【C++】3. 函数

一、通过例子理解函数

1. 求n次方

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

double power(double x, int n); 

int main() {
	cout << "5 to the power 2 is " << power(5, 2) << endl;
	return 0;
} 

double power(double x, int n) {
	double val = 1.0;
	while (n != 0) {
		val *= x;
		n--;
	}
	return val;
}

2. 二进制转十进制

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void binToDec();    

int main() {
	binToDec();
	return 0;
} 

void binToDec() {
	int value = 0;
	cout << "Enter an 8 bit binary number: ";
	for (int i = 7; i >= 0; i--) {
		char ch;
		cin >> ch;
		if (ch == '1')
			value += power(2, i);
	}
	cout << "Decimal value is " << value << endl; 
}

3. 计算π

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

double arctan(double x) {
	double cur = x;
	int i = 1;
	double sum = 0;
	while (cur / i > 1e-15) {
		if (i % 4 == 1) 
			sum += cur / i;
		else 
			sum -= cur / i;
		i += 2;
		cur = cur * x * x;
	}
	return sum;
}

void computePi() {
	// 整数相除结果取整 
	double x = arctan(1 / 5.0);
	double y = arctan(1 / 239.0);
	cout << "Pi = " << 16 * x - 4 * y << endl;
}

int main() {
	computePi();
	return 0;
} 

4. 回文数

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

bool symm(unsigned n) {
	unsigned i = n;
	unsigned m = 0;
	while (i != 0) {
		m = m * 10 + i % 10;
		i = i / 10;
	}
	return m == n;
} 

void countSymm(unsigned start, unsigned end) {
	for (unsigned i = start; i <= end; i++) {
		if (symm(i) && symm(i * i) && symm(i * i * i)) {
			cout << "m = " << i;
			cout << "  m * m = " << i * i;
			cout << "  m * m * m = " << i * i * i;
			cout <<endl;
		}	
	}
}

int main() {
	countSymm(11, 999);
	return 0;
} 

5. 分段函数

#include<iostream>
#include<cmath>
using namespace std;

double tsin(double x) {
	double sum = 0;
	double cur = x;
	int i = 1;
	while (cur > 1e-6) {
		if (i % 4 == 1)
			sum += cur;
		else 
			sum -= cur;
		cur = cur * x / (i + 1) * x / (i + 2);  // 不这样处理会超出范围 
		i += 2;
	}
	return sum;
}

void piecewiseFunction(double r, double s) {
	if (r * r > s * s) 
		cout << tsin(r * s) / 2.0 << endl;
	else 
		cout << sqrt(tsin(r) * tsin(r) + tsin(s) * tsin(s)) << endl;
}

int main() {
	piecewiseFunction(5, 8);
	return 0;
} 

6. 掷骰子

#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
using namespace std;

int rollDice() {
	int die1 = 1 + rand() % 6;
	int die2 = 1 + rand() % 6;
	int sum = die1 + die2;
	cout << "Player rolled " << die1 << " + " << die2 << " = " << sum << endl;
	return sum;
}

enum GameStatus {WIN, LOSE, PLAYING};

void playGame(unsigned seed) {
	int sum, myPoint;
	GameStatus status;
	srand(seed);
	sum = rollDice();
	switch (sum) {
		case 7:
		case 11:
			status = WIN;
			break; 
		case 2:
		case 3:
		case 12:
			status = LOSE;
			break;
		default:
			status = PLAYING;
			myPoint = sum;
			cout << "Point is " << sum << endl; 
	}
	while (status == PLAYING) {
		sum = rollDice();
		if (sum == myPoint)
			status = WIN;
		else if (sum == 7)
			status = LOSE;
	}
	if (status == WIN) 
		cout << "Player wins" << endl;
	else
		cout << "Player loses" << endl;
}

int main() {
	playGame(8);
	playGame(23);
	return 0;
} 

7. n!

