NLP基础入门之新闻文本基于深度学习的文本分类Test5
Word2Vector介绍
相较于传统NLP的高维、稀疏的表示法(One-hot Representation)，Word2Vec训练出的词向量是低维、稠密的。Word2Vec利用了词的上下文信息，语义信息更加丰富，目前常见的应用有：
使用训练出的词向量作为输入特征，提升现有系统，如应用在情感分析、词性标注、语言翻译等神经网络中的输入层。
直接从语言学的角度对词向量进行应用，如使用向量的距离表示词语相似度、query相关性等。
在NLP中，最细粒度的对象是词语。如果我们要进行词性标注，用一般的思路，我们可以有一系列的样本数据(x,y)。其中x表示词语，y表示词性。而我们要做的，就是找到一个x -> y的映射关系，传统的方法包括Bayes,SVM等算法。但是我们的数学模型，一般都是数值型的输入。但是NLP中的词语，是人类的抽象总结，是符号形式的（比如中文、英文、拉丁文等等），所以需要把他们转换成数值形式，或者说——嵌入到一个数学空间里，这种嵌入方式，就叫词嵌入（word embedding)，而 Word2vec，就是词嵌入（ word embedding) 的一种。
在 NLP 中，把 x 看做一个句子里的一个词语，y 是这个词语的上下文词语，那么这里的 f，便是 NLP 中经常出现的『语言模型』（language model），这个模型的目的，就是判断 (x,y) 这个样本，是否符合自然语言的法则，更通俗点说就是：词语x和词语y放在一起，是不是人话。
Word2vec 正是来源于这个思想，但它的最终目的，不是要把 f 训练得多么完美，而是只关心模型训练完后的副产物——模型参数（这里特指神经网络的权重），并将这些参数，作为输入 x 的某种向量化的表示，这个向量便叫做——词向量。
word2vec里面有两个重要的模型-CBOW模型(Continuous Bag-of-Words Model)与Skip-gram模型。
由名字与图都很容易看出来，CBOW就是根据某个词前面的C个词或者前后C个连续的词，来计算某个词出现的概率。Skip-Gram Model相反，是根据某个词，然后分别计算它前后出现某几个词的各个概率。
使用Gensim中的Word2Vector进行训练
from gensim.models import Word2Vec
model = Word2Vec(data['text'],size=200,window=3,min_count=3)
参数介绍：
1、size: 训练时词向量维度，默认值是100。这个维度的取值一般与我们的语料的大小相关，如果是不大的语料，比如小于100M的文本语料，则使用默认值一般就可以了。如果是超大的语料，建议增大维度。
2、window：即词向量上下文最大距离，这个参数在我们的算法原理篇中标记为c，window越大，则和某一词较远的词也会产生上下文关系。默认值为5。在实际使用中，可以根据实际的需求来动态调整这个window的大小。如果是小语料则这个值可以设的更小。对于一般的语料这个值推荐在[5,10]之间。
3、min_count：需要计算词向量的最小词频。这个值可以去掉一些很生僻的低频词，默认是5。如果是小语料，可以调低这个值。
4、workers：完成训练过程的线程数，默认为1即不使用多线程。
更多参数请查阅官方文档
TextCNN模型搭建
# build module
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class Attention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, hidden_size):
super(Attention, self).__init__()
self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(hidden_size, hidden_size))
self.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.05)
self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(hidden_size))
b = np.zeros(hidden_size, dtype=np.float32)
self.bias.data.copy_(torch.from_numpy(b))
self.query = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(hidden_size))
self.query.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.05)
def forward(self, batch_hidden, batch_masks):
# batch_hidden: b x len x hidden_size (2 * hidden_size of lstm)
# batch_masks: b x len
# linear
key = torch.matmul(batch_hidden, self.weight) + self.bias # b x len x hidden
# compute attention
outputs = torch.matmul(key, self.query) # b x len
masked_outputs = outputs.masked_fill((1 - batch_masks).bool(), float(-1e32))
attn_scores = F.softmax(masked_outputs, dim=1) # b x len
# 对于全零向量，-1e32的结果为 1/len, -inf为nan, 额外补0
masked_attn_scores = attn_scores.masked_fill((1 - batch_masks).bool(), 0.0)
# sum weighted sources
batch_outputs = torch.bmm(masked_attn_scores.unsqueeze(1), key).squeeze(1) # b x hidden
return batch_outputs, attn_scores
# build word encoder
word2vec_path = '../emb/word2vec.txt'
dropout = 0.15
class WordCNNEncoder(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, vocab):
super(WordCNNEncoder, self).__init__()
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.word_dims = 100
self.word_embed = nn.Embedding(vocab.word_size, self.word_dims, padding_idx=0)
extword_embed = vocab.load_pretrained_embs(word2vec_path)
