Linux自动化运维——4、Ansible中的变量及加密

1.变量命名

只能包含数字，下划线，字母
只能用下划线或字母开头

2.变量级别

全局: 从命令行或配置文件中设定的
paly: 在play和相关结构中设定的
主机: 由清单，事实收集或注册的任务

变量优先级设定：
狭窄范围有限与广域范围

3.变量设定和使用方式

1.在playbook中直接定义变量

---

• name: test var
  hosts: all
  vars:
  USER: westosuser

2.在文件中定义变量

vim user_list.yml
---
user: westosuser

vim westos.yml
---
- name: Create User
  hosts: all
  vars_files:
    - ./user_list.yml

3.使用变量

  tasks:
    - name: create user
      user:
        name: "{{ USER }}"

4.设定主机变量和清单变量#

在定义主机变量和清单变量时使用

vim inventory
[westos_list1]
172.25.6.10
172.25.6.20

[westos_list2]
172.25.6.30

[westos_list3]
172.25.6.10

[westos_group:children]
westos_list2
westos_list3

[westos_list1:vars]
USER=westos1

[westos_group:vars]
USER=westos2

5.目录设定变量

group_vars ##清单变量,目录中的文件名称与主机清单名称一致
host_vars ##主机变量，目录中的文件名称与主机名称一致

6.用命令覆盖变量

ansible-playbook user.yml -e "USER=hello"

7.使用数组设定变量

vim user_var.yml
---
USER:
  lee:
    age: 18
    obj: linux
  
  westos:
    age: 20
    obj: java

#vim user.yml
- name: Create User
  hosts: all
  gather_facts: no
  vars_files:
    ./user_var.yml

  tasks:
    - name: create user
      shell:
        echo  "{{USER['lee']['age']}}"
        echo  "{{USER.westos.obj}}"

练习：

create web vhost
www.westos.com  80    ------ > /var/www/html    ------> www.westos.com

linux.westos.com 80 ------> /var/www/virtual/westos.com/linux ----->linux.westos.com

编写一个playbook，使受控主机开启apache服务，并搭建apache虚拟主机

1、webs.yml编写

---
webs:
  - webname: www.westos.com
    doc: /var/www/html
  - webname: linux.westos.com
    doc: /var/www/virtual/westos.com/linux

2、http.yml 编写

---
- name: httpd
  hosts: 172.25.73.10
  vars_files: ./webs.yml
  tasks:
    - name: dnf install httpd
      dnf:
        name: httpd
        state: present
    - name: mkdir
      file:
        path: "{{item.doc}}"
        state: directory
      loop:
        "{{webs}}"

    - name: touch index.html
      copy:
        dest: "{{item.doc}}/index.html"
        content: "{{item.webname}}"
      loop:
        "{{webs}}"
    - name: clear config
      file:
        name: /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhosts.conf
        state: absent
    - name: configure vhost
      lineinfile:
        path: /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhosts.conf
        create: yes
        line: |+
          <VirtualHost *:80>
            DocumentRoot "{{item.doc}}"
            ServerName "{{item.webname}}"
          </VirtualHost>
      loop:
        "{{webs}}"
    - lineinfile:
        path: /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhosts.conf
        line: |+
          <VirtualHost _default_:80>
            DocumentRoot /var/www/html
          </VirtualHost>
        insertbefore: BOF
    - name: start httpd
      service:
        name: httpd
        state: restarted
        enabled: yes
    - name: firewalld
      firewalld:
        service: http
        permanent: yes
        state: enabled
        immediate: yes

在ansible主机添加地址解析

8.注册变量

register 把模块输出注册到指定字符串中

---
- name: test register
  hosts: all
  tasks:
    - name: hostname command
      shell:
        hostname
      register: info

    - name: show messages
      shell:
        echo "{{info['stdout']}}"

---
- name: test register
  hosts: all
  tasks:
    - name: hostname command
      shell:
        echo hello westos
      register: info

    - debug:
        msg: "{{info['stdout']}}"

9.事实变量

事实变量是ansible在受控主机中自动检测出的变量
事实变量中还有与主机相关的信息

当需要使用主机相关信息时不需要采集赋值，直接调用即可
因为变量信息为系统信息所以不能随意设定仅为采集信息，故被成为事实变量

gather_facts: no 	##在playbook中关闭事实变量收集

---
- name: test register
  hosts: 172.25.0.254
  tasks:
    - name: show messages
      debug:
        msg: "{{ansible_facts['architecture']}}"

4、JINJA2模板

(1).介绍
Jinja2是Python下一个被广泛应用的模版引擎
他的设计思想来源于Django的模板引擎，
并扩展了其语法和一系列强大的功能。
其中最显著的一个是增加了沙箱执行功能和可选的自动转义功能

2).j2模板书写规则

{# /etc/hosts line #}		##注释说明文件用途
127.0.0.1	localhost	##文件内容
{{ ansible_facts['all_ipv4_addresses'] }}	{{ansible_facts['fqdn']}} ##使用事实变量

for循环

vim users.yml
users:
  - westos
  - linux
  - ansible

vim test.j2
{% for NAME in users %}
{{ NAME }}
{%endfor%}

if 判定

{% for NAME in users if not NAME == "ansible" %}
User number {{loop.index}} - {{ NAME }}
{%endfor%}

loop.index	##循环迭代记数从1开始
loop.index0	##循环迭代计数从0开始

{% for user in students %}
name:	{{user['name']}}
{%if user['age'] is defined%}
age:	{{user['age']}}
{%endif%}
{% if user['age'] is not defined %}
age:	null
{% endif%}
obj:	{{user['obj']}}
{%endfor%}

5、j2模板在playbook中的应用

playbook1

---
- name: test register
  hosts: xxxx
  tasks:
    - name: create hosts
      template:
        src: ./xxxx.j2
        dest: /mnt/hosts

playbook2

---
- name: test.j2
  hosts: 172.25.0.254
  vars:
    students:
      - name: student1
        obj: linux

      - name: student2
        age: 18
        obj: linux
  
  tasks:
    - template:
        src: ./test.j2
        dest: /mnt/list

练习：

6、Ansible的加密控制

#创建建立文件

1.ansible-vault create westos

2.vim westos-vault 
lee

3.ansible-vault create --vault-password-file=westos-valut westos

#加密现有文件

ansible-vault encrypt test

#查看加密文件

ansible-vault view westos
ansible-vault view --vault-password-file=westos-valut westos

#编辑加密文件

ansible-vault edit westos1
ansible-vault edit --vault-password-file=westos-valut westos

##解密文件

ansible-vault decrypt westos 			##文件永久解密
ansible-vault decrypt westos --output=linux	##文件解密保存为linux

##更改密码

ansible-vault rekey westos1
ansible-vault rekey westos1 --new-vault-password-file=key1

练习：

加密后不能使用cat/vim查看内容