23个设计模式学习笔记：04.策略模式

动机(Motivation)

• 在软件构建过程中，某些对象使用的算法可能多种多样，经常改变，如果将这些算法都编码到对象中，将会使对象变得异常复杂，而且有时候支持不使用的算法也是一个性能负担
• 如何在运行时根据需要透明地更改对象的算法？将算法与对象本身解耦，从而避免上述问题？

最直观的实现：枚举+switch-case

从需求变化时间轴的角度考虑代码设计

复用指的是编译后的字节码的复用，代码的复制粘贴不叫复用

有if-else、switch-case的地方就可以考虑使用策略模式，分支结构只有在分支稳定不变的情况下使用才合适

模式定义

定义一系列算法，把它们封装起来，并且使它们可互相替换(变化)。该模式使得算法可独立于使用它的客户程序(稳定)而变化(扩展、子类化)

策略模式是一种为了适应算法灵活性而产生的行为型设计模式

结构(Structure)

要点总结

• Strategy及其子类为组件提供了一系列可重用的算法，从而可以使得类型在运行时方便的根据需要在各个算法之间进行切换
• Strategy模式提供了用条件判断语句以外的另一种选择，消除条件判断语句，就是在解耦合，含有许多条件判断语句的代码通常都需要Strategy模式
• 如果Strategy对象没有实例变量，那么各个上下文可以共享同一个Strategy对象，从而节省对象开销

代码示例：SpringMVC中的一个应用实例

DispatcherServlet中通过策略模式初始化HandlerMapping，核心是getDefaultStrategies()方法，实现了策略模式

public class DispatcherServlet extends FrameworkServlet {

    /** List of HandlerMappings used by this servlet. */
	@Nullable
	private List<HandlerMapping> handlerMappings;
    
    /**
	 * Initialize the HandlerMappings used by this class.
	 * <p>If no HandlerMapping beans are defined in the BeanFactory for this namespace,
	 * we default to BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping.
	 */
	private void initHandlerMappings(ApplicationContext context) {
		this.handlerMappings = null;

		if (this.detectAllHandlerMappings) {
			// Find all HandlerMappings in the ApplicationContext, including ancestor contexts.
			Map<String, HandlerMapping> matchingBeans =
					BeanFactoryUtils.beansOfTypeIncludingAncestors(context, HandlerMapping.class, true, false);
			if (!matchingBeans.isEmpty()) {
				this.handlerMappings = new ArrayList<>(matchingBeans.values());
				// We keep HandlerMappings in sorted order.
				AnnotationAwareOrderComparator.sort(this.handlerMappings);
			}
		}
		else {
			try {
				HandlerMapping hm = context.getBean(HANDLER_MAPPING_BEAN_NAME, HandlerMapping.class);
				this.handlerMappings = Collections.singletonList(hm);
			}
			catch (NoSuchBeanDefinitionException ex) {
				// Ignore, we'll add a default HandlerMapping later.
			}
		}

		// Ensure we have at least one HandlerMapping, by registering
		// a default HandlerMapping if no other mappings are found.
		if (this.handlerMappings == null) {
			this.handlerMappings = getDefaultStrategies(context, HandlerMapping.class);
			if (logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
				logger.trace("No HandlerMappings declared for servlet '" + getServletName() +
						"': using default strategies from DispatcherServlet.properties");
			}
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * Create a List of default strategy objects for the given strategy interface.
	 * <p>The default implementation uses the "DispatcherServlet.properties" file (in the same
	 * package as the DispatcherServlet class) to determine the class names. It instantiates
	 * the strategy objects through the context's BeanFactory.
	 * @param context the current WebApplicationContext
	 * @param strategyInterface the strategy interface
	 * @return the List of corresponding strategy objects
	 */
	@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
	protected <T> List<T> getDefaultStrategies(ApplicationContext context, Class<T> strategyInterface) {
		String key = strategyInterface.getName();
		String value = defaultStrategies.getProperty(key);
		if (value != null) {
			String[] classNames = StringUtils.commaDelimitedListToStringArray(value);
			List<T> strategies = new ArrayList<>(classNames.length);
			for (String className : classNames) {
				try {
					Class<?> clazz = ClassUtils.forName(className, DispatcherServlet.class.getClassLoader());
					Object strategy = createDefaultStrategy(context, clazz);
					strategies.add((T) strategy);
				}
				catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
					throw new BeanInitializationException(
							"Could not find DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" + className +
							"] for interface [" + key + "]", ex);
				}
				catch (LinkageError err) {
					throw new BeanInitializationException(
							"Unresolvable class definition for DispatcherServlet's default strategy class [" +
							className + "] for interface [" + key + "]", err);
				}
			}
			return strategies;
		}
		else {
			return new LinkedList<>();
		}
	}
	
	/**
	 * Create a default strategy.
	 * <p>The default implementation uses
	 * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.AutowireCapableBeanFactory#createBean}.
	 * @param context the current WebApplicationContext
	 * @param clazz the strategy implementation class to instantiate
	 * @return the fully configured strategy instance
	 * @see org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext#getAutowireCapableBeanFactory()
	 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.config.AutowireCapableBeanFactory#createBean
	 */
	protected Object createDefaultStrategy(ApplicationContext context, Class<?> clazz) {
		return context.getAutowireCapableBeanFactory().createBean(clazz);
	}
}