【Shell】基本语法

LittleFish0820

已于 2022-08-26 22:34:46 修改

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分类专栏： Linux 文章标签： bash linux

于 2022-08-26 22:33:00 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/m0_46459047/article/details/126551226

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Shell概述

Shell是一个命令行解释器，它接收应用程序/用户命令，然后调用操作系统内核。
在这里插入图片描述

1. Linux提供的解析器

[fish@hadoop101 ~]$ cat /etc/shells 
/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/usr/bin/sh
/usr/bin/bash
/usr/sbin/nologin

2. bash 和 sh的关系

[fish@hadoop101 ~]$ cd /bin
[fish@hadoop101 bin]$ ll | grep bash
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    964544 4月  11 2018 bash
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root        10 8月  19 15:48 bashbug -> bashbug-64
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root      6964 4月  11 2018 bashbug-64
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root         4 8月  19 15:48 sh -> bash

3. CentOS解析器是 bash

[fish@hadoop101 bin]$ echo $SHELL
/bin/bash

HelloWorld

脚本文件名后缀为.sh，脚本开头为#!/bin/bash

脚本实现功能：新建.txt文件并写入Hello World!

[fish@hadoop101 ~]$ mkdir data
[fish@hadoop101 ~]$ cd data
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim helloworld.sh
#!/bin/bash
cd /home/fish/data
touch helloworld.txt
echo "Hello World!" >> helloworld.txt

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash helloworld.sh 
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat helloworld.txt 
Hello World!

变量

系统预定义变量

1. 查看系统变量的值

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $HOME $PWD $SHELL $USER/home/fish /home/fish/data /bin/bash fish

2. 显示当前Shell中的所有变量

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ set | grep bash
BASH=/bin/bash
HISTFILE=/home/fish/.bash_history
SHELL=/bin/bash

自定义变量

1. 定义变量、重新赋值

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ A=5
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $A
5
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ A=6
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $A
6

2. 撤销变量

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ unset A
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $A

3. 声明静态变量，不能撤销

大概需要重启才能消失

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ readonly B=2
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $B
2
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ B=3
-bash: B: 只读变量
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ unset B
-bash: unset: B: 无法反设定: 只读 variable

4. 把变量提升为全局环境变量

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim exportTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo $B

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash exportTest.sh 

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $B
2
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ export B
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash exportTest.sh 
2

特殊变量

1. $n

n为数字，$0代表该脚本名称，$1~$9代表第1到第9个参数，两位数以上用${10}

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim parameter.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo "$0"
echo "$1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6"
echo "$7 $8 $9 ${10}"

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash parameter.sh to be or not to be that is a question
parameter.sh
to be or not to be
that is a question

2. $#

用于获取所有输入参数个数（脚本文件本身不算作参数），便于循环。

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim parameter.sh 
#!/bin/bash
echo "$0"
echo "$1 $2 $3 $4 $5 $6"
echo "$7 $8 $9 ${10}"
echo "The number of input parameters is: $#"

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash parameter.sh to be or not to be that is a question
parameter.sh
to be or not to be
that is a question
The number of input parameters is: 10

3. $*、$@

两者都代表命令行中所有的参数，前者是一个整体，后者可以区别对待每个参数。（具体区别请看流程控制部分）

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim parameter.sh 
#!/bin/bash
echo "$*"
echo "$@"

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash parameter.sh to be or not to be, that is a question
to be or not to be, that is a question
to be or not to be, that is a question

4. $?

表示最后一次执行的命令的返回状态，0表示上一次命令正确执行。

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ unset B
-bash: unset: B: 无法反设定: 只读 variable
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $?
1
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $B
2
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $?
0

运算符

1. $((运算式)) 和 $[运算式]

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $((1+2))
3
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $[2+3]
5

2. expr

要留意空格，且一个expr只管一个运算符，乘号用\*，一次结果还需要**``**括起来。不推荐用这种方式。

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ expr 1 + 2
3
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ expr `expr 1 + 2` \* 3
9

条件判断

1. test condition

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ test 1 -lt 2
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $?
0
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ test 1 -gt 2
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $?
1

2. [ condition ]