extword_size, word_dims = extword_embed.shape
logging.info("Load extword embed: words %d, dims %d." % (extword_size, word_dims))
self.extword_embed = nn.Embedding(extword_size, word_dims, padding_idx=0)
self.extword_embed.weight.data.copy_(torch.from_numpy(extword_embed))
self.extword_embed.weight.requires_grad = False
input_size = self.word_dims
self.filter_sizes = [2, 3, 4] # n-gram window
self.out_channel = 100
self.convs = nn.ModuleList([nn.Conv2d(1, self.out_channel, (filter_size, input_size), bias=True)
for filter_size in self.filter_sizes])
def forward(self, word_ids, extword_ids):
# word_ids: sen_num x sent_len
# extword_ids: sen_num x sent_len
# batch_masks: sen_num x sent_len
sen_num, sent_len = word_ids.shape
word_embed = self.word_embed(word_ids) # sen_num x sent_len x 100
extword_embed = self.extword_embed(extword_ids)
batch_embed = word_embed + extword_embed
if self.training:
batch_embed = self.dropout(batch_embed)
batch_embed.unsqueeze_(1) # sen_num x 1 x sent_len x 100
pooled_outputs = []
for i in range(len(self.filter_sizes)):
filter_height = sent_len - self.filter_sizes[i] + 1
conv = self.convs[i](batch_embed)
hidden = F.relu(conv) # sen_num x out_channel x filter_height x 1
mp = nn.MaxPool2d((filter_height, 1)) # (filter_height, filter_width)
pooled = mp(hidden).reshape(sen_num,
self.out_channel) # sen_num x out_channel x 1 x 1 -> sen_num x out_channel
pooled_outputs.append(pooled)
reps = torch.cat(pooled_outputs, dim=1) # sen_num x total_out_channel
if self.training:
reps = self.dropout(reps)
return reps
# build sent encoder
sent_hidden_size = 256
sent_num_layers = 2
class SentEncoder(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, sent_rep_size):
super(SentEncoder, self).__init__()
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.sent_lstm = nn.LSTM(
input_size=sent_rep_size,
hidden_size=sent_hidden_size,
num_layers=sent_num_layers,
batch_first=True,
bidirectional=True
)
def forward(self, sent_reps, sent_masks):
# sent_reps: b x doc_len x sent_rep_size
# sent_masks: b x doc_len
sent_hiddens, _ = self.sent_lstm(sent_reps) # b x doc_len x hidden*2
sent_hiddens = sent_hiddens * sent_masks.unsqueeze(2)
if self.training:
sent_hiddens = self.dropout(sent_hiddens)
return sent_hiddens
# build model
class Model(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, vocab):
super(Model, self).__init__()
self.sent_rep_size = 300
self.doc_rep_size = sent_hidden_size * 2
self.all_parameters = {}
parameters = []
self.word_encoder = WordCNNEncoder(vocab)
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.word_encoder.parameters())))
self.sent_encoder = SentEncoder(self.sent_rep_size)
self.sent_attention = Attention(self.doc_rep_size)
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.sent_encoder.parameters())))
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.sent_attention.parameters())))
self.out = nn.Linear(self.doc_rep_size, vocab.label_size, bias=True)
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.out.parameters())))
if use_cuda:
self.to(device)
if len(parameters) > 0:
self.all_parameters["basic_parameters"] = parameters
logging.info('Build model with cnn word encoder, lstm sent encoder.')
