where you treated someone nicely only to find that person ignoring you or even treating you badly.

Now the first question you need to ask yourself is: are you treating people nicely to get something in return?

Let me explain what I mean by this question. If the sole motive behind the good treatment you give to others is getting something back then you will face lots of disappointments in life.

When you do good for the sake of doing good then certainly that will impact your mood positively but when you do it for the ske of getting a certain reward then you will only feel good if you got that reward and you might even feel really bad if you didn’t get anything.

for the sake of : 出于……的原因

Why people ignore those who treat them well

One of the main reasons people feel bad when dealing with others is that they don’t quite get the human nature. All people are egotistical, at least to a certain extent.

It’s very logical to assume that every person loves himself, wants the best for himself and would do the best to provide himself with a better life.

Now this kind of selfish thinking, which exists in varying degrees in humans, lets most of them focus on their own needs and benefits. A typical person would do the behaviour that would result in the most benefit to himself.

Based on that way of thinking that person can ignore you without actually meaning it.

Why some people respond with bad treatment

First of all you need to make sure that it’s not a perception problem and that what’s in your mind is actually taking place in the real world. From my experience I can safely tell you that perception problems are very common and that in many cases people imagine things in their heads only because they have some unhealed wounds from the past.

Next if you were 100% sure that this person is treating you badly then you need to examine their intention. Did that person really mean it? Is it just his way? Is there an excuse?

In many cases you will find that people don’t mean what they do but it’s just the way they are. Finally if you made sure that someone is being mean then there is no need to keep that person close to you.

Don’t respond to bad treatment with bad treatment but just ignore that person and focus on the ones who truely value you.

Why You Should Go to Sleep at the Same Time Each Night

Everyone is tired, and it’s no wonder. Between racing thoughts, a snoring(snore 打鼾) partner, and pets invading(invade入侵) the bedroom, getting a solid eight hours can seem an impossible task. Even taking a nap might not give us the boost(激励) we’re seeking.

But take heart(振作起来), weary(疲惫的) reader: there are some things you can do. One of the simplest to explain, though not always the simplest to achieve, is to get yourself into a consistent routine.

Most health authorities(健康部门；authority：权威；当局) seem to agree that the first step to better “sleep hygiene(卫生)” is to try to go to bed at the same time each night. And that means every night, including weekends and holidays.

It’s all to do with your circadian(昼夜节律的) rhythm(节奏；韵律；规律性变化), sometimes called your “body clock”.

This internal timekeeper(时间记录员) is involved in lots of aspects of human health, and disruption(中断；分裂；破坏) to it has been linked with various different diseases and conditions.

In humans, the actual “clock” that keeps track of the rhythm is found in a part of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus(核；原子核；细胞核) (SCN), within the hypothalamus(下丘脑).

It coordinates(协调；相配合) the different circadian rhythms that exist within different bodily systems, but the one we’re particularly interested in is the sleep-wake cycle.

As explained by the Sleep Foundation, the SCN responds to light detected by the retina(视网膜), a signal that it’s daytime and we should be awake and alert.

Production of the hormone melatonin(褪黑素) is suppressed(抑制；阻止；镇压；平定), and only starts to increase again in the evening as light levels decrease and the body readies itself for sleep.

The longer we’ve been awake, the stronger our sleep drive, telling us the body is craving(渴望；热望；强烈的愿望) the restorative(恢复健康的；促使健康的；整容的；整形的) powers of slumber(睡眠；睡觉).

For most adults, barring(除非；除了) situations like jet lag(时差反应；时差综合征 jet喷气飞机 lag落后、赶不上、间隔、间歇、时差) or sleep disorders, the circadian rhythm and the sleep drive combin to promote sleepiness in the evening.

The idea of having a set sleeping and waking time is to work with this natural cycle, rather than trying to fight against it.

Ideally, you’ll want to combine your set bedtime with a period of relaxation beforehand(预先；事先). We’ve all succumbed(succumb v.屈服；屈从；抵挡不住) to the temptation(诱惑；引诱；诱惑物) to grab(抓起) our phones the second we get into bed, but if possible this is best avoided.

Instead, the UK’s NHS recommends reading a book, listening to some relaxing music or a podcast, or trying some sleep meditation. It might take a while for your new routine to start having an impact, but stick with it.

3 Ways to Optimize Your Year-End Performance Review

For most people, the year-end performance review can be an exciting opportunity to level up your career without changing to a new job.

It’s a chance to reflect on your accomplishments, receive feedback, and set goals for the upcoming year. If you play your cards right, it may even result in a big raise or promotion.

Like job interviews, you want to prepare for year-end performance reviews to ensure the best outcome possible. Here are three things that you should do to prepare for your year-end performance review.

Book Time With Your Manager

Ideally your manager should’ve already booked a one-on-one chat with you for your annual review. But if they haven’t, feel free(随意；不必拘束) to make the first move(跨出第一步；主动).

Think of it as your way of helping your manager with their job. Like I mentioned earlier, most managers are happy to leave their team members alone, especially if things are going well. This setup(配置；安排；机构；组织) works well for most people.

Unfortunately, this can also result in certain achievements and milestones to go unnoticed. With a little proactivity(积极主动), you’re ensuring that your efforts and achievements are given the spotlight they deserve.

Come Prepared

If you haven’t been doing this all year, now is the time to document all the good work that you’ve been doing. Scour(搜寻；擦净；冲刷成；冲刷出；洗涤剂；洗去；摩擦) every email or conversation and take a screenshot of all the times that you got kudos from senior management, especially those times when you made a big impact on your team’s projects.