&&表示前一条命令执行成功时，才执行后一条命令
||表示上一条命令执行失败后，才执行下一条命令

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ [ -e ~/data/helloworld.txt ] && echo OK
OK
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $?
0

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ [ -e ~/data/helloworld.txt ] && [ ] || echo not OK
not OK
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $?
0

流程控制

if

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim ifTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
if [ $1 -eq 0 ] 
then
	echo "I am a girl."	
elif [ $1 -eq 1 ]
then
	echo "I am a boy."
fi

if [ $1 -ge 2 ];then
	echo "That is a question."
fi

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash ifTest.sh 0
I am a girl.
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash ifTest.sh 1
I am a boy.
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ /bin/bash ifTest.sh 2
That is a question.

case

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim caseTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
case $1 in
"0")
	echo "Female"
;;
"1")
	echo "Male"
;;
*)
	echo "null"
;;
esac	

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ chmod 777 caseTest.sh 
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ ./caseTest.sh 0
Female
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ ./caseTest.sh 1
Male
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ ./caseTest.sh 2
null

for

1. 类似下标遍历for

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim forTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
Sum=0
for ((i=1;i<=100;i++))
do
	Sum=$[$Sum+$i]
done

echo $Sum

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ bash forTest.sh 
5050

2. 类似增强for

可以看出$@和$*区别

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim forTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
for word in "$*"
do
	echo "I was $word"
done

for word in "$@"
do 
	echo "I am $word."
done

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ bash forTest.sh study eat sleep
I was study eat sleep
I am study.
I am eat.
I am sleep.

while

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim whileTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
sum=0
i=1
while [ $i -le 100 ]
do
	sum=$[$sum+$i]
	i=$[$i+1]
done
echo $sum

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ bash whileTest.sh 
5050

read读取控制台输入

(prompt) -p 提示符
(time) -t 等待的时间(s)

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim readTest.sh
#!/bin/bash
read -p "Name: " -t 7 name
echo "My name is $name."

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ bash readTest.sh 
Name: fish
My name is fish.

函数

系统函数

1. basename(掐头)

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ basename $PWD/helloworld.txt
helloworld.txt
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ basename $PWD/helloworld.txt .txt
helloworld

2. dirname(去尾)

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ dirname $PWD/helloworld.txt 
/home/fish/data

自定义函数

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim twoSum.sh
#!/bin/bash
function twoSum
{
	echo "$1 + $2 = $[$1+$2]"
}

read -p "first number: " -t 10 n1
read -p "second number: " -t 10 n2

twoSum $n1 $n2

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ bash twoSum.sh 
first number: 4
second number: 6
4 + 6 = 10

Shell工具

cut

-f列号，从1开始
-d指定分隔符

1. 切割指定列

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim cut.txt
to be or not to be
that is a question
dong guan
shen zhen
wo lai le 
my name is fish

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cut cut.txt -f 1 -d " "
to
that
dong
shen
wo
my
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cut cut.txt -f 2,3 -d " "
be or
is a
guan
zhen
lai le
name is

2. 切割指定单词

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat cut.txt | grep that
that is a question
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat cut.txt | grep that | cut -d " " -f 1
that

3. 系统PATH变量

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $PATH
/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/home/fish/.local/bin:/home/fish/bin
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ echo $PATH | cut -d ":" -f 2-
/usr/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/sbin:/home/fish/.local/bin:/home/fish/bin

4. 切割ifconfig，打印IP地址

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.10.142  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.10.255
        inet6 fe80::6609:f543:593c:4102  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:ee:79:fc  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 21178  bytes 1554497 (1.4 MiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 9561  bytes 1155721 (1.1 MiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ ifconfig ens33 | grep "inet " | cut -d 't' -f 2 | cut -d ' ' -f 2
192.168.10.142

sed

stream editor

a add
d delete
s search and replace

1. 在某一行中插入新行

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim sed.txt
Bei jing 
Shang hai
Dong guan
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ sed "2a Shen zhen" sed.txt 
Bei jing 
Shang hai
Shen zhen
Dong guan
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat sed.txt 
Bei jing 
Shang hai
Dong guan

2. 删除含有某字符串的行

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ sed "/hai/d" sed.txt 
Bei jing 
Dong guan