para_num = sum([np.prod(list(p.size())) for p in self.parameters()])
logging.info('Model param num: %.2f M.' % (para_num / 1e6))
def forward(self, batch_inputs):
# batch_inputs(batch_inputs1, batch_inputs2): b x doc_len x sent_len
# batch_masks : b x doc_len x sent_len
batch_inputs1, batch_inputs2, batch_masks = batch_inputs
batch_size, max_doc_len, max_sent_len = batch_inputs1.shape[0], batch_inputs1.shape[1], batch_inputs1.shape[2]
batch_inputs1 = batch_inputs1.view(batch_size * max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # sen_num x sent_len
batch_inputs2 = batch_inputs2.view(batch_size * max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # sen_num x sent_len
batch_masks = batch_masks.view(batch_size * max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # sen_num x sent_len
sent_reps = self.word_encoder(batch_inputs1, batch_inputs2) # sen_num x sent_rep_size
sent_reps = sent_reps.view(batch_size, max_doc_len, self.sent_rep_size) # b x doc_len x sent_rep_size
batch_masks = batch_masks.view(batch_size, max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # b x doc_len x max_sent_len
sent_masks = batch_masks.bool().any(2).float() # b x doc_len
sent_hiddens = self.sent_encoder(sent_reps, sent_masks) # b x doc_len x doc_rep_size
doc_reps, atten_scores = self.sent_attention(sent_hiddens, sent_masks) # b x doc_rep_size
batch_outputs = self.out(doc_reps) # b x num_labels
return batch_outputs
model = Model(vocab)
参考阿里天池文本分类论坛分享代码
TextRNN搭建
# build module
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
class Attention(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, hidden_size):
super(Attention, self).__init__()
self.weight = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(hidden_size, hidden_size))
self.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.05)
self.bias = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(hidden_size))
b = np.zeros(hidden_size, dtype=np.float32)
self.bias.data.copy_(torch.from_numpy(b))
self.query = nn.Parameter(torch.Tensor(hidden_size))
self.query.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.05)
def forward(self, batch_hidden, batch_masks):
# batch_hidden: b x len x hidden_size (2 * hidden_size of lstm)
# batch_masks: b x len
# linear
key = torch.matmul(batch_hidden, self.weight) + self.bias # b x len x hidden
# compute attention
outputs = torch.matmul(key, self.query) # b x len
masked_outputs = outputs.masked_fill((1 - batch_masks).bool(), float(-1e32))
attn_scores = F.softmax(masked_outputs, dim=1) # b x len
# 对于全零向量，-1e32的结果为 1/len, -inf为nan, 额外补0
masked_attn_scores = attn_scores.masked_fill((1 - batch_masks).bool(), 0.0)
# sum weighted sources
batch_outputs = torch.bmm(masked_attn_scores.unsqueeze(1), key).squeeze(1) # b x hidden
return batch_outputs, attn_scores
# build word encoder
word2vec_path = '../emb/word2vec.txt'
dropout = 0.15
word_hidden_size = 128
word_num_layers = 2
class WordLSTMEncoder(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, vocab):
super(WordLSTMEncoder, self).__init__()
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.word_dims = 100
self.word_embed = nn.Embedding(vocab.word_size, self.word_dims, padding_idx=0)
extword_embed = vocab.load_pretrained_embs(word2vec_path)
extword_size, word_dims = extword_embed.shape
logging.info("Load extword embed: words %d, dims %d." % (extword_size, word_dims))
self.extword_embed = nn.Embedding(extword_size, word_dims, padding_idx=0)
self.extword_embed.weight.data.copy_(torch.from_numpy(extword_embed))
self.extword_embed.weight.requires_grad = False
input_size = self.word_dims
self.word_lstm = nn.LSTM(
input_size=input_size,
hidden_size=word_hidden_size,
num_layers=word_num_layers,
batch_first=True,
bidirectional=True
)
def forward(self, word_ids, extword_ids, batch_masks):
# word_ids: sen_num x sent_len
# extword_ids: sen_num x sent_len
# batch_masks sen_num x sent_len
word_embed = self.word_embed(word_ids) # sen_num x sent_len x 100
extword_embed = self.extword_embed(extword_ids)
batch_embed = word_embed + extword_embed
if self.training:
batch_embed = self.dropout(batch_embed)
hiddens, _ = self.word_lstm(batch_embed) # sen_num x sent_len x hidden*2
hiddens = hiddens * batch_masks.unsqueeze(2)
if self.training:
