mysql主从

1. 主从简介

1.1 主从作用

  • 实时灾备,用于故障切换
  • 读写分离,提供查询服务
  • 备份,避免影响业务

1.2 主从形式

  • 一主一从
  • 主主复制
  • 一主多从—扩展系统读取的性能,因为读是在从库读取的 (适合读操作比较多的时候)
  • 多主一从—5.7开始支持 (适合写操作比较多的时候)
  • 联级复制

2. 主从复制原理

主从复制步骤:

  • 主库将所有的写操作记录到binlog日志中并生成一个log dump线程,将binlog(binary log,二进制日志,记录了所有的写操作:增、删、改)日志传给从库的I/O线程
  • 从库生成两个线程,一个I/O线程,一个SQL线程 I/O线程去请求主库的binlog,并将得到的binlog日志写到relay
    log(中继日志) 文件中 SQL线程,会读取relay
    log文件中的日志,并解析成具体操作,来实现主从的操作一致,达到最终数据一致的目的

3. 主从复制配置

主从复制配置步骤:

  1. 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样
  2. 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用 (主从同步同步的是主从复制配置完以后生成的数据)
  3. 配置主数据库(修改配置文件)
  4. 配置从数据库(修改配置文件)

需求:
搭建两台MySQL服务器,一台作为主服务器,一台作为从服务器,主服务器进行写操作,从服务器进行读操作

部署主从的两种情况:

  1. 主数据库原先就有数据
  2. 新部署的主从

3.1 mysql安装(方案一:新部署的主从)

3.2.1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样,先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

//先查看主库有哪些库
[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p1 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

//再查看从库有哪些库
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p1 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

3.2.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.47.131' identified by 'repl123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
[root@slave ~]# mysql -urepl -prepl123 -h192.168.47.130

3.2.3 配置主数据库

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
[mysqld]
port = 3306
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
pid-file = /opt/data/mysqld.pid
skip-name-resolve

# replication slave config
log-bin=mysql-bin   //启用binlog日志
server-id=10     //数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值必须比从库的小

//重启mysql服务
[root@master ~]# service mysqld restart 
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.2.4 配置从数据库

[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//添加如下内容
[mysqld]
port = 3306
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
pid-file = /opt/data/mysqld.pid
skip-name-resolve

# replication slave config
server-id=20     //设置从库的唯一标识符,从库的server-id值必须小于主库的该值
relay-log=mysql_relay       //启用中继日志relay-log

//重启从库的mysql服务
[root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart 
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='192.168.47.130',
    -> master_user='repl',
    -> master_password='repl1',
    -> master_log_file='mysql_bin.000001',
    -> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//查看从服务器状态
mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Connecting to master
                  Master_Host: 192.168.47.130
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql_relay.000001
                Relay_Log_Pos: 4
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes     //此处必须为Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes     //此处必须为Yes
              Replicate_Do_DB: 
          Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
           Replicate_Do_Table: 

3.2.5 测试验证

在主服务器上创建一个wjj数据库:

mysql> create database wjj;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wjj                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从slave查看是否有wjj这个库:

mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wjj                |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.1 mysql安装(方案二:主数据库原先就有数据)

3.2.1 确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样

为确保从数据库与主数据库里的数据一样,先全备主数据库并还原到从数据库中

//先查看主库有哪些库
[root@master ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
| wjj                |
+--------------------+

//再查看从库有哪些库
[root@slave ~]# mysql -uroot -p123 -e 'show databases;'
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| sys                |
+--------------------+

//全备主库
//全备主库时需要另开一个终端,给数据库加上读锁,避免在备份期间有其他人在写入导致数据不一致
mysql> flush tables with read lock;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
//此锁表的终端必须在备份完成以后才能退出

//查看此时主库的状态
mysql> show processlist;
+----+------+-----------+------+---------+------+----------+------------------+
| Id | User | Host      | db   | Command | Time | State    | Info             |
+----+------+-----------+------+---------+------+----------+------------------+
|  6 | root | localhost | NULL | Query   |    0 | starting | show processlist |
+----+------+-----------+------+---------+------+----------+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//备份主库并将备份文件传送到从库
[root@master ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p123 --all-databases > all.sql
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master ~]# scp all.sql 192.168.47.131:/root/
root@192.168.47.131's password: 
all.sql                          100%  853KB 133.6MB/s   00:00    
[root@master ~]# 
[root@slave ~]# ls
公共  视频  文档  音乐  all.sql          initial-setup-ks.cfg
模板  图片  下载  桌面  anaconda-ks.cfg  pass

3.2.2 在主数据库里创建一个同步账号授权给从数据库使用

mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'repl'@'192.168.47.131' identified by 'repl123!';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

3.2.3 配置主数据库

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//在[mysqld]这段的后面加上如下内容
[mysqld]
port = 3306
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
pid-file = /opt/data/mysqld.pid
skip-name-resolve

log-bin=mysql-bin   //启用binlog日志
server-id=10     //数据库服务器唯一标识符,主库的server-id值必须比从库的大

//重启mysql服务
[root@master ~]# service mysqld restart 
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//查看主库的状态
mysql> show master status;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql_bin.000001 |      154 |              |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

3.2.4 配置从数据库

[root@slave ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf
//添加如下内容
[mysqld]
port = 3306
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /opt/data
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
pid-file = /opt/data/mysqld.pid
skip-name-resolve

server-id=20    //设置从库的唯一标识符,从库的server-id值必须小于主库的该值
relay-log=mysql-relay-bin       //启用中继日志relay-log

//重启从库的mysql服务
[root@slave ~]# service mysqld restart 
Shutting down MySQL.. SUCCESS! 
Starting MySQL. SUCCESS! 

//配置并启动主从复制
mysql> change master to
    -> master_host='192.168.47.130',
    -> master_user='repl',
    -> master_password='repl123!',
    -> master_log_file='mysql_bin.000001',
    -> master_log_pos=154;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.00 sec)
mysql> start slave;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

//查看从服务器状态
mysql> show slave status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
               Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                  Master_Host: 192.168.47.130
                  Master_User: repl
                  Master_Port: 3306
                Connect_Retry: 60
              Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
          Read_Master_Log_Pos: 154
               Relay_Log_File: mysql_relay.000002
                Relay_Log_Pos: 320
        Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql_bin.000001
             Slave_IO_Running: Yes        //此处必须为Yes
            Slave_SQL_Running: Yes        //此处必须为Yes

3.2.5 测试验证

mysql> select * from student;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | tom   |   10 |
|  2 | jerry |   12 |
|  3 | lisi  |   15 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> insert student(name,age) value('zhangsan',20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name     | age  |
+----+----------+------+
|  1 | tom      |   10 |
|  2 | jerry    |   12 |
|  3 | lisi     |   15 |
|  4 | zhangsan |   20 |
+----+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

在从数据库中查看数据是否同步:

mysql> use wjj;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from student;
+----+----------+------+
| id | name     | age  |
+----+----------+------+
|  1 | tom      |   10 |
|  2 | jerry    |   12 |
|  3 | lisi     |   15 |
|  4 | zhangsan |   20 |
+----+----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
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