While collating(collate vt.核对；校对；整理；检查) your achievements, it’s also a good idea to think about numbers. While it’s not always possible, try your best to quantify(量化) the results of your efforts — this can be anything from increased revenue and cost savings to improved processes.

Finally, make sure to tie it all up with a good story. Discuss the challenges you faced, the actions you took, and the positive outcomes. This storytelling approach engages your manager and offers a more memorable and comprehensive view of your contributions.

Know What You Want

What is it that you truly want to get out of your year-end performance review? Do you want a pay raise, a promotion, or maybe you just want to do a lateral(横向的，同级的，平级的，侧面的) move?

If you want to do a lateral move, you’ll want to evaluate your current position versus(与……相对；与……相匹配；对抗) your interests and skills. It’s a good idea to connect with colleagues in the department where you want to transfer in and discuss how you could contribute to their work.

As for getting a raise or promotion, you’ll need to be convincing. Back your achievements up with data by researching industry trends. Find the typical salary range for your role in your industry, and use that as a solid basis for your negotiation.

From the First Bite, Our Sense of Taste Helps Pace Our Eating

When you eagerly dig into a long-awaited dinner, signals from your stomach to your brain keep you from eating so much you’ll regret it – or so it’s been thought. That theory had never really been directly tested until a team of scientists at UC San Francisco recently took up(从事；开始) the question.

The picture(情况、局面、画面), it turns out,(插入语) is a little different. 研究表明，情况可能有些不同

The team, led by Zachary Knight, PhD, a UCSF professor of physiology in the Kavli Institute For Fundamental Neuroscience, discovered that it’s our sense of taste that pulls us back from the brink(边缘；边沿) of food inhalation(吸入；吸入剂；吸入药) on a hungry day. Stimulated(刺激【区分simulate: 模拟；模仿；假装；装作；冒充】) by the perception of flavor, a set of neurons(neuron 神经元) – a type of brain cell – leaps(leap 跳跃；剧增) to attention almost immediately to curtail(vt. 限制；缩减；缩短) our food intake.

• leap to attention ：引起注意

“We’ve uncovered a logic the brainstem uses to control how fast how much we eat, using two different kinds of signals, one coming from the mouth, and one coming much later from the gut(肠道；肠胃；消化道),” said Knight. “This discovery gives us a new framework to understand how we control our eating.”

New views into the brainstem

Pavlov proposed(propose建议；提议) over a century ago that the sight, smell and taste of food are important for regulating digestion. More recent studies in the 1970s and 1980s have also suggested that the taste of food may restrain(抑制；约束) how fast we eat, but it’s been impossible to study the relevant(相关的) brain activity during eating because the brain cells that control this process are located deep in the brainstem, making them hard to access or record in an animal that’s awake.

Over the years, the idea had been forgotten, Knight said.

New techniques developed by lead author Truong Ly,PhD, a graduate student in Knight’s lab, allowed for the first-ever(史无前例的) imaging and recording of a brainstem structure critical for feeling full, called the nucleus of the solitary tract, or NTS, in an awake, active mouse. He used those techniques to look at two types of neurons that have been known for decades to have a role in food intake.

The team found that when they put food directly into the mouse’s stomach, brain cells called PRLH (for prolactin-releasing hormone) were activated by nutrient signals sent from the GI tract, in line with(符合……的；与……相符的；与……一致的) traditional thinking and the results of prior(时间上先前的) studies.

However, when they allowed the mice to eat the food as they normally would, those signals from the gut didn’t show up. Instead, the PRLH brain cells switched to a new activity pattern that was entirely controlled by signals from the mouth.

“It was a total surprise that these cells were activated by the perception of taste,” said Ly. “It shows that there are other components of the appetite-control system that we should be thinking about.”

While it may seem counterintuitive(违反直觉的；反常的) for our brains to slow eating when we’re hungry, the brain is actually using the taste of food in two different ways at the same time. One part is saying, “This tastes good, eat more”, and another part is watching how fast you’re eating and saying, “Slow down or you’re going to be sick.”

“The balance between those is how fast you eat,” said Knight.

The activity of the PRLH neurons seems to affect how palatable(美味可口的；可意的；宜人的) the mice found the food, Ly said. That meshes(mesh v.符合、吻合、匹配、适合) with our human experience that food is less appetizing once you’ve had your fill of it.

The PRLH-neuron-induced slowdown also makes sense(有道理；合乎情理；可以理解；讲得通) in terms of(在……方面) timing. The taste of food triggers these neurons to switch their activity in seconds, from keeping tabs on(密切注意……的动态；监视……的一举一动) the gut to responding to signals from the mouth.

Meanwhile, it takes many minutes for a different group of brain cells, called CGC neurons, to begin responding to signals from the stomach and intestines(intestine肠). These cells act over much slower time scales – tens of minutes – and can hold back(抑制) hunger for a much longer period of time.

“Together, these two sets of neurons create a feed-forward, feed-back loop,” said Knight. “One is using taste to slow things down and anticipate(预见；预言) what’s coming. The other is using a gut signal to say, ‘This is how much I really ate. Ok, I’m full now!’”

The team plans to investigate those interactions, seeking to better understand how taste signals from food interact with feedback from the gut to suppress our appetite during a meal.

• anticipate ：预见；语言
• participate：参与 participant 参与者