hiddens = self.dropout(hiddens)
return hiddens
# build sent encoder
sent_hidden_size = 256
sent_num_layers = 2
class SentEncoder(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, sent_rep_size):
super(SentEncoder, self).__init__()
self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
self.sent_lstm = nn.LSTM(
input_size=sent_rep_size,
hidden_size=sent_hidden_size,
num_layers=sent_num_layers,
batch_first=True,
bidirectional=True
)
def forward(self, sent_reps, sent_masks):
# sent_reps: b x doc_len x sent_rep_size
# sent_masks: b x doc_len
sent_hiddens, _ = self.sent_lstm(sent_reps) # b x doc_len x hidden*2
sent_hiddens = sent_hiddens * sent_masks.unsqueeze(2)
if self.training:
sent_hiddens = self.dropout(sent_hiddens)
return sent_hiddens
# build model
class Model(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, vocab):
super(Model, self).__init__()
self.sent_rep_size = word_hidden_size * 2
self.doc_rep_size = sent_hidden_size * 2
self.all_parameters = {}
parameters = []
self.word_encoder = WordLSTMEncoder(vocab)
self.word_attention = Attention(self.sent_rep_size)
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.word_encoder.parameters())))
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.word_attention.parameters())))
self.sent_encoder = SentEncoder(self.sent_rep_size)
self.sent_attention = Attention(self.doc_rep_size)
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.sent_encoder.parameters())))
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.sent_attention.parameters())))
self.out = nn.Linear(self.doc_rep_size, vocab.label_size, bias=True)
parameters.extend(list(filter(lambda p: p.requires_grad, self.out.parameters())))
if use_cuda:
self.to(device)
if len(parameters) > 0:
self.all_parameters["basic_parameters"] = parameters
logging.info('Build model with lstm word encoder, lstm sent encoder.')
para_num = sum([np.prod(list(p.size())) for p in self.parameters()])
logging.info('Model param num: %.2f M.' % (para_num / 1e6))
def forward(self, batch_inputs):
# batch_inputs(batch_inputs1, batch_inputs2): b x doc_len x sent_len
# batch_masks : b x doc_len x sent_len
batch_inputs1, batch_inputs2, batch_masks = batch_inputs
batch_size, max_doc_len, max_sent_len = batch_inputs1.shape[0], batch_inputs1.shape[1], batch_inputs1.shape[2]
batch_inputs1 = batch_inputs1.view(batch_size * max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # sen_num x sent_len
batch_inputs2 = batch_inputs2.view(batch_size * max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # sen_num x sent_len
batch_masks = batch_masks.view(batch_size * max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # sen_num x sent_len
batch_hiddens = self.word_encoder(batch_inputs1, batch_inputs2,
batch_masks) # sen_num x sent_len x sent_rep_size
sent_reps, atten_scores = self.word_attention(batch_hiddens, batch_masks) # sen_num x sent_rep_size
sent_reps = sent_reps.view(batch_size, max_doc_len, self.sent_rep_size) # b x doc_len x sent_rep_size
batch_masks = batch_masks.view(batch_size, max_doc_len, max_sent_len) # b x doc_len x max_sent_len
sent_masks = batch_masks.bool().any(2).float() # b x doc_len
sent_hiddens = self.sent_encoder(sent_reps, sent_masks) # b x doc_len x doc_rep_size
doc_reps, atten_scores = self.sent_attention(sent_hiddens, sent_masks) # b x doc_rep_size
batch_outputs = self.out(doc_reps) # b x num_labels
return batch_outputs
model = Model(vocab)
参考阿里天池文本分类论坛分享代码
总结：
深度学习有待深入学习了解
参考链接
1、https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_43561290/article/details/101638438?biz_id=102&utm_term=word2vec&utm_medium=distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-blog-2allsobaiduweb~default-1-101638438&spm=1018.2118.3001.4187；
2、https://blog.csdn.net/HappyCtest/article/details/85091686?ops_request_misc=%257B%2522request%255Fid%2522%253A%2522159620380919724845052194%2522%252C%2522scm%2522%253A%252220140713.130102334…%2522%257D&request_id=159620380919724845052194&biz_id=0&utm_medium=distribute.pc_search_result.none-task-blog-2allfirst_rank_v2~rank_v25-2-85091686.first_rank_v2_rank_v25&utm_term=gensim+word2vec&spm=1018.2118.3001.4187
3、https://tianchi.aliyun.com/competition/entrance/531810/forum
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