3. 辞旧迎新

g = global表示全部替换；没有g默认只替换第一个

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ sed "s/Dong guan/Cheng du/g" sed.txt 
Bei jing 
Shang hai
Cheng du

4. 多次操作

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ sed -e "2d" -e "s/Bei jing/China/g" sed.txt 
China 
Dong guan

awk

请移步学习正则表达式

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cp /etc/passwd ./

-F 指定分隔符
-v variable 赋值一个用户定义变量

1. 搜索以root关键字开头的所有行，并输出指定列

输出一列

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ awk -F: '/^root/{print $7}' passwd 
/bin/bash

输出两列，并指定分隔符

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ awk -F: '/^root/{print $1", " $7}' passwd 
root, /bin/bash

2. 添油加醋

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ awk -F: 'BEGIN{print "user, shell"} {print $1", "$7} END{print "fish, /bin/fish"}' passwd
user, shell
root, /bin/bash
...
fish, /bin/bash
fish, /bin/fish

3. 将 passwd 文件中的用户 id 增加数值 1 并输出

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ awk -v i=1 -F: '{print $3+i}' passwd 
1
2
3
...
75
90
1001

4. 输出 passwd 文件名，统计每行的行号和列数

FILENAME 文件名
NR record
NF field

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ awk -F: '{print "filename:" FILENAME ", linenumber:" NR ", columns:" NF}' passwd 
filename:passwd, linenumber:1, columns:7
filename:passwd, linenumber:2, columns:7
...
filename:passwd, linenumber:18, columns:7
filename:passwd, linenumber:19, columns:7

5. 切割 IP

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ ifconfig ens33 | grep .*inet.*netmask | awk -F" " '{print $2}'
192.168.10.142

6. 查询空行所在的行号

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat ifTest.sh 
#!/bin/bash

if [ $1 -eq 0 ] 
then
	echo "I am a girl."	
elif [ $1 -eq 1 ]
then
	echo "I am a boy."
fi

if [ $1 -ge 2 ];then
	echo "That is a question."
fi

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ awk '/^$/{print NR}' ifTest.sh 
2
10

sort

将文件进行排序，并将排序结果标准输出。

-n number 依照数值大小排序
-r reverse
-t 分隔符
-k key

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ vim sort.txt 
Tom:40:2.4
Amy:30:4.5
John:50:3.2
Jim:20:5.0
Ann:35:2.8

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ sort -nr -t: -k2 sort.txt 
John:50:3.2
Tom:40:2.4
Ann:35:2.8
Amy:30:4.5
Jim:20:5.0

正则表达式入门

可在grep、sed、awk中练习

常规匹配

一串不包含特殊字符的正则表达式匹配它自己

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat passwd | grep fish
fish:x:1000:1000::/home/fish:/bin/bash

常用特殊字符

1. 匹配一行的开头 ^

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat passwd | grep ^root
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

2. 匹配一行的结束$

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat passwd | grep bash$
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
fish:x:1000:1000::/home/fish:/bin/bash

^$匹配空行！

3. 匹配一个任意的字符 .

一个.就是一个任意字符

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat passwd | grep r..t
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

4. 匹配上一个字符0次或多次

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat passwd | grep 10*
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin
systemd-network:x:192:192:systemd Network Management:/:/sbin/nologin
dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin
fish:x:1000:1000::/home/fish:/bin/bash

观察可发现成功匹配1，10， 100， 1000。

5. 匹配某个范围内的一个字符 [ ]

[6, 8] 匹配6或者8
[a-z] 匹配一个小写字母
[a-z]* 小写字母可以出现0次或多次，所以是匹配任意小写字母字符串
[a-c,e-f] 匹配a,b,c;e,f

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat passwd | grep r[a-c]*t
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
sshd:x:74:74:Privilege-separated SSH:/var/empty/sshd:/sbin/nologin

6. 转义字符 \

用于匹配特殊字符

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat whileTest.sh 
#!/bin/bash
sum=0
i=1
while [ $i -le 100 ]
do
	sum=$[$sum+$i]
	i=$[$i+1]
done
echo $sum

[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat whileTest.sh | grep \#
#!/bin/bash
[fish@hadoop101 data]$ cat whileTest.sh | grep \$i
while [ $i -le 100 ]
	sum=$[$sum+$i]
	i=$[$i+1]