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

unsigned fac(unsigned n) {
	unsigned ans;
	if (n == 0)
		return 1;
	else
		return n * fac(n - 1);
}

int main() {
	cout << "5! = " << fac(5) << endl;
	return 0;
} 

8. 组合数

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int comm(int n, int k) {
	if (n < k)
		return 0;
	else if (n == k || k == 0)
		return 1;
	else 
		return comm(n - 1, k) + comm(n - 1, k - 1);
}

int main() {
	cout << "C(n, k) = " << comm(18, 5) << endl; 
	return 0;
} 

9. 汉诺塔

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void move(char src, char dest) {
	cout << src << " --> " << dest << endl;
}

void hanoi(int n, char src, char medium, char dest) {
	if (n == 1) 
		move(src, dest);
	else {
		hanoi(n - 1, src, dest, medium);
		move(src, dest);
		hanoi(n - 1, medium, src, dest);
	}
}

int main() {
	int m;
	cout << "Enter the number of diskes: ";
	cin >> m;
	cout << "The steps to moving " << m << " diskes:" << endl;
	hanoi(m, 'A', 'B', 'C');
	return 0;
}

二、函数的参数传递

1. 值传递

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void swap(int a, int b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
} 

int main() {
	int x = 5, y = 10;
	cout << "x = " << x << "   y = " << y << endl;
	swap(x, y);
	cout << "x = " << x << "   y = " << y << endl;
	return 0;
}

x = 5   y = 10
x = 5   y = 10

2. 引用传递

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void swap(int &a, int &b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
} 

int main() {
	int x = 5, y = 10;
	cout << "x = " << x << "   y = " << y << endl;
	swap(x, y);
	cout << "x = " << x << "   y = " << y << endl;
	return 0;
}

x = 5   y = 10
x = 10   y = 5

3. 两者比较

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

void fiddle(int a, int &b) {
	a = a + 100;
	b += 100;
	cout << "a = " << a << "   b = " << b << endl;
} 

int main() {
	int x = 5, y = 10;
	cout << "x = " << x << "   y = " << y << endl;
	fiddle(x, y);
	cout << "x = " << x << "   y = " << y << endl;
	return 0;
}

x = 5   y = 10
a = 105   b = 110
x = 5   y = 110

三、内联函数

• 求圆面积

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.14159265358979;

inline double calArea(double radius) {
	return PI * radius * radius;
} 

int main() {
	double r = 3.0;
	cout << calArea(r) << endl;
	return 0;
} 

四、带默认形参值的函数

1. 表示方法

有默认值的形参必须在形参列表的最后

int add(int x, int y = 5, int z = 6);  //正确
int add(int x = 1, int y = 5, int z);  //错误
int add(int x = 1, int y, int z = 6);  //错误

2. 好习惯

在相同的作用域内，声明后不能再重复定义。

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int add(int x = 5, int y = 6);

int main() {
	cout << add() << endl;
	return 0; 
} 

int add(int x /*= 5*/, int y /*= 6*/) {
	return x + y;
}

3. 计算长方体的体积

using namespace std;

int getVolume(int length, int width = 2, int height = 3);

int main() {
	int l = 10, w = 12, h = 15;
	cout << getVolume(l, w, h) << endl;
	cout << getVolume(l, w) << endl;
	cout << getVolume(l) << endl;
	return 0; 
} 

int getVolume(int length, int width /*= 2*/, int height /*= 3*/) {
	cout << length << " * " << width << " * " << height << " = ";
	return length * width * height;
}

四、函数重载

• 重载函数的形参必须不同：个数不同或者类型不同。

int add(int x, int y);
float add(float x, float y);

int add(int x, int y);
int add(int x, int y, int z);

• 不能只以形参名和返回值区分函数。

int add(int x, int y);
int add(int a, int b);
错误！！！编译器不以形参名来区分函数

int add(int x, int y);
void add(int x, int y);
错误！！！编译器不以返回值来区分函数

• 有默认形参时要防止二义性。

void fun(int length, int width = 2, int height = 3);
void fun(int length);
fun(1);
语法错误！！！因为编译器不知道应该执行哪个函数。

两整数平方和及两实数平方和

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int sumOfSquare(int x, int y) {
	return x * x + y * y;
}

double sumOfSquare(double x, double y) {
	return x * x + y * y;
}

int main() {
	cout << sumOfSquare(3, 5) << endl;
	cout << sumOfSquare(2.3, 5.8) << endl;
	return 0; 
} 

五、C++系统